Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to other organs because one or both ventricles are not filled. There is abnormal diastolic and normal systolic function at rest (Satpathy & Mishra, 2006). Redfield (2004, p. 1930) defines heart failure as "a progressive syndrome characterized by complex cardiac and systemic adaptations that vary over time". The risk for CHF increases with age. Symptoms can be edema in the ankle and legs, shortness of breath (American Heart Association, 2008). Other symptoms may be fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, tachycardia, abnormal heart sounds, and distention of the jugular veins.

From the Paper
Congestive Heart Failure Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to other organs because one or both ventricles are not filled. There is abnormal diastolic and normal systolic function at rest (Satpathy & Mishra, 2006). Redfield (2004, p. 1930) defines heart failure as "a progressive syndrome characterized by complex cardiac and systemic adaptations that vary over time". The risk for CHF increases with age. Symptoms can be edema in the ankle and legs, shortness of breath (American Heart Association, 2008). Other symptoms may be fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, tachycardia, abnormal heart sounds, and distention of the

Tags:diagnosis, causes, treatment

Abstract
The paper relates that according to Battegay, Lip, and Bakris (16), a person is hypertensive "when either [their] systolic or the diastolic blood pressure value is greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg upon repeated sphygmomanometric measurements in the physician's office." The paper reveals that the etiology of hypertension, colloquially known as blood pressure, is known in only 10-15% of cases (Katzung 159); however, blood pressure is deadly, as at elevated levels it can result in heart failure, kidney failures, and strokes. The paper explains that blood pressure is therefore one of the most dangerous illnesses that exists. This paper focuses on the ability of nutrition to control and even lower high blood pressure. Special attention is paid to the two pathways to hypertension over which nutrition exercises direct influence: arterial plaque breakdown and blood volume.

From the Paper
"According to Battegay, Lip, and Bakris (16), a person is hypertensive "when either [their] systolic or the diastolic blood pressure value is greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg upon repeated sphygmomanometric measurements in the physician's office." The etiology of hypertension, colloquially known as blood pressure, is known in only 10-15% of cases (Katzung 159); however, blood pressure is deadly, as at elevated levels it can result in heart failure, kidney failures, and strokes. Blood pressure is therefore one of the most dangerous illnesses that exists. Fortunately,..."

Tags:hypertension, diet, sodium

Abstract
This paper documents a lab study of the exercise's effect on blood pressure and heart rate, and how graded exercise testing (GXT) can be used to measure a person's aerobic capacity and VO2 max. The paper explains a person's VO2 max is considered the most accurate measurement of the cardiovascular system, and that during the GXT, changes in the heart rate, blood pressure, serial ECG, breathing, and exertion can be monitored. All of these variables, the paper continues, can indicate what a person's aerobic capacity is, along with whether that person has a myocardial dysfunction. The paper points out that the ability to observe and measure these variables is considered very important because lacking budgets may prevent access to a metabolic calorimetry circuit. The paper's hypothesis proved correct, as subjects showed an increase in heart rate and systolic pressure during exercise, while diastolic pressure remained fairly constant concluded to be valid. This paper includes illustrative figures and data tables.

Outline:
Introduction
Procedures
Results
Conclusion
Questions
References

From the Paper
"Under normal conditions, systolic pressure will increase with exercise. However, the systolic pressure should never exceed 250 mm Hg. A large increase in diastolic pressure is not normal. Diastolic pressure should never exceed 115 mm Hg during intense exercise. Diastolic blood pressure has little variability with exercise. Failure of heart rate to increases during intense exercise is also an abnormal response to exercise. An individual's heart rate should also not decrease by more than 12 beats per minute within the first minute of exercise (lab manual, Durstine). Heart rate and blood pressure are measured for many various reasons. It is very important especially to measure heart rate and blood pressure during exercise to make sure the person is responding normally. When the maximum heart rate is exceeded, the individual may experience exhaustion and lactic acid build up. Also the body will stop burning fat (Misner, 2006). Hypertension, or high blood pressure, puts an individual at risk for coronary artery disease. Every 10-20 mm Hg starting at 115/75 mm Hg doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease. A normal blood pressure would be about 120/80 mm Hg. The pre-hypertension categories would range from 120-130/80-89 mm Hg. Stage one of hypertension would range from 140-159/90-99 mm Hg. Stage two of hypertension would include blood pressure over 160/100 mm Hg (lab manual, Durstine)."

Tags:YMCA, and, Bruce, Protocols, heart, rate, blood, pressure, measurements

Abstract
This paper relates that several reviews have reported social support to be inversely related to total and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity and changes in cardiovascular reactivity based on the difference between task levels and baseline levels of cardiovascular indicators. The author reports that cardiovascular reactivity has been suggested as a potential mediator of the benefits of social support on health such that social support affects reactivity that in turn affects health. The paper describes the methodology by which (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity were manipulated given conditions of support, no-support or alone by using a computer challenge task. The author indicates that, for stress levels, it is clear that the difference between the means for all support variables was statistically significant. The paper includes tables and graphs.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Hypotheses
Method
Participants
Hemodynamic Recoding
Experimental Manipulation
Tasks/Challenges
Subjective Measures
Results
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 3
Discussion

From the Paper
"Since there are a equal number of males and females in the experiment, and we are interested in gender interaction (as a second variable), the randomized block design allows for the use of the two-way ANOVA; since we are interested in comparing the effects of the three support conditions on SBP reactivity with gender interaction. The two factor design will contain all the information necessary to conduct two separate one-way ANOVAs on the factors related to gender and the support factors, it will also contain additional information that will show how the two factors interact with each other in terms of the SBP reactivity."

Tags:reactivity, mediator, confederate, gender, anova

Abstract
This paper analyzes an experiment of physiological reactivity in relation to different temperatures of the cold pressor. Three groups of subjects are compared using 15 people in each group. Each group experienced a different temperature of the cold pressor, specifically 0, 10 or 20 degrees Celsius. Physiological measurements taken were systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart period and pre-ejection period. The data was analyzed and compared between groups to determine differences in nervous system reactivity. The results showed a clearer understanding of cardiovascular reactivity in relation to the use of the cold pressor.

From the Paper
"Cold pressor techniques are used in psychophysiological research to induce pain and stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. The cold pressor as an experimental tool can be applied to the subject's forehead or the subject's foot or arm can be immersed in ice water, with each variation resulting in differing degrees of physiological response (Durel, et. al., 1993). The limb applications are considered the most reliable because the facial application may involve the dive reflex (Durel, et. al., 1993). For the purpose of this study, the arm immersion will be used."

Tags:heart, medical, nervous, system

Abstract
This paper briefly looks at the definition ,symptoms, causes and treatment of hypertension. It also discusses how hypertension accounts for the most common problem for which patients visit physicians.

From the Paper
"Nutritional management of hypertension has moved beyond simply restricting sodium intake and now includes the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) (Gay). This includes a diet high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, fish, poultry, and low-fat dairy products (Gay). This new and effective whole-food approach diet results in a diet that is high in calcium, potassium and magnesium (Gay). Christopher Gay reports in the September 2003 issue of American Family Physician that "among patients on the DASH diet at the lowest sodium intake levels, the mean decrease in systolic blood pressure was 8.9mm Hg, when compared with the high-sodium phase of the diet" (Gay). While the DASH diet is not a weight-loss plan, it can be easily adapted for patients who need to reduce calories (Gay)."

Tags:nutrition, weight, diastolic

Abstract
This paper discusses the widespread cardiovascular condition, hypertension. The paper describes the disease and presents the statistics of the prevalence of hypertension. The symptoms and treatments available are examined in the paper. The paper explores the correlation between high blood pressure and low socioeconomic status, as well as the connection to other diseases, such as diabetes.

From the Paper
"The client with hypertension should be assessed in terms of their history and lifestyle. It must be determined whether this is a new or pre-existing condition for the patient before healthcare professionals can move forward. Assessment is basically done through blood pressure measurement, at which point as mentioned above, if the patient has a higher systolic number than their diastolic number, they have hypertension. "Proper blood pressure measurements are essential for hypertension detection. Repeated blood pressure measurements are needed to determine whether any initial elevations persist and hence require prompt attention, or whether they have returned to normal levels and need only periodic monitoring" (Gatchel and Oordt, 2004). These measurements are fairly easy to take."

Tags:blood, pressure, systolic, diastolic