Abstract This paper explains that the symptoms of campylobacter food poisoning usually present within 2-5 days after the consumption of the organism and include diarrhea, which may have blood or white blood cells in it, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, headache and muscle pain. The author points out that campylobacter is commonly found in raw chicken, raw milk and non-chlorinated water; the bacteria can be destroyed, thus preventing food poisoning, by cooking chicken, pasteurizing milk, and chlorinating drinking water. The paper relates that, although they are rare, there are a number of complications associated with the disease: Reactive arthritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, septicemia and infections of organs, meningitis, recurrent colitis, acute cholecystitis and Guillain-Barre syndrome; the estimated case/fatality ratio for all C. jejuni infections is 0.1, meaning one death per 1,000 cases.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Cause and Nature
Victims and Extent of Disease
Complications
Foods and Outbreaks
Remedies
Conclusion
From the Paper "While there is usually only a small population of people affected at a time, generally fewer than 50, Bennington, VT experienced a "large outbreak involving about 2,000 people while the town was temporarily using a non-chlorinated water source as a water." Dairies can be responsible for outbreaks when children become infected during field trips, or if they do not properly pasteurize the milk according to industry standards, such as the case in 1986 when 32 students of an elementary school became infected."
Abstract This paper examines a common assumption that children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease or functional gastro-intestinal complaints are children who have impaired psycho-social adjustment and how coordinated care for maintenance of optimum functioning is often required. It considers a two-year-old girl with gastro-intestinal problems which include recurrent abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation and vomiting and how she is obviously not able to communicate well about what is happening in her body.
Outline
Introduction
Case Study
Tests
Possible Diagnoses
Problem Management
From the Paper "Given the results from the MRI, several other diseases were dismissed as likely causes of the child's problem. At this point, the tendency of the team was to identify the child as having one of the functional gastrointestinal disorders. As Hyams (1999) noted, this is often a diagnosis that is seen as pejorative, or as indicating that it is the child's problem, and that it is more psychological than physiological. However, Hyams indicated, this is a negative, and inaccurate, way to look at the problem. There clearly is a disease state existing for most of these children, but technology and testing are not able to pinpoint the exact source of the problem. Thus, we are left with diagnoses like irritable bowel syndrome, chronic nonspecific diarrhea, functional constipation, non-ulcer dyspepsia, and indeterminate colitis."
Abstract This paper shall examine the remaining five serious infectious diseases: Pneumonia, malaria, tuberculosis, diarrhea and measles. Due to the length of this paper, each disease will be summarized as concisely as possible but not as deeply as desired. This paper shall conclude with how these five diseases are more prevalent in "developing" countries due to the existing conditions.
Abstract This paper explains that celiac disease, a severe intolerance to wheat products, has both biological and environmental causes. It points out that studies done indicate that causes of celiac disease are more likely to be environmental than biological.
From the Paper "We have agreed that genetics definitely represent one of the causing factors of celiac disease. According to our primary article , investigation in this sense was performed both on twins and on family relatives. As such, "the concordance rate for celiac disease in monozygotic twins is estimated to be 75 %" , which makes us believe that, at least statistically speaking, genetics plays a large part in the development of celiac disease."
Abstract The paper discusses how AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which causes gradual deterioration of the body's immune function. HIV is transmitted in four ways, the most usual being unprotected sex and shared needles or syringes. An HIV+ person can be asymptomatic for years, but symptoms are severe on onset and include night sweats, swollen lymph nodes and persistent diarrhea. HIV attacks the CD4+ T cells in order to replicate itself; HIV is a retrovirus and must duplicate itself before it can replicate. The paper explains that it is through the killing of CD4+ T cells which directly weakens the body's immune system, that HIV can cause AIDS.
Abstract This paper takes a look at the issue of children washing their hands. According to the paper, handwashing is part of personal hygiene that should be taught not only at home, but also at school. The paper goes on to discuss how handwashing is an imperative part of disease prevention.
From the Paper "A hand-washing educational plan based on the health care principle of prevention and health promotion can be created using models provided by organizations such as The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The National Food Service Management Institute, and The School Network for Absenteeism Prevention. First, a team of primary participants should be chosen. When selecting team members, it is important to consider who will be ready and able to motivate school staff, students, and parents, as well as who is already committed to good handwashing. Second, a needs assessment should be conducted, determining how handwashing can be improved in the school. This step should include identifying the challenges to good handwashing habits. Third, an action plan for handwashing education must be developed. This step will include identifying the audience (elementary school students, school staff, etc.), goals, tasks for individual team members, and the budget. Fourth, the plan must be implemented. "
Abstract This paper takes an in-depth look at heroin. According to the paper, heroin, like all drugs, knows no social, ethnic or economic barriers. The paper goes on to discuss the history of the drug, as well as the abuse of the drug.
From the Paper "In the November 1998 issue of The Journal of Psychology, Frank Patalano reported the results of a study conducted to study cross-cultural similarities in the personalities of heroin users in the United States and India. Findings indicated that Indian heroin users were more neurotic, impulsive, sociable and extraverted than their American counterparts, and that both male and female heroin users readily admitted personal difficulties (Patalano). Moreover, there were differences regarding the level of emotional distress, depression, and sensitivity (Patalano). According to the study, users showed less emotional stability and were more easily upset. They also had less ego strength, were more insecure, more frustrated, and had weakened superego strength (Patalano). These findings were similar to the results of earlier studies of hard core heroin addicts in the United States and later studies of male and female multiple-substance abusers, who used heroin as well as other illicit drugs (Patalano)."
Abstract The paper discusses the disease known as Cholera and highlights the countries where it is generally found, as the disease typically occurs in underdeveloped counties that lack adequate water supplies and safe sewage disposal. The paper notes that the USA is free of the disease at present and goes on to highlight the causes and symptoms of the disease and its effect on humans as well as it's prevention and treatment.
Outline:
Introduction to Cholera
Cholera Symptoms and Diagnosis
Cholera Treatment
Cholera Prevention
Summary
From the Paper " Despite the seriousness of the disease if not treated, cholera is not a difficult disease to treat and most people recover well with the prompt administration of oral rehydration (prepackaged mixture of sugar and salts to be mixed with water and drunk in large amounts) to replace lost fluids (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In more severe cases, intravenous administration of fluids may be required."
Abstract The paper looks at the diagnosis of cholera and its treatment, which consists of mainly re-hydrating the infected individual. The paper notes that while this is not a prevalent disease in developed countries, there are many studies that are attempting to develop a method of eradicating this virus.
From the Paper "Writings from the ancient Sanskrit era mention the diarrheal disease, providing evidence that it has been afflicting mankind for centuries, and even with all the modern medical technology now available, Cholera continues to affect mankind today. It was not, however, until the mid 1800's that society first began to understand cholera, how it was spread, and its effects. A man by the name of John Snow was the first to actually carry out a published epidemiological study in 1849. Snow accomplished this by charting cases of cholera in London. At the time there was a cholera epidemic in London, and a new germ theory of disease was being vociferously debated in the medical community. Snow "concluded that the cholera cases clustered around a well in central London when cholera was at its peak during the summer months" (Colwell, 2006, p. 754)."
