Abstract
In this paper, the author analyzes some aspects of the production and reception of the film, "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962), by situating it within the industry that Horkheimer and Adorno describe in order to further an understanding of what is meant by a "dialectical" critique of film as "culture industry". The paper goes on to briefly discuss the relevance of applying this type of analysis to a film like "The Sheik" (1921).

From the Paper
"In Dialectic of Enlightenment, Horkheimer and Adorno make the claim that film plays a key role in what they call the "culture industries" of the 20th century. Writing in 1944, they describe an "iron system", which is in large part a reference to the Hollywood system and its fascistic employment of the "genre film (Horkheimer 154)." Of the effects of mass culture, they write: "culture now impresses the same stamp on everything. Films, radio and magazines make up a system which is uniform as a whole and in every part (120)." This criticism has specific implications for the feature film: "They are so designed that quickness, powers of observation, and experience are undeniably needed to apprehend them at all? yet sustained thought is out of the question. Even though the effort required for his [the viewer] response is semi-automatic, no scope is left for the imagination (126,127)." The standardization of the spectator, as it were, via the genre film and through the standardization of the viewing experience, is, for Horkheimer and Adorno, the crux of the culture industry where film is concerned. "The culture industry as a whole," they write, "has molded men as a type unfailingly reproduced in every product (127).""

Tags:anthropology, caton, cinema, cultural, frankfurt, hansen, hegel, industry, iron, marx, miriam, movie, rudolf, school, spectator, spectatorship, steve, studies, system, transnationalism, valentino

Abstract
This paper is an in depth examination of Plato's "Gorgias". It focuses on the importance, for Plato, of demonstrating that philosophy, not rhetoric, is the basis of the good life and of human happiness. The author explores both political and personal, and philosophical implications. Among some other topics touched upon are Plato's definition of the good, his understanding of the soul, and his basic political philosophy.

From the Paper
"Rhetoric, the art that Gorgias claims to possess, is in every way opposed to wisdom and the good. Plato emphasizes this point from the very beginning of the dialogue. Socrates' lateness to Gorgias' declamation is a deliberate tactic. Whereas Gorgias' speech is meant to be a performance, Socrates is interested in a discussion. Philosophical conversation is concerned with dialectical definitions and essences, while rhetoric is concerned with mere appearances. Socrates compares the distinction to the difference between the way a chef prepares food, purely to impress the diners, to the way a nutritionist does, scientifically and using reason."

Tags:gorgias, greece, greek, philosophy, plato, politics, socrates, sophist, sophistry

Abstract
This paper briefly discusses Marx's theory relating to history, which states that history develops through stages and that these developments are subject to the laws of dialectics. It explains that dialects is the study of contradictions, or how things change. This exploration of Marx's Theory of History begins with a brief summary of the stages of history. From there it moves more deeply into the dialectic of movement between these stages toward the Golden Age. Finally, this exploration ends with an explanation of how the dialectic of history ends as a communist society, in keeping with Marx's theory.

From the Paper
"According to Marx, the stages of history are primitive communism, slavery, agriculture, industrialization, socialism, and communism. These stages as seen in terms of labor each involve both unity and struggle. Imagine the double helix of DNA. Rename one strand nature and the other strand industry. The name of the helix is man. He is both the creator of and the product of himself. As he develops, the relationship between his nature and industry evolve and change. With each change, man himself changes and history takes a new direction. In the case of primitive communism, man eventually learned to produce what he needed in a more efficient way. This change in infrastructure translates into a transformation of the super-structure i.e., a change in the social classes. Not everyone must be involved in the role of worker. Productive relations are altered, and a new class structure metamorphoses."

Tags:communist, golden, age, movement, contradictions

Abstract
This paper presents an argument in opposition to the position of Cartesian dualism, namely, the thesis advanced by Gilbert Ryle, that dualistic interactionism is based on a category mistake, that Descartes and his followers adopted the dualistic concept when they were confronted with Galileo's experimental evidence of the mechanistic nature of the universe as a means of disputing the evidence of that conclusion. The paper then reviews the various arguments in favor of dualism, as well as those against, concluding that the truth or falsity of dualism may be unprovable.

From the Paper
"This essay considers the idea of dualistic interaction, also known as Cartesian dualism. It presents as an argument in opposition to that position the thesis advanced Gilbert Ryle, that dualistic interactionism is based on a category mistake, that Descartes and his followers adopted the dualistic concept when they were confronted with Galileo's experimental evidence of the mechanistic nature of the universe as a means of disputing the evidence of that conclusion. It then reviews the various arguments in favor of dualism, as well as those against, concluding that the truth or falsity of dualism may be unprovable."

Tags:decartes, dualism, cartesian

Abstract
This paper discusses the manner in which Milton developed the characters of God and Satan in John Milton's "Paradise Lost". It examines how it often seems as though Milton is subtly encouraging the reader to empathize with Satan's struggle against Heaven and how he possesses many of the characteristics of an epic hero-- his stature, nobility, and epic feats. Many of his characteristics are compared to those of another hero, Beowulf. In contrast, it shows how God exhibits many evil traits but at the end it is good that triumphs over evil and Satan degenerates into his demonic self and we see him for what he is.

From the Paper
"While Satan possesses these heroic traits, they might not be enough to win our sympathy if Milton had not given the demon psychological depth. Far from being inherently evil, Satan undergoes a transformation, wrestling with fear and guilt. Milton summarizes: "Satan now in prospect of Eden, and nigh the place where he must now attempt the bold enterprise which he undertook alone against God and Man, falls into many doubts with himself, and many passions, fear, envy, and despair; but at length confirms himself in evil" (p. 317). To achieve his goal of revenge, Satan stifles his humanity but that means that he does have some humanity to stifle. "

Tags:antagonist, hero, beowulf, good, evil, man, heaven

Abstract
This paper presents an in depth analysis of linguistic use of dialect in the film "O'Brother Where Art Thou". The author provides several examples from the film to show how Everett and The Salesman use southern, Depression era dialect to maintain power and manipulate people involved with them.

From the Paper
"Throughout the film, Everett demonstrates an extreme concern with our appearances in order to maintain his facade. For example, his obsession with maintaining well groomed hair. But more importantly, his obsession with outwardly appearances continues to manifests throughout his speech patterns. Whenever Everett wishes to impress someone his has recently met, he elevates his speech in order to socially mark himself as educated. For example, the Railcar Boarding scene, Cousin Wash's Cabin and The Restaurant scene are situations Everett is encountering new personalities, which he feels he must impress. This pattern of Everett's elevated dialect remains consistent throughout the film.
"Another dialectical pattern Everett consistently demonstrates is, whenever his leadership role or personal values are questioned, he again resorts to a dialect reflected of a highly educated individual. This provides Everett's personality with several benefits. First, Everett projects a protective shield from the personal attack by baffling the speaker with elevated dialect. Secondly, it reestablishes Everett in a leadership role by socially marking himself as the superior individual. Finally, and most importantly, Everett is able to manipulate individuals by socially marking himself as superior through elevated dialect. Examples of this behavior are evident in the Gopher Eating scene, Walking Down a Road Following Barn Burning and the Car Interior Following Baptism. Also noteworthy is Everett's linguistic pattern of academia. Once again, Everett uses this technique to maintain his social status as leader. Everett consistently demonstrates knowledge regarding academic subjects such as mythology, psychology and ecology. Fine examples of this dialectical shift occur during the Hitchhiker at a Crossroads, George Nelson at the Campfire, and The Flood."

Tags:dialectical dialect linguistic speech, linguistic pattern, speech patterns

Abstract
In this paper the writer delineates and discusses dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and its basic principles of therapeutic practice. The discussion includes providing a definition of DBT and a review of its principles as they relate to DBT's basic processes of therapeutic practice, therapeutic goals and underlying assumptions.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to delineate and discuss Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and its basic principles of therapeutic practice. The discussion includes providing a definition of DBT and a review of its principles as they relate to DBT's basic processes of therapeutic practice therapeutic goals and underlying assumptions.
"Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) began with the application of cognitive-behavioral methods and techniques to groups of women with histories ..."

Tags:Dialectical, Behavioral, Therapy

Abstract
Every variety of language spoken, even that which is known as standard English, is a dialect. Many people believe stereotypes about certain dialects and thus treat people as they perceive them to be. This paper shows that one of the most common known dialects in the United States is Ebonics, or the dialect spoken by many African Americans. There are numerous assumptions regarding this dialect by people in community and educational life. This paper shows that there are, however, many techniques teachers and other officials may incorporate into their classroom activities to help lessen dialectical stereotypes and help to raise the self-esteem and grades of the children who speak them.

Paper Outline:
Abstract
The Societal and Educational of Dialects in The United States Today
Identity and Negative Attitudes
Ebonics
Education
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Despite the differences in the varieties of Ebonics, there are some features marked by all or most types. Ebonics has picked up many of its pronunciation from white, southern coastal dialects. This is seen especially with the use of the /r/-less word use (Bonvillain, 2003; Mufwene & Gilman, as cited by Chaika, 1994). Bonvillain (2003) and Chaika (1994) also discuss the trait of the dropping of final consonants in Ebonics. This characteristic makes rhyming words out of "field" and "wheel." Ebonics also uses the form "be" for all tenses of "am." (Chaika, 1994). Chaika (1994) gives the example of the Ebonics sentence "Do babes be willin'?" as translated to "Are babes always willing?" (p. 300)."

Tags:african-american, AAVE, Hispanics, regional

Abstract
This paper examines how the unique American Appalachian dialect is often greatly misunderstood. It looks at how many modern Americans characterize the Appalachian dialect as a corruption of the English language, which is spoken by uneducated and unintelligent hillbillies. Instead, it shows how the Appalachian dialect is more aptly characterized as an archaic type of English that resembles the English spoken in the time of the first Queen Elizabeth. It also discusses how geographical, cultural, and social isolation have kept the Appalachian dialect essentially pure over the past 200 years of America's history and how, today, the Appalachian dialect continues to thrive, preserving one of America's great linguistic traditions.

From the Paper
"Currently, the Appalachian dialect is used extensively in the region. The Appalachian dialect spoken today closely in many ways resembles the English that was spoken by the first settlers to America. The isolation of life in the mountains of Appalachia has carried on many traditional attitudes and behaviors, as well as maintaining the dialect of Appalachia (Virgin English). Interestingly, Dial notes that the dialect spoken today is a "watered-down" version of the dialect spoken in earlier times. Perhaps the influence of television, radio, movies, as well as a more transient American population have helped to contributed to changes in the Appalachian dialect seen in the past century."

Tags:english, hillbillies, linguistics, social, isolation

Abstract
This paper first explains that, although many cultures and dialects of languages are spoken in the United States, the most historical and controversial dialects are American Southern English, Acadian (Cajuns) and Black English (Ebonics). The paper then describes the accented English of each of these three officially recognized dialects and their cultural and historical backgrounds. The paper underscores that the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974, as interpreted by the 1979 court case "Martin Luther King, Jr. Elementary School Children, et al., v. Ann Arbor School District" , made the nation aware of the validity of dialect language barriers in cultures within the U.S. country.

Abstract
Culture and Language
American Southern English
Acadians or Cajuns
African American English or Ebonics
The Equal Educational Opportunities Act
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Speaking from personal knowledge and experience, I can personally state with complete confidence that American Southern English is spoken primarily in the southern United States. Most prominent are the people of Appalachia which encompasses primarily the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. Residents of these areas speak with a definite accent that includes a slower rate of speech, a nasal twang and a manipulation or deletions of vowel sounds. For example, the words, "over there" often become "over thar"."

Tags:community, appalachia, intermarriage, reluctance, barriers