Abstract
This paper presents an in depth analysis of linguistic use of dialect in the film "O'Brother Where Art Thou". The author provides several examples from the film to show how Everett and The Salesman use southern, Depression era dialect to maintain power and manipulate people involved with them.

From the Paper
"Throughout the film, Everett demonstrates an extreme concern with our appearances in order to maintain his facade. For example, his obsession with maintaining well groomed hair. But more importantly, his obsession with outwardly appearances continues to manifests throughout his speech patterns. Whenever Everett wishes to impress someone his has recently met, he elevates his speech in order to socially mark himself as educated. For example, the Railcar Boarding scene, Cousin Wash's Cabin and The Restaurant scene are situations Everett is encountering new personalities, which he feels he must impress. This pattern of Everett's elevated dialect remains consistent throughout the film.
"Another dialectical pattern Everett consistently demonstrates is, whenever his leadership role or personal values are questioned, he again resorts to a dialect reflected of a highly educated individual. This provides Everett's personality with several benefits. First, Everett projects a protective shield from the personal attack by baffling the speaker with elevated dialect. Secondly, it reestablishes Everett in a leadership role by socially marking himself as the superior individual. Finally, and most importantly, Everett is able to manipulate individuals by socially marking himself as superior through elevated dialect. Examples of this behavior are evident in the Gopher Eating scene, Walking Down a Road Following Barn Burning and the Car Interior Following Baptism. Also noteworthy is Everett's linguistic pattern of academia. Once again, Everett uses this technique to maintain his social status as leader. Everett consistently demonstrates knowledge regarding academic subjects such as mythology, psychology and ecology. Fine examples of this dialectical shift occur during the Hitchhiker at a Crossroads, George Nelson at the Campfire, and The Flood."

Tags:dialectical dialect linguistic speech, linguistic pattern, speech patterns

Abstract
This paper examines how the unique American Appalachian dialect is often greatly misunderstood. It looks at how many modern Americans characterize the Appalachian dialect as a corruption of the English language, which is spoken by uneducated and unintelligent hillbillies. Instead, it shows how the Appalachian dialect is more aptly characterized as an archaic type of English that resembles the English spoken in the time of the first Queen Elizabeth. It also discusses how geographical, cultural, and social isolation have kept the Appalachian dialect essentially pure over the past 200 years of America's history and how, today, the Appalachian dialect continues to thrive, preserving one of America's great linguistic traditions.

From the Paper
"Currently, the Appalachian dialect is used extensively in the region. The Appalachian dialect spoken today closely in many ways resembles the English that was spoken by the first settlers to America. The isolation of life in the mountains of Appalachia has carried on many traditional attitudes and behaviors, as well as maintaining the dialect of Appalachia (Virgin English). Interestingly, Dial notes that the dialect spoken today is a "watered-down" version of the dialect spoken in earlier times. Perhaps the influence of television, radio, movies, as well as a more transient American population have helped to contributed to changes in the Appalachian dialect seen in the past century."

Tags:english, hillbillies, linguistics, social, isolation

Abstract
This paper first explains that teachers in Southern California may have students in one classroom speaking several different dialects and language patterns; however, these teachers must be able to instruct all students in Standard English while helping students feel comfortable with their own individual dialect. Next, the author describes her teaching methods for her own classroom composed of students from Mexico, the Philippines, Viet Nam plus African-American students many of whom use AAVE and Caucasian native English speakers some of whom use a Southern dialect. The paper underscores the importance of presenting consistent expectations that students learn and use proper grammar in the classroom while understanding that it is okay to speak their own way with their friends on the playground and with their families.

From the Paper
"Depending on the activity or lesson, I let my students sit next to others with similar speech patterns or I have pre-assigned seats. If we are doing a teacher directed lesson, such as previewing vocabulary words, or reviewing reading strategies, I prefer that my students sit in seats that I have chosen. When we are doing partner-readings, hands-on activities, or even read-alouds, I like that my students can work with others with whom they are comfortable. For those who speak another native language, this also lets them help each other in a language they understand."

Tags:identity, grammar rules, comfortable playground, talk freely

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides an analysis of black dialect, with a focus on African-American Vernacular English, also known as Ebonics or African-American English. The writer explains that this is a subgroup of Standard American English that continues to cause controversy and create confusion about the nature of language and its use.

From the Paper
"The concept of black dialect has changed over time. According to the Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL). The terms used by scholars to refer to the unique language variety of many African Americans reflects the changing terms used to refer to African Americans themselves across the decades."

Tags:Nigeria, Congo, Negro, communication, Bill Cosby, systematicity, grammar, phonetics

Abstract
This paper details the life and career of African-American poet, Paul Laurence Dunbar. The paper discusses Dunbar's use of dialect, melody and metaphor in his poetry and how he was able to express his love for freedom and hate for slavery as well as how he symbolized the essence of African-Americans.

From the Paper
"Paul Laurence Dunbar was among the first generation of blacks born into freedom in the United States. He was born June 27, 1872 in Dayton, Ohio, to Joshua and Matilda Dunbar (Gentry 23). As a child, Dunbar's father would tell him stories about the Civil War and the brutality of slavery, drilling into him a deep-rooted hatred of slavery that would surface later in his poems. On the other hand, his mother would tell of better times, usually slipping into a down-home dialect to give a better description. This also was a major influence on his writings, since a key point to Dunbar's success was in his ability to write in dialect (Gentry 28). He started writing early, composing poems in earnest at age twelve. In high school, he wrote for his school's newspaper, the High School Times, and several of the Wright brothers' other productions. Called "Deacon Dunbar" because he was always dignified and upright in all activities, he had a quick wit and friendly character (Gentry 12). Dunbar was the only black student to graduate from Central High in 1891 out of a class of forty-three students, and the only one three brothers to graduate."

Tags:emotions, spirited, blacks, united, states, oak, and, ivy, ode, to, ethiopia, alice, moore

Abstract
Every variety of language spoken, even that which is known as standard English, is a dialect. Many people believe stereotypes about certain dialects and thus treat people as they perceive them to be. This paper shows that one of the most common known dialects in the United States is Ebonics, or the dialect spoken by many African Americans. There are numerous assumptions regarding this dialect by people in community and educational life. This paper shows that there are, however, many techniques teachers and other officials may incorporate into their classroom activities to help lessen dialectical stereotypes and help to raise the self-esteem and grades of the children who speak them.

Paper Outline:
Abstract
The Societal and Educational of Dialects in The United States Today
Identity and Negative Attitudes
Ebonics
Education
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Despite the differences in the varieties of Ebonics, there are some features marked by all or most types. Ebonics has picked up many of its pronunciation from white, southern coastal dialects. This is seen especially with the use of the /r/-less word use (Bonvillain, 2003; Mufwene & Gilman, as cited by Chaika, 1994). Bonvillain (2003) and Chaika (1994) also discuss the trait of the dropping of final consonants in Ebonics. This characteristic makes rhyming words out of "field" and "wheel." Ebonics also uses the form "be" for all tenses of "am." (Chaika, 1994). Chaika (1994) gives the example of the Ebonics sentence "Do babes be willin'?" as translated to "Are babes always willing?" (p. 300)."

Tags:african-american, AAVE, Hispanics, regional

Abstract
This paper discusses the "Ebonics" of African Americans as a viable alternative dialect. It looks at the nature of dialect in general and its effects on social status and perceived levels of education, talent and achievement. The paper shows the importance of the study of Ebonics as it is a true expression of African-American pride, values and history.

From the Paper
"The struggle to understand and recognize Ebonics represents, first and foremost, the need to understand the effects of the dialect on African-Americans and their place in American society. Various aspects of African-American English have been traced to West African patterns of speech, among these the use phrases like "you still in slavery," where the verb "to be" is conspicuously absent from the sentence. In fact such phrasing has been taken as a sign that African-Americans continue to occupy a place in American society similar to that which they occupied in the days of slavery. Nevertheless, the social stigma attached to the use of such speech patterns, even in early childhood, has been taken by others as a legitimate attempt to help young African-Americans to advance in the larger majority White society. Opponents of Ebonics claim that the dialect is hardly African at all, and represents nothing more or less than "poor language habits." By claiming a false African origin for the dialect, supporters are merely attempting to get around the dialect's deficiencies by resorting to assertions of Black pride. In other words, any move to de-legitimize such speech patterns is tantamount to disparaging African-American history and culture, another example of the relegation of African-American cultural norms to the very bottom of the social scale."

Tags:education, accent, grammar, ethnicity

Abstract
This paper first explains that, although many cultures and dialects of languages are spoken in the United States, the most historical and controversial dialects are American Southern English, Acadian (Cajuns) and Black English (Ebonics). The paper then describes the accented English of each of these three officially recognized dialects and their cultural and historical backgrounds. The paper underscores that the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974, as interpreted by the 1979 court case "Martin Luther King, Jr. Elementary School Children, et al., v. Ann Arbor School District" , made the nation aware of the validity of dialect language barriers in cultures within the U.S. country.

Abstract
Culture and Language
American Southern English
Acadians or Cajuns
African American English or Ebonics
The Equal Educational Opportunities Act
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Speaking from personal knowledge and experience, I can personally state with complete confidence that American Southern English is spoken primarily in the southern United States. Most prominent are the people of Appalachia which encompasses primarily the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. Residents of these areas speak with a definite accent that includes a slower rate of speech, a nasal twang and a manipulation or deletions of vowel sounds. For example, the words, "over there" often become "over thar"."

Tags:community, appalachia, intermarriage, reluctance, barriers

Abstract
In this paper the writer delineates and discusses dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and its basic principles of therapeutic practice. The discussion includes providing a definition of DBT and a review of its principles as they relate to DBT's basic processes of therapeutic practice, therapeutic goals and underlying assumptions.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to delineate and discuss Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and its basic principles of therapeutic practice. The discussion includes providing a definition of DBT and a review of its principles as they relate to DBT's basic processes of therapeutic practice therapeutic goals and underlying assumptions.
"Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) began with the application of cognitive-behavioral methods and techniques to groups of women with histories ..."

Tags:Dialectical, Behavioral, Therapy

Abstract
This paper discusses borderline personality disorder (BPD), a complex and severe psychopathology that is characterized by the presence of certain instabilities. According to the paper, the most commonly practiced interventions for the treatment of BPD are psychodynamic programs and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). The paper goes on to review DBT, which is based on dialectical philosophy and a biosocial theory of BPD.

Outline:
Mechanisms of Change in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Research Supporting DBT
The Effectiveness of DBT in Males Versus Females
DBT Intervention Development

From the Paper
"The benefits of DBT experienced by individuals with BPD may be enhanced through accompanied administration of psychopharmaceutical medication. Soler et al. (2005) examined the combined effects that DBT and olanzapine have on psychiatric symptoms experienced by individuals with BPD. Results of the study showed that this combined treatment was associated with significant improvements in anxiety, depression and aggressive/impulsive behavior in comparison to a placebo group. The researchers suggested that this combination therapy of DBT and olanzapine acts to lower attrition rates and is an overall effective treatment for BPD (Soler et al., 2005). Other pharmaceuticals may not prove to be so beneficial. A study by Simpson et al. (2004) demonstrated that the addition of fluoxetine to an already effective DBT treatment program is not additionally beneficial."

Tags:holistic, approach, BPD, DBT, quality, of, life, treatment, behavior, substance, abuse