Abstract
The experiment discussed in this paper aims to generate experimentally the lead-tin phase diagram from various proportions of the two metals in this binary system. It involves the preparation and heating in a test tube of mixtures containing 90%Pb-10%Sn, 80%Pb-20%Sn, 60%Pb-40%Sn, 40%Pb-60%Sn, and 20%Pb-80%Sn. The paper explains that the experiment requires the use of a thermocouple to monitor the temperature reading every 5 seconds until it drops off to 160 degrees C. Five cooling curves (temperature versus time), 1 for each mixture are generated, taking notes on the points of arrest and the critical temperatures. The paper shows that the integration of all the cooling curves produces the lead-tin phase diagram. The paper includes diagrams.

Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Section
Preparation of Set up and Samples
Experiment Proper
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Appendix

From the Paper
"The simplest phase diagrams are those of the binary alloys, a binary alloy being one that contains two components. In this type of phase diagram, temperature and composition are the variable parameters, the temperature usually being relegated to the y-axis and the composition to the x-axis (where the two composition scales of the two components run opposite to each other in magnitude, the 100% composition of each component coinciding with the 0% composition of the other component, and vice versa)."

Tags:soldering, thermocouple, axis, pipette

Abstract
This paper explains that quality control procedures are particularly useful in business, when properly deployed, because they can help managers to transform incomprehensibly varied or difficult data into more understandable information. The author states that histograms, which depict the number or proportion of data points falling into any particular given class, can be easily understood by the naked eye of laypeople, but they also can be manipulated very easily to yield false impressions because of their seductively seamless appearance. The paper points out that the check sheet is a data-gathering and interpretation tool used for distinguishing between fact and opinion, gathering data about how often a problem is occurring and gathering data about the type of problem occurring.

Table of Contents
Issues and Organizational Examples
Histograms
Cause and Effect Diagrams
Check Sheets
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"In the competitive atmosphere of the business world today, it is not simply enough to have a good idea of what the present may hold for one's company or one's own personal investments. It is also important to develop organizational strategies and production goals with an eye upon the future. Critical to creating a proper decision-making strategy is the use of proper quality control tools to improve the strategy-creating process. Indeed, as noted by the authors Katherine Manley and S. Sytsma, the quality-control processes of histograms, cause and effect diagrams, and check sheets can and are frequently used to aid in any kind of process, but particularly in regards to organizational quality control in the corporate world."

Tags:procedures, crunch, information, proportion, strategy

Abstract
This paper gives a list of the species found in a grasslands ecosystem. The paper presents diagrams of the energy flow in a grasslands ecosystem and of the trophic hierarchy in the system. It then looks at the biodiversity of the system and if it is naturally sustainable.

From the Paper
"Local ecosystem grasslands. List of biotic components: blue grass, black-footed ferret, prickly pear newts, oak skinks, buffalo grass, mountain plover lizards, chestnut, collared longspur frogs and toads, Baird's sparrow prairie kingsnake, ferruginous hawk rattlesnakes, prairie falcon garter snake, burrowing owl water snakes, mallard yellow mud turtle, blue-winged teal, many species of fish, northern pintail nematodes, prairie dogs lepidoptera, bison prairie mole cricket, white-tailed jack rabbit, spharagemon grasshopper, ground squirrels, Ozark snaketail dragonfly, gophers flies, olive-backed pocket mouse amphipods, pocket mouse arachnids, plains harvest mouse beetles, prairie vole leafhoppers, swift fox."

Tags:ecosystem, food web, trophic hierarchy

Abstract
This paper discusses the brain, a wonderful and complex mechanism which is still largely undiscovered territory with infinite possibilities. The writer explains that this infinite capacity is the result of a complex interaction between the structures of our brains; these structures have more than one function. By describing the different areas of the brain and its structures and functions, and explaining with lucid examples from the writer's own experience how these structures are used in everyday life, the paper brings home to the reader with vivid immediacy how the brain controls our whole body.

Outline:
Brain Diagram
The Reticular Formation
The Medulla
The Cerebellum
The Basal Ganglia
The Basal Forebrain
The Basal Forebrain
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Cortex
Brocas's Area
Parietal Lobe
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Wernicke's Area
Corpus Callosum

From the Paper
"The basal ganglia appear to coordinate movement, cognition and voluntary movement. The basal ganglia are located deep inside of the cerebral hemispheres, in the telecephalon area of the brain. The telencephalon area is the anterior portion of the brain. The exact function of the basal ganglia in behavior is not totally established, but it appears to be the "traffic cop" so to speak, that decides which of the actions the cortex may be planning, to act on, to carry out. It is responsible for making sure that movement results in a pleasurable reward; this structure increases activity when the reward is pleasurable, and does not increase activity when the results do not include a reward. This structure has been implicated in Parkinson's Disorder."

Tags:stimulus spatial sulcus impulse pituitary hormone midbrain, spinal cord, pons

From the Paper
"Introduction
Expert systems are best known for attempting to imitate human experts through the use of artificial intelligence technology. These systems handle information symbolically rather than as numerical symbols (as in conventional data processing). Expert systems use a knowledge base created by a knowledge engineer containing facts and rules upon which experts in a particular field base their decisions. Expert systems can increase productivity within organizations, and decrease training time for new employees, but such systems require educating those individuals targeted to use the system if the institution is to receive the maximum benefit. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been in development since the 1950s. AI seeks to have higher mental tasks normally done by humans done by computers. The limitation ..."

Abstract
Matrix management is associated with a matrix organizational form. A matrix form of organization is an organizational structure with two or more (a) channels of command, (b) lines of budget authority, (c) sources of performance reward, and (d) so forth.

From the Paper
"Methods of Reducing Porosity In Brass
Introduction. Matrix management is associated with a matrix organizational form. A matrix form of organization is an organizational structure with two or more (a) channels of command, (b) lines of budget authority, (c) sources of performance reward, and (d) so forth. A lack of maximal density, or some porosity, must exist in the metals' lattice structure or must be introduced in the alloying process. Explored here are methods metallurgists may use to minimize porosity in brass.


Brass. A useful alloy of two metals, copper and zinc (9:166), brass has been formed for cultural uses and ornamentation since the 13th century BC (1:9). The term, brass, indicates any of an infinite possible set of mixes of "copper-..."

From the Paper
"What economists term the business cycle has been the subject of much study since its emergence during the industrial revolution. The roller coaster behavior of growth in the economy has eluded full explanation and led to the development of a variety of schools of thought on the issue. While traditional economists focussed on money as the key cause of cyclical activity, more recent analysis has turned to technological shocks as the driving force behind the business cycle (Christiano and Fitzgerald, 1998). Despite the tendency of these most recent studies (referred to as real business cycle theory) to discount the causal relationship between interest rates and the..."

Tags:ami, cells, collector, conductors, energy, hydrogen, nuclear, opec, photons, photovoltaic, semiconductor, setc, solar, sun

Abstract
This paper covers the history of the epidemic of the bacterium that came to be known as the bubonic plague. It begins in 540 A.D., with the first record of its occurrence, and continues to show its from the Mediterranean throughout Europe and Asia. The plague's spread to England in the 1600s led to the first autopsies being conducted and began the search for a cause and cure to this disease. It has virtually been eliminated in our lifetime with only isolated cases occurring, although, there are now fears that it can be isolated and used as a bio-weapon by terrorists in today's world.

From the Paper
"Despite of what is thought, the bubonic plague did not end in medieval times. It has kept killing people all the way until today. The next big outbreak after the one in 1665 was in China in 1894. It then spread west to Bombay, India, and in that the time it took to do that the disease killed millions of people. The next couple of decades after that outbreak, scientists were able to identify and classify the disease and its history. However it could at times be difficult for the scientists because symptoms of the bubonic plague often resembled those of other diseases common in the hot climate of the jungles in India."

Tags:black, bubonic, death, pestis, plague, yersinia, vaccination, cure, bacteria, microscopes, scientists, bio-terrorists, bacteria, europe, studies, bitten, flea, cell, immune, system, jungles, india, brazil, united, states, military, research

Abstract
This paper presents an overview of firewalls. The paper elaborates on personal firewalls, network firewalls and testing firewalls. Examples of firewalls are discussed in the paper and the network costs involved are examined.
Table of Contents
Firewall Overview
What is a Firewall
How Firewalls Work
Need for Firewalls
Testing Firewalls
Personal Security Firewalls
Personal Firewall Employment
Features of Zone Alarm
Zone Alarm Interface Example
Network Security Firewalls
Network Firewall Employment
Cisco Pix 510 Mid-range Features
Firewall Tracking
Network Security Cost Example
Examples of Network Firewalls
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"A firewall is a users best defense from invasions by outside intruders. It will protect unwanted traffic on a PC or network from an outsider. A firewall acts as a buffer between the PC or network and all external networks, especially the Internet.

"Michael Palmer defines a firewall as being a software, hardware or combination of both employed to restrict who has access to a network, to specific segments, or to certain resources.""

Tags:computers, firewall, network, networking, security, technology