Abstract
The experiment discussed in this paper aims to generate experimentally the lead-tin phase diagram from various proportions of the two metals in this binary system. It involves the preparation and heating in a test tube of mixtures containing 90%Pb-10%Sn, 80%Pb-20%Sn, 60%Pb-40%Sn, 40%Pb-60%Sn, and 20%Pb-80%Sn. The paper explains that the experiment requires the use of a thermocouple to monitor the temperature reading every 5 seconds until it drops off to 160 degrees C. Five cooling curves (temperature versus time), 1 for each mixture are generated, taking notes on the points of arrest and the critical temperatures. The paper shows that the integration of all the cooling curves produces the lead-tin phase diagram. The paper includes diagrams.

Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Section
Preparation of Set up and Samples
Experiment Proper
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Appendix

From the Paper
"The simplest phase diagrams are those of the binary alloys, a binary alloy being one that contains two components. In this type of phase diagram, temperature and composition are the variable parameters, the temperature usually being relegated to the y-axis and the composition to the x-axis (where the two composition scales of the two components run opposite to each other in magnitude, the 100% composition of each component coinciding with the 0% composition of the other component, and vice versa)."

Tags:soldering, thermocouple, axis, pipette

Abstract
This paper discusses the brain, a wonderful and complex mechanism which is still largely undiscovered territory with infinite possibilities. The writer explains that this infinite capacity is the result of a complex interaction between the structures of our brains; these structures have more than one function. By describing the different areas of the brain and its structures and functions, and explaining with lucid examples from the writer's own experience how these structures are used in everyday life, the paper brings home to the reader with vivid immediacy how the brain controls our whole body.

Outline:
Brain Diagram
The Reticular Formation
The Medulla
The Cerebellum
The Basal Ganglia
The Basal Forebrain
The Basal Forebrain
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Cortex
Brocas's Area
Parietal Lobe
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Wernicke's Area
Corpus Callosum

From the Paper
"The basal ganglia appear to coordinate movement, cognition and voluntary movement. The basal ganglia are located deep inside of the cerebral hemispheres, in the telecephalon area of the brain. The telencephalon area is the anterior portion of the brain. The exact function of the basal ganglia in behavior is not totally established, but it appears to be the "traffic cop" so to speak, that decides which of the actions the cortex may be planning, to act on, to carry out. It is responsible for making sure that movement results in a pleasurable reward; this structure increases activity when the reward is pleasurable, and does not increase activity when the results do not include a reward. This structure has been implicated in Parkinson's Disorder."

Tags:stimulus spatial sulcus impulse pituitary hormone midbrain, spinal cord, pons

Abstract
This paper gives a list of the species found in a grasslands ecosystem. The paper presents diagrams of the energy flow in a grasslands ecosystem and of the trophic hierarchy in the system. It then looks at the biodiversity of the system and if it is naturally sustainable.

From the Paper
"Local ecosystem grasslands. List of biotic components: blue grass, black-footed ferret, prickly pear newts, oak skinks, buffalo grass, mountain plover lizards, chestnut, collared longspur frogs and toads, Baird's sparrow prairie kingsnake, ferruginous hawk rattlesnakes, prairie falcon garter snake, burrowing owl water snakes, mallard yellow mud turtle, blue-winged teal, many species of fish, northern pintail nematodes, prairie dogs lepidoptera, bison prairie mole cricket, white-tailed jack rabbit, spharagemon grasshopper, ground squirrels, Ozark snaketail dragonfly, gophers flies, olive-backed pocket mouse amphipods, pocket mouse arachnids, plains harvest mouse beetles, prairie vole leafhoppers, swift fox."

Tags:ecosystem, food web, trophic hierarchy

From the Paper
"A solid-liquid phase diagram was constructed for a naphthalene - diphenylamine system. The phase diagram was constructed using the procedure known as thermal analysis. Thermal analysis allows for the determination of phase boundaries. A graph of the phase boundaries was then plotted versus mole fraction of naphthalene. From the graph the eutectic composition of the system was determined to be 0.39 + 0.1 moles of naphthalene and 0.61 + 0.1 moles of diphenylamine. The ln of mole fractions of naphthalene were then plotted versus 1/Temperature and from these graphs the heat of fusion and melting temperature for Ha and Hb were determined to be 99.49 + 2.0 KJ/mol and 17.38 KJ/mol, respectively. The Ta and Tb were determined to be 29.0 + 2.0 oC and 81.4 + 2.0 oC, respectively."

Tags:analysis, composition, diphenylamine, eutectic, napthalene, system, thermal

Abstract
The affinity diagram has become one of the most widely used of the Japanese management and planning tools for quality management. This paper compares this method to the scatter diagram, another strategy used for problem-solving, and shows how both are applied to workplace experience.

From the Paper
"In working with an affinity diagram, a group of people begins with a brainstorming session on the topic under investigation. They then clarify the list of ideas, record them on small cards or Post-It notes, and randomly lay out cards on a table, flipchart, wall, etc.
Next, without speaking, the members sort the cards into "similar" groups of ideas. This process is repeated until a consensus is reached."

Tags:quality, management

Abstract
This paper discusses the linkage of theory-research and theory practice. The author delineates each level of the theory and provides supportive documentation for all statements, postulates, claims, and other notions central to the presented theory. The paper explores a nursing diagram based on the development of a middle-range nursing theory related to coping with chronic illness.

From the Paper
"One promising approach to strengthening theory-research and theory-practice linkages is to place greater emphasis on developing and using theories of the middle range to underpin nursing research and practice. The authors define middle range theories as moderately abstract inclusive organized within a limited scope with a limited number of variables, which are testable in a direct manner. The mid-range theories are said to have a stronger relationship with research and practice. This paper presents a nursing ..."

Tags:chronic, illness, coping

Abstract
This paper first lists the biotic life found in a grasslands ecosystem. It then describes two pictures: one of primary succession of a glacier site and the other of secondary succession of farmland in North Carolina. The paper then gives a diagram of grassland biotica.

From the Paper
"Local ecosystem grasslands: List of biotic components: Blue grass toads, prickly pear newts, oak skinks, buffalo grass, mountain plover lizards, chestnut, collared longspur frogs, Baird's sparrow prairie kingsnake, ferruginous hawk rattlesnakes, prairie falcon garter snake, burrowing owl water snakes, mallard yellow mud turtle, blue-winged teal, many species of fish, northern pintail nematodes, prairie dogs lepidoptera, bison prairie mole cricket, white-tailed jack rabbit, spharagemon grasshopper, ground squirrels, Ozark snaketail dragonfly, gophers flies, olive-backed pocket mouse amphipods, plains pocket mouse arachnids, plains harvest mouse beetles, prairie vole leafhoppers, swift fox USGS black-footed ferret. Figure a-c shows primary succession on glacial moraine. During the past years glaciers have retreated in..."

Tags:ecosystem, grasslands, glacier, biotic, armlands

Abstract
This paper revisits two unhappy memories of exercises done while in grade school and/or high school: the diagramming of sentences and the writing of journal entries. The paper then attempts to persuade the reader that these two activities, while not seen as fun or helpful at the time, were in fact very useful in the writer's development and learning. It is then argued that these same two activities are valid and useful with today's students.

From the Paper
"There are two exercises that I was asked, no forced, to do when I was in grade school and high school that seemed so ridiculous and tawdry at the time that I can still remember my distaste and displeasure whenever they were assigned. I am sure these two activities bring back such unpleasant memories to many people of my age. They are sentence-diagramming and journal-writing. Yet, despite how much I loathed doing either of these while I was a burgeoning student and writer, despite how awful I thought they were, I have come to realize that each activity was quite useful in my development and learning. This essay will argue that sentence-diagramming and journal-writing were both sound steps in this writer's development and could also benefit students of today. The first of these two activities is still mentioned with scorn and even terror from most ex-students' lips even today."

Tags:writing, persuasion, essay

Abstract
This paper explains that quality control procedures are particularly useful in business, when properly deployed, because they can help managers to transform incomprehensibly varied or difficult data into more understandable information. The author states that histograms, which depict the number or proportion of data points falling into any particular given class, can be easily understood by the naked eye of laypeople, but they also can be manipulated very easily to yield false impressions because of their seductively seamless appearance. The paper points out that the check sheet is a data-gathering and interpretation tool used for distinguishing between fact and opinion, gathering data about how often a problem is occurring and gathering data about the type of problem occurring.

Table of Contents
Issues and Organizational Examples
Histograms
Cause and Effect Diagrams
Check Sheets
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"In the competitive atmosphere of the business world today, it is not simply enough to have a good idea of what the present may hold for one's company or one's own personal investments. It is also important to develop organizational strategies and production goals with an eye upon the future. Critical to creating a proper decision-making strategy is the use of proper quality control tools to improve the strategy-creating process. Indeed, as noted by the authors Katherine Manley and S. Sytsma, the quality-control processes of histograms, cause and effect diagrams, and check sheets can and are frequently used to aid in any kind of process, but particularly in regards to organizational quality control in the corporate world."

Tags:procedures, crunch, information, proportion, strategy

Abstract
This paper examines Hotel Escargo's room service process, which has problems with long wait times, cold food, and the wrong orders delivered to guests. The paper includes a fishbone diagram and a workflow diagram, offering revisions intended to reduce the time to get the orders to guests.

From the Paper
"One of the services offered by Hotel Escargo is room service. Although this has typically been a popular service and much used by weary executives who opt to dine in their rooms in comfort, rather than dressing to go downstairs for dinner, in recent months there have been numerous guest complaints about the service. Several guests have complained of cold food, a few have received the wrong orders and most have complained of the lengthy wait time between..."

Tags:room service, Hotel Escargo, work flow, process, diagram, fishbone diagram