Abstract
This paper gives an in-depth discussion of the overall causes, diagnosis and treatment options for liver cirrhosis. Additionally the initial symptoms that are described help an individual recognize when medical attention may be needed. Additionally, the various causes that contribute to cirrhosis are detailed. Current treatment options including lifestyle changes, transplantation and the potential future availability of stem cell transplant/therapy are covered.

From the Paper
"The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body. It is located underneath the diaphragm on the right side of the body at the superior portion of the abdominal cavity. The gall bladder is attached to the liver on the inferior surface. The gall bladder receives bile that the liver produces. Once the bile is received by the gall bladder, the gall bladder's job is to concentrate and store the bile until it is needed to help digest foods that have a high fat content. A normal functioning liver is responsible for a vast array of functions including bile production..."

Tags:cirrhosis, liver, treatment

Abstract
This paper looks at the diagnostic system for evaluating ADHD and explains the causes and symptoms of ADHD. The writer also discusses the current trends in the diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The paper shows that behavior therapy alone has only a limited effect on symptoms or functioning of children with ADHD, although combining behavior therapy with medication seems to improve functioning and may decrease the amount of (stimulant) medication needed.

Outline:
Introduction: Psychological Disorders
Diagnostic Systems and General Criteria: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- IV Edition (DSM-IV)
International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Manual (ICD - 10)
DSM - IV Categories of Psychological Disorders
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD
Causes of ADHD
Symptoms of ADHD: Inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity.
Current Trends in Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Current Trends in Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

From the Paper
"Psychological disorders create imbalance in our mental health and cause mental illness. The term "mental illness" is used to describe the more severe types of mental health disorders. Less severe mental health problems are known as "disorders" or "syndromes" rather than "illness".
Mental disorders are considered as a major public health problem, thus, health services play an important role regarding their management. A World Health Organization (WHO) study of the global burden of disease assessed that "mental disorders make up five of the ten leading causes of disability". Since the management of these disorders takes place to a great extent in general practice and primary care settings, it is important to determine the effectiveness of current trends in diagnostic and treatment. According to Epidemiological studies conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health, NIMH the Centers for Disease Control, CDC) in 1970s, about 15% of the population in the U.S. experience a serious psychological disorder. It further increases to 25% when milder problems with drug & alcohol abuse are considered as a part of the study."

Tags:mental, health, problems, children, teens, inattention, hyperactivity

Abstract
This paper examines in detail the schwannoma, a benign tumor that grows from the fibrous coverings of a peripheral nerve. The author makes reference to Nager?s and Shapsay?s findings on the subject and discusses diagnosis and treatment, with reference to Morita, Sekhar, and Wright. The paper concludes with a number of case studies.

From the paper:

?Morita, Sekhar, and Wright also discuss statistics of surgery for schwannomas. Their statistics are based on the more common vestibular schwannomas. They state that morbidity associated with surgery has been decreasing and that the preservation of the functions of cranial nerves has been improving.?

Tags:neurinoma, neuroma, benign, tumor, peripheral, cancer, nerve, medicine

Abstract
This essay discusses issues surrounding somatization, a relatively rare disorder in which the sufferer experiences physical symptoms that cannot be explained by disease. The essay explores the causative factors, the diagnosis, occurrence and symptoms, the genetics and biology involved in the disorder as well as treatment and best-practice modalities to discuss how treatments can be made more effective. The paper finds that a more multidisciplinary approach would lead to a better understanding and more effective treatment of this disorder.

Outline:
Overview and Definition
Diagnosis, Occurrence and Symptoms
Causative Factors
Culture and Other Related Factors
Genetics and Biology
Treatment and Best-Practice Modalities

From the Paper
"The symptoms of this disorder also have a severely detrimental impact on the patient's life and usually results in "...substantial personal, social, and occupational impairment...and are not feigned or voluntarily produced, as in malingering or factitious disorder." (Eifert & Zvolensky, 2005, p. 282) As noted, the history of these physical complaints in most cases occurs before the age of thirty and continues over a period of several years. (Cohen, 2003, p. 373) Somitization disorder is also known to have negative economic and financial consequences. (Eifert & Zvolensky, 2005, p. 281)"

Tags:disorder, psychological, treatment, therapy

Abstract
This paper discusses diabetes; what it is, how it is treated, symptoms, complications, and statistics of who has the disease. The paper asserts that education on the diagnosis of diabetes, types of diabetes, scope and impact of diabetes, who gets diabetes, and the treatment of diabetes is important for everyone who might have diabetes or have a family member who has diabetes.

From the Paper
"Approximately 20.8 million children and adults have diabetes in the United States with 14.6 having been diagnosed and 6.2 million people not even aware they have the illness (Diabetes Information). Education on the diagnosis of diabetes, types of diabetes, who gets diabetes, complications, and the treatment of diabetes is important for everyone who might have diabetes or have a family member who has diabetes. Definition of Diabetes Knowing what diabetes is important in helping people who may not be aware that they have the disease. "Diabetes is a disease in which the body does...""

Tags:diabetes, treatment, complications

Abstract
The paper describes the signs and symptoms of a 42-year-old man with acute pancreatitis. This paper explains the causes of acute pancreatitis and why it is an accurate diagnosis for this patient. The paper also provides a detailed review of the literature to identify and provide a rationale for this patient's immediate priorities of care.

Outline:
Background and Overview
Review and Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Assuming that the primary cause of Mr. Jones' episode of acute pancreatitis is determined to be excessive alcohol consumption, the good news is that appropriately treated, the adverse effects of acute pancreatitis are typically resolved within five to seven days. Generally, treatment for acute pancreatitis includes restricting oral consumption entirely and providing nourishment with intravenous fluids only (Reid 1996, 28). In addition, Ammerman and his associates recommend bed rest, intravenous fluids, and narcotic analgesia as essential elements in the management of acute episodes of pancreatitis for alcoholic patients. According to these authorities, "The patient is kept fasting to avoid stimulation of pancreatic secretion. Although resting the pancreas is conceptually attractive, the pancreas probably secretes very little when it is acutely inflamed" (Ammerman et al. 1999, 74). The studies to date involving randomized prospective clinical trials of nasogastric suction, atropine, glucagon, calcitonin, cimetidine, and somatostatin (all of which may reduce pancreatic secretion) have consistently failed to demonstrate any benefit in the treatment of acute pancreatitis (Leach, Gorelick, & Modlin 1992). In addition, recommencing oral feeding of convalescing patients prematurely may also result in relapse of the condition (Ammerman et al. 1999).
"Moreover, and in spite of the growing body of research that indicates acute pancreatitis is an autodigestive disease, the clinical trials using enzyme inhibitors (especially anti-proteases) have likewise been ineffective (Leach et al. 1992). According to Schwenter, Buhler, Berney and Morel (2009), clinical interventions for acute pancreatitis should also include the elimination of the cause, the hemodynamic and respiratory supports and the treatment of the complications. In addition, severe cases of acute pancreatitis require a team-based approach between surgeons, radiologists, gastroenterologists as well.as intensive care physicians "

Tags:alcohol, inflammation, enzymes, necrosis, hemorrhaging

Abstract
This paper reviews the incidence, history, symptoms and types of bipolar disorder, which is caused by a complex group of genetic, psychological and environmental factors. Next, the author reports that, because there is no definitive test for bipolar disorder, health-care practitioners must gathering comprehensive medical, family, and mental-health information to facilitate this diagnose. The paper relates that treatment can include neuroleptic, mood stabilizing and anti-depressant medications, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), alternative medications and a variety of psychotherapies including talk, family focused, psycho-education and social rhythm therapies.

From the Paper
"The existences of anxiety, substance abuse, hallucinations, or delusions, as well as some behavioral disorders are also explored during diagnosis. Practitioners may provide the patient with a quiz or self-test used to evaluate the patient for bipolar or mood disorder indicators. Since some of the symptoms of bipolar can also occur in other mental illnesses, the mental-health screening is to determine if the individual suffers from bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorder, schizophrenic, and other disorders.
"Medication is normally used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. This is because they tend to address two aspects: relieving already existing symptoms of mania or depression and preventing symptoms from returning. Some of these medications include Zyprexa, Risperdal, Seroquel, Geodon, and Saphris. These medications belong to a group called neuroleptics and are known for having the ability to work quickly. Some of the side effects associated with these medications include sleepiness, dizziness, and weight gain. Lipid levels may also increase. Mood stabilizers such as Lithium can be useful in treating acute symptoms of mania. However, they are known to take a bit longer to work in comparison to neuroleptic medications. Anti-depressants may also be prescribed in order to stabilize depressive symptoms."

Tags:impulsive, alternating symptoms, genes, mental-health screening, talk therapy

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the difficulties that a person with Asperger's syndrome and their families face. It presents a case study scenario of a person with the syndrome and discusses how difficult the parents of the child with Asperger's found it to cope. The paper discusses the symptoms and the suspected causes of the syndrome and then focuses on treatment options and ways for affected people to cope. The paper contains some original sources.

Table of Contents:
Asperger's Syndrome
Symptoms
Suspected Causes
Screening and Diagnosis
Treatment
Support and Coping
Social Skills Taught - How?
Obsessions to Talents
Asperger's Syndrome Conspiracy?

From the Paper
"Asperger's syndrome student may function on or above grade level in academic subjects, albeit, their behavioral quirks may inhibit their success. Along with a supportive learning environment, support through visual aids (e.g., schedules, charts, signs, and lists) may benefit these students. Visual aids generally prove useful in facilitating transitions. They also help redirect and refocus students who experience problems staying on task. Task organizers may also help students progress through their tasks. These task organizers, which function similar to methods used in cookbook recipes, can be reviewed prior to doing an activity. The facilitator needs to ensure a student has necessary materials to complete the activity, and then guide the student through the activity. Pre-teaching this way not only enables students to more readily engage in lessons with their classmates but helps them remain on task. (Zager & Shamow, 2005, p. 320)."

Tags:diagnosis, autism, development, society, disability

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that patients diagnosed with hepatitis C are often asymptomatic for many years. This paper explores the risk factors associated with the illness, the diagnostic procedures, as well as the efficacy of different treatment options. Side affects involved with the various treatment options are also explored. The writer concludes that it is clear that more research needs to be conducted regarding the prevention and diagnosis of this illness. The writer maintains that once diagnosed, there are standard treatments; however, the overall efficacy of these treatments is disappointing at best.

Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Adverse Effects

From the Paper
"According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), up to 80% of infected individuals are asymptomatic. There are a number of factors that increase ones risk of infection. The CDC recommends that individuals who have used intravenous drugs, recipients of clotting factors made before 1987, recipients of blood or solid organs before 1992, hemodialysis patients, anyone with undiagnosed liver problems, and infants born to HCV positive mothers be screened for hepatitis C. Health care workers who have been exposed to the virus should also be tested, however routine checks for individuals in the health care profession are not recommended. It is important that all health care professionals use caution when dealing with blood spills, including dried blood, since studies have suggested that HCV can survive at least 16 hours outside of the body."

Tags:pathogen, liver, disease, virus, fever

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses addiction and includes an overview of the problem with causes and prevalence. The writer examines diagnosis and treatment strategies, cost of diagnosis and treatment strategies to prevent the problem and cost of prevention. This is followed by a summary and conclusions.

From the Paper
"The following presents the topic of addiction. Issues discussed related to this topic include an overview of the problem with causes and prevalence, diagnosis and treatment strategies, cost of diagnosis and treatment strategies to prevent the problem and cost of prevention. This is followed by a summary and conclusions.
"Drug addiction is considered by most to be a biomedical condition instead of a psychological condition. Miller explains that addiction takes place when a drug is consumed and the brain goes from normal to addict ..."

Tags:addiction