Abstract This paper discusses some of the difficulties that a person with Asperger's syndrome and their families face. It presents a case study scenario of a person with the syndrome and discusses how difficult the parents of the child with Asperger's found it to cope. The paper discusses the symptoms and the suspected causes of the syndrome and then focuses on treatment options and ways for affected people to cope. The paper contains some original sources.
Table of Contents:
Asperger's Syndrome
Symptoms
Suspected Causes
Screening and Diagnosis Treatment Support and Coping
Social Skills Taught - How?
Obsessions to Talents
Asperger's Syndrome Conspiracy?
From the Paper "Asperger's syndrome student may function on or above grade level in academic subjects, albeit, their behavioral quirks may inhibit their success. Along with a supportive learning environment, support through visual aids (e.g., schedules, charts, signs, and lists) may benefit these students. Visual aids generally prove useful in facilitating transitions. They also help redirect and refocus students who experience problems staying on task. Task organizers may also help students progress through their tasks. These task organizers, which function similar to methods used in cookbook recipes, can be reviewed prior to doing an activity. The facilitator needs to ensure a student has necessary materials to complete the activity, and then guide the student through the activity. Pre-teaching this way not only enables students to more readily engage in lessons with their classmates but helps them remain on task. (Zager & Shamow, 2005, p. 320)."
Abstract This paper discusses Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, dietary recommendations, and a nursing plan for patients with IDA. It also looks at how iron is absorbed by cells of the small intestine and how it is transported through the body to erythropoietic cells.
From the Paper "There are several different classifications of anemia depending on the underlying pathophysiology. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia encountered both in underdeveloped and in developed countries and is due to a decrease in the number of red cells because of a lack of sufficient iron. Iron is an essential component in the production of hemoglobin the oxygen-carrying pigment in erythrocytes and is normally obtained in the diet."
Tags: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), causes, diagnosis, treatment, nursing plan
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that patients diagnosed with hepatitis C are often asymptomatic for many years. This paper explores the risk factors associated with the illness, the diagnostic procedures, as well as the efficacy of different treatment options. Side affects involved with the various treatment options are also explored. The writer concludes that it is clear that more research needs to be conducted regarding the prevention and diagnosis of this illness. The writer maintains that once diagnosed, there are standard treatments; however, the overall efficacy of these treatments is disappointing at best.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Risk Factors
Diagnosis Treatment Adverse Effects
From the Paper "According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), up to 80% of infected individuals are asymptomatic. There are a number of factors that increase ones risk of infection. The CDC recommends that individuals who have used intravenous drugs, recipients of clotting factors made before 1987, recipients of blood or solid organs before 1992, hemodialysis patients, anyone with undiagnosed liver problems, and infants born to HCV positive mothers be screened for hepatitis C. Health care workers who have been exposed to the virus should also be tested, however routine checks for individuals in the health care profession are not recommended. It is important that all health care professionals use caution when dealing with blood spills, including dried blood, since studies have suggested that HCV can survive at least 16 hours outside of the body."
Abstract This paper presents a general description of Bipolar Disorder I, explaining that lays within the sphere of disorders that are primarily disorder of mood. The paper further discusses typical symptoms of Bipolar Disorder I, its diagnosis, treatment methods for Bipolar Disorder I, the goals of such treatment, cross-cultural issues, environmental issues and community referrals.
From the Paper "The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychological Association DSM-IV" places Bipolar Depression I within the sphere of affective disorders that are primarily disturbances of mood. More commonly known as a mood disorders, a distinction is made between Bipolar Depression I and Bipolar Depression II. Individuals with mood disorders have disturbances in their emotional states or moods. Two major mood disturbances are known as dysphoria and euphoria. In dysphoria, associated with depression, the individual feels overwhelming sadness while in euphoria, the opposite pole, individuals..."
Abstract The paper explains that the liver is the biggest internal organ in the body and is essential to the body's vital functions. The paper describes the two main types of liver cancer; hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinomas. The paper discusses risk factors, symptoms that can lead to a diagnosis of liver cancer and identifies conventional and complimentary/alternative cancer treatments. The paper shows how this form of cancer is more common in men than women. The paper notes that liver cancer is particularly dangerous because it has usually been growing in the body for some time before it is diagnosed.
Outline:
Introduction
Liver Cancer
Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinomas
Risk Factors
Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Conclusion
From the Paper "According to the American Cancer Society, the liver is the bigest internal organ in the body. It is located underneath the right ribs, just unde the right lung and diaphragm. The American Cancer Society explains that the liver looks like a pyramid and is divided into right and left lobes(What is Liver Cancer, 2006). The liver also receives blood from 2 sources(What is Liver Cancer, 2006). The first source is the hepatic artery which supplies the liver with blood that is rich in oxygen. In addition the portal vein carry the nutrient-rich blood from the intestines to the liver (What is Liver Cancer, 2006)."
Abstract The paper looks at the cause of a MRSA (staphylococcus aureus) infection and explains its risks for families and schools and for persons who have existing health problems. The paper then discusses its diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Outline:
What is the Causative Agent for MRSA?
What is the Problem with this Disease?
What are the Ways for Diagnosis of MRSA?
What are the Ways of Treatment and/or Prevention?
From the Paper "The British Association of Medical Microbiologists reports that MRSA (Staphylococcus aureus) is a bacterium frequently found in the noses of up to 30 percent of "normal healthy people." It is often found on human skin, as well. But if the Staphylococcus aureus gets inside the body it can cause "important infections such as boils or pneumonia," the report continues. The problem with this particular strain of this bacterium is that there are no antibiotics that can knock it down once it has entered the internal part of the human body. The www.link.med.ed.ac.uk British medical Web site points out that individuals can become carriers of MRSA in the same exact way that they can carry the ordinary Staphylococcus aureus - by "physical contact with the organism.""
Abstract The paper relates the history of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is essentially one of neglect and non-recognition but notes the increased awareness today of the effects of this condition. The paper looks at the diagnosis of PTSD and at its treatment options. The paper
concludes that more research is needed into the nature of PTSD and in the development of more comprehensive and effective coping stratgies and techniques.
Outline:
Introduction
History
Diagnosis Treatment Conclusion
From the Paper "As noted above, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder was only recently recognized as a distinct disorder and categorized in a similar fashion to other psychological and neurological conditions. The history of this condition is essentially one of neglect and non-recognition. For centuries individuals have experienced the symptoms of traumatic stress but it has been understood only in very general and vague terms and often dismissed as 'shell shock' and war neurosis.
"The official medical recognition and categorization of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder was first introduced with the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). This has increased the awareness and the formalization of the disorder."
Abstract This paper discusses how important the proper diagnosis of a patient's mood disorder is for finding the proper treatment. Disorders covered include: major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, cyclothymic, bi-polar I, and bi-polar II. The author shows how the disorders are broken down into domains and indicates the symptoms for each and how they should be treated.
From the Paper "Bi-polar disorder affects approximately 2.3 million American adults or about 1.2 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and older (Reiger, 1993). Men and women are equally likely to develop bi-polar disorder. The average age of onset for bi-polar disorders is in the early twenties (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Bi-polar disorders include cyclothymic, bi-polar I, and bi-polar II. Distinction of the actual disorder can sometimes become difficult, therefore, it is crucial to look at all the symptoms the patient is experiencing."
This paper discusses stuttering, its etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and stereotypes, as seen in the films "Primal Fear" and "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone".
Abstract This paper explains that stuttering is a complex disorder, with an etiology and severity level that varies from case to case. The author selected "Harry Potter" and "Primal Fear" as examples of stuttering stereotypes in films because, in both films, a character faked his disorder to convey a falsehood to people that he hoped to deceive. The paper relates that treating stuttering should be focused on the patient's hearing, seeing, feelings, and the effects the disorder has had on the person's personality.
Table of Contents
Stereotypes Displayed in Films
"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone"
"Primal Fear"
Etiology of Stuttering
Myths, Misconceptions and Multiple Causes
Diagnosis Treatment Conclusion
From the Paper "Parents who are concerned that their preschool-age child may be a stutterer should be aware that what is considered "normal" dysfluency can occur in ten of every one hundred spoken words. ( More recently, it has been suggested that dysfluencies can be categorized as "stuttering-like" or "other". Stutter-like dysfluencies include blocks, repetitions, and prolongations. Other dysfluencies include interjections, revisions or deserted statements, and repetitions of phrases or multi-syllables."
Abstract This paper explains that, for a very long time, selective mutism was believed to be triggered by some severe trauma; however, recent research has shown it to be a part of a larger social anxiety disorder. The author points out that the psychiatric manual "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual" (published in 1994 and known as DSM IV) lists selective mutism under "Other Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence", suggesting that it does not fit well into the diagnostic system of the manual. The paper relates that, in selective mutism disorder, which emerges after previously normal language development, children don"t actively choose to be mute, but become mute when present in situations that produce anxiety within themselves; it is now widely viewed as a form of social phobia with possible biologic predispositions.
Table of Contents
What is It"
How Common is It?
Diagnosis Treatment
From the Paper "In one example, a child who was almost five years old started preschool, and after two weeks, refused to speak to either the teacher or his classmates. He also cried at arrival and would ask his parents to take him home. At home he spoke, but only to his mother, but spoke clearly and in complete sentences. He communicated only nonverbally with his father and siblings. When the parents took him to the pediatrician, the doctor could not get him to speak."
Abstract This paper discusses diabetes mellitus, an extremely common disease which becomes more prevalent every day in industrialized countries. According to the paper, diabetes is a multifactorial condition that can cause multiple problems with multiple physical systems, that include the cardiovascular, renal and visual systems. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the different types of diabetes, the causes of risk factors for each one, the symptoms of the disease and how the disease is diagnosed. The paper discusses the role of insulin within the treatment of diabetes and also ventures into some of the newer treatments for diabetes, which include new methods of insulin delivery, stem cell treatment and other promising discoveries.
Outline:
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Disease and Pathophysiology
Chapter 2 -Insulin Treatment Chapter 3 - New Treatment Options
Conclusion
From the Paper "The development of transgenic mice which express a protein called hepatocyte growth factor holds another possibility as a treatment for diabetes. By encouraging the growth of pancreatic islet cells, this may allow beta cell proliferation, an increase in the total mass of islet cells and ultimately an increase in the production of insulin. To date, the development of HGF has only worked in vitro, but the findings on the transgenic mice in vivo showed a significantly decreased blood glucose level, increased pancreatic insulin levels as compared to controls and an increase in the volume of islet cells.
Probably the most important treatment option on the horizon is the use of stem cells for the treatment of diabetes. Before the issue of stem cell use can be discussed, the pathophysiology of stem cells in the treatment of chronic diseases must be discussed. At its most basic level, a stem cell is defined in two ways. A stem cell can divide indefinitely, producing identical cellular offspring. And stems cells can, under the right physiological circumstances, undergo an asymmetrical division resulting in two dissimilar daughter cells. "
Abstract This paper describes the feelings that characterize depression, the two main types of depression, its causes and how it is diagnosed. The writer explains that since there is still debate over what causes depression, there are many different kinds of drugs used in treating it, as well as different types of psychotherapy, and more extreme treatments like psychosurgery and electroconvulsive shock therapy. The writer concludes that no single treatment has been found to be more effective than another, and the only constant is that the interaction between the client and psychologist provides support, hope, and motivation to change.
From the Paper "Another perspective that could explain the cause of depression could be how the person cognitively interprets the stressful situation itself. There are many people who experience stressful situations, so why are there only a few who become clinically depressed? One way psychologists look at depressive thinking patterns is the hopelessness theory, where people believe "depression results from a pattern of thinking about negative experiences that reduces or eliminates any hope that life will get better" (Gray, 2001, 629). These individuals believe that these stressful experiences are stable and global, meaning they believe that nothing they do can change the situations. If someone fails a test, they may attribute this failure to their personal abilities and believe that they will only continue to fail."
Abstract This paper begins by explaining that cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease, which is caused by the mutation of the gene called 'cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). The paper shows how recent studies have brought about improvements in the life expectancy of CF sufferers, and there are hopes, through gene therapy of improving it even further.
Contents
Introduction
Definition of Term
Protein Influence
Diagnosis Treatment Conclusion
From the Paper "Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease which cannot be prevented. When CFTR protein in cells that line passageways of the lungs, pancreas, colon, and genitourinary tract are abnormal, two problems result: blockage of the movement of chloride ions and secretion of abnormal levels of mucus. These problems are caused by a mutation of the CFTR, which is called deltaF508 CFTR. This mutation ?. . . accounts for 70-80 percent of all CF cases. Various other mutations . . . seem to be the cause of other CF cases? (CaringParents.org., 2003, 1). This could mean that there are other, undetected as yet, causes for cystic fibrosis."
Abstract This paper summarizes the research on diagnosing autism. The paper addresses assessment and the use of the DSM-IV for autism diagnosis. The paper also studies difficulties with diagnosis and differential diagnosis, including the need for a multiple axial diagnosis. The paper concludes that parent-pediatrician partnerships are critical to making an early autism diagnosis.
Abstract This paper outlines the critical elements of treatment planning in psychotherapy. It also provides a hypothetical case and proposes a treatment plan for the incumbent. Issues addressed include the importance of treatment planning and vital aspects of a quality treatment plan. The author concludes that ultimately a good treatment plan can be evaluated by examining the patient's response to treatment goals and outcomes.
Outline:
Treatment Planning Defined
Relevance of Treatment Planning in Psychotherapy
Treatment Plan Overview
Stages of Treatment Planning
Characteristics of a Good Treatment Plan
Hypothetical Treatment Case - Depression
Conclusions
From the Paper "Bray, Falvey & Hebert (2005) define treatment planning, as a "frequent and universal judgment task" often required of mental health practitioners interested in promoting positive patient outcomes. During the treatment planning and conceptualization process, clinicians work to help problem solve and predict outcomes for patients using various clinical judgment strategies (Bray et al. 2005). This process while complex allows favorable outcomes for a majority of patients and improves clinical performance thus is vital to the success and well being not only of patients but also of the caregivers working with them (Bray, et al. 2005). "
