Abstract
This paper explores the changes, which took place in the English country house during the 18th century. The author argues that these developments occurred as a microcosm to the rest of the nation. The paper contends that it was the confluence of classicist and romantic influences which made the interior architecture of the period so striking.

From the Paper
"The 18th century has been regarded as the epitome of the development of elegance of interior architecture throughout the Western world. Many critics believe that this century is unmatched in the history of the West with regard to the development of interior architectural styles. It is certain that during this century, perhaps more so than any other in recent historical memory, the development of interior styles was nearly without rival. Nowhere has this trend been more evidenced than in 18th century England in which the development of interior styles came head to head with various other socio-cultural forces to produce one of the most memorable periods in the history of design."

Tags:interior, architecture, england

Abstract
This paper examines the place and importance of architecture in human culture, further considering the uses of buildings and how their design has changed over time. First, the paper discusses the purpose of architecture which is cited as making places where people feel more human, more alive, more fulfilled. Next, the paper notes how architecture can be used to control human behavior by looking at the design of prisons. Then, the paper examines the architectural role of commercial and residential buildings. Finally, the paper explores sustainable architecture in light of today's environmental awareness and concerns. The paper concludes by stating that humanity needs a sustainable environment to keep creating the buildings and structures that we as humans need to maintain our way of life.


Outline:

How Physical Structure Affects Human Behavior
Architecture as a Means of Controlling Human Behavior
Environmental Implications Designs
Commercial Designs
Residential Designs
Importance of Architectural Development Supporting Sustainable Development
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One of the easiest ways to see how architecture has been (and still is) used to control human behavior is by looking at the prison system. The first penitentiary built in the United States was the Eastern State Penitentiary and it was built on the Quaker ideals of reforming the prisoners held within its walls. According to US History.org (1995-2011), "Eastern's seven earliest cell blocks may represent the first modern building in the United States. The concept plan, by the British-born architect John Haviland, reveals the purity of the vision. Seven cell blocks radiate from a central surveillance rotunda. Haviland's ambitious mechanical innovations placed each prisoner had his or her own private cell, centrally heated, with running water, a flush toilet, and a skylight. Adjacent to the cell was a private outdoor exercise yard contained by a ten-foot wall. In the vaulted, skylit cell, the prisoner had only the light from heaven, the word of God (the Bible) and honest work (shoemaking, weaving, and the like) to lead to penitence. In striking contrast to the Gothic exterior, Haviland used the grand architectural vocabulary of churches on the interior. He employed 30-foot, barrel vaulted hallways, tall arched windows, and skylights throughout."

Tags:sustainable architecture, prison system, commercial design, residential design

Abstract
In this paper the author presents a brief history of Western architecture, highlighting the major epochs in European architecture, and modern architecture in the US. The paper further discusses the function of architectural space, its use and its aesthetic. Various architectural techniques and their historical development are analyzed. The paper concludes with an an examination of modern architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, whose designs are considered a culmination of the works that preceded him.

From the Paper
"It would seem logical to start our exploration of the history of architecture with one of the greatest artists of all time--Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475--1564), regarded by many as the "father of architecture in Europe and the greatest designer of the last 500 years" (Lowry, 167). Of all his architectural designs, the vestibule of the Laurentian Library, built to house the immense collections of the Medici family in Florence, Italy, stands out above all others. This vestibule gives the impression of a vertically compressed, shaft-like space which is dominated by a vast, flowing staircase that almost fills the interior, and unlike his contemporaries, Michelangelo ignored classical architectural ideals by placing his columns in pairs which are sunk into the walls; he breaks columns around corners and placed beneath them consoles not meant as support. In essence, Michelangelo "did away with classical architecture so prevalent in the High Renaissance and greatly influenced all architectural designs and forms that followed him" (Copplestone, 178)."

Tags:architecture, architects, Renaissance, Frank, Lloyd, Wright, Michaelangelo

Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth study of Islamic architecture, tracing its history and influences from many regions and architectural styles. The paper further elaborates on the different structures that exist within Islamic architecture, focusing on the four main types of structures that have been dominant throughout its history. These include the mosque, fort, palace and tomb. According to the paper, all have undergone changes in architectural style, but that remained uniquely Islamic because of their symbolic importance.

From the Paper
"Islamic architecture has a history that includes influences from many regions and architectural styles. Yet, Islamic architecture is comprised of four main types of structures historically that have been dominant throughout its history. These four types of structures include the mosque, fort, palace and tomb, all of which have undergone changes in arhitectural style, but that remained uniquely Islamic because of the symbolic importance that the Islamic people placed on elements of these structures (Bucknall 1). The Ka'ba is considered to be the first true Islamic structure and it is..."

Tags:architecture, islam, history

Abstract
This paper describes the changes that swept Britain with the advent of the Industrial Revolution. According to the paper, as large segments of the population left the agricultural sector and moved to the cities. The increased urban population led to the development of a new architecture that met the needs of this change.

From the Paper
"Britain was still a rural nation with 80% of the population living in the countryside during the first half of the 19th century. Most people made a living as farmers or spun wool and cotton to weave into cloth, until the Industrial revolution ushered in an era of new machines were invented that..."

Tags:victorian, architecture, design

Abstract
This paper traces the development of domestic architecture in the Classical Greek and Roman world, noting that it was less pronounced than that of more public works. The paper also describes the earliest domestic dwellings in both Greek and Roman civilizations. The most prevalent structures in both societies prior to the Classical period were wooden dwellings with a pointed roof and an opening at the top to let in light and let out smoke from the hearth, and these buildings did not have second stories.

From the Paper
"The development of domestic architecture in the Classical Greek and Roman world was less pronounced than that of more public works (Michael Jameson, in Kent, 1993, p. 52). The earliest domestic dwellings in both Greek and Roman civilizations were an extension of the idea of a tent, very much as they were in other cultures around the world. The most prevalent structures in both societies prior to the Classical period were wooden dwellings with a pointed roof and an opening at the top to let in light and let out smoke from the hearth, and these buildings did not have second stories..."

Tags:greek, roman, architecture

Abstract
The paper relates that the Chinese culture is masterful at making and shaping beautiful arts and crafts with their hands (Chow 37) and this artistry is also seen in Chinese architecture, which has inspired architecture globally. In fact, the paper reveals that Chinese architecture influenced many temples in Kyoto, Japan (see Appendix A) and had a major affect on the architectural style of renowned American architect Frank Lloyd Wright before he developed his own unique style (37). The paper points out that a distinguishing characteristic of Chinese architecture is that it contains many structures that are not joined together with nails, but are linked together by properly carved matching connections to provide strength and binding to the building. The paper discusses how this concept has also been adopted by modern Western architecture in the construction of columns and mobile partitions in various rooms and halls. The paper notes that Chinese architecture is also traditionally very colorful.

From the Paper
"The Chinese culture is masterful at making and shaping beautiful arts and crafts with their hands (Chow 37). This artistry is also seen in Chinese..."

Tags:chinese, architecture, modern

Abstract
Sustainability is a word that has become fashionable in the last decade, but in truth sustainability is not a matter of fashion but of survival. Environmental issues affect architecture at every level, given that "building consumes half the energy used in developed world" (Yeang, 2001, p.34). While architects cannot solve all the world's environmental problems, they can design buildings to operate at a fraction of current levels and so help reduce the burning of fossil fuels. Certainly, energy usage is a global problem and one the most complex and problematic issues facing humanity.

From the Paper
RESPONSIVE, GREEN ARCHITECTURE FOR SENSITIVITY AND SUSTAINABILITY: TANGIBLE AND PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION HOW CAN WE TRANSFORM ARCHITECTURE FROM A SETBACK TO A TOOL OF CHANGE? SHAMUS BAGHERIAN BA ARTS DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENT (ARCHITECTUTURE PATHWAY) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 03 SUSTAINABILITY AND LIFESTYLE 07 RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE 10 GREEN IN THE UK 19

Tags:green, sustainable, architecture

Abstract
This paper discusses how green architecture--also known as sustainable development, eco-design, eco-friendly architecture, earth-friendly architecture, environmental architecture, natural architecture--is a sustainable method of green building design. The paper looks at some of its advantages and disadvantages and in particular examines how building green schools offers dramatic reductions in operations and maintenance costs.

Outline:
What is Green Architecture?
The Disadvantages of Green Architecture
How Can the Negatives Be Solved?
How Does Green Architecture Improve Buildings and Structures?
Health Benefits of Green Architecture?
Benefits for Green School and Students
How is a Green School Economically Benefitted--A Comparison

From the Paper
"Some other "disadvantages" that must be thought through before going green are: Adding natural daylight brings in more light and more glare. You'll need to control the light with shades or overhangs. Adding a green roof adds weight, and you may need to beef up the strength of your roof to support this weight. Certain green finishes may need to be special-ordered and may have longer delivery times. Plan ahead for these potential delays. Orienting your home to the sun may mean turning the house in a different direction from that of the neighboring homes. Your neighbors may complain. Water-saving features, such as dual-flush toilets, require guests to pay attention to how they flush the toilet. And, using natural ventilation to cool your home will not be as precise as air-conditioning. It may take some time before you acclimate to not having the thermometer set to the exact temperature you like (Freed).
"

Tags:sustainable, development, eco-design

Abstract
This paper shows how physical structure affects human behavior, how the restorative response is affected by open spaces and green architecture and how architecture can be used as a way of controlling human behavior. Next, the author looks at the environmental psychological implications of commercial and residential designs that have played a significant role in shaping the mental outlook and physical state of those who work and live in these structures. The paper concludes that understanding these environmental psychological implications is importance to the contemporary approach to green architecture.

Table of Contents:
How Physical Structure Affects Human Behavior
Architecture as a way of Controlling Human Behavior
The Environmental Psychological Implications of Commercial and Residential Designs: Purpose and Implications.
The Importance of Architectural Development Supporting Sustainable Development
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The importance of architectural development supporting sustainable development begins with a green approach to architecture. A holistic approach takes into account the entire system as opposed to the individual components with regard to design. The sum of resources that includes the building process and fulfilling the needs of the end user must be considered if the built environment is to be sustainable. Producing sustainable green buildings necessitates the resolution of conflicting requirements and issues. Every decision concerning design has environmental implications."

Tags:stress, restorative response, social interaction, bio-science assets