Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the question of the backwardness of economic development in Canada's maritime region has been the subject of considerable debate among scholars and researchers. This debate has produced many possible causes for this problem, among which academics from a range of disciplines argue heatedly for this or that primary cause. This essay argues the thesis that there is no single causal explanation for the relative backwardness of maritime economic development. Instead, the writer maintains that as is seen with particular reference to the manufacturing sector, the reasons for the comparative underdevelopment of the Canadian maritime lies in the convergence of a number of factors: dependency and staple economy; the lack of local financing and control; and geography and railway freight rates.

Outline:
Introduction
The Issues in the Debate
Dependency Theory and the Staple Economy
Maritime Industries and the National Policy
The Railway and the Decline of Maritime Manufacturers
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The advantage of this perspective is that it situates the problem of maritime underdevelopment within a larger historical continuum that addresses the region's economic performance and relationships not only after Confederation but before it as well. In addition, it should be noted that this approach incorporated elements of the dependency theory model with aspects of the staple theory.
"However, it should be noted that dependency theory possesses clear problems, primary among which is the fact of how empirical data seems to contradict the view inherent in dependency theory that the economic development of one area can only be achieved through the economic exploitation of another. The maritime underdevelopment problem is more complex, however, in that the data appears to contradict the simplistic application of this template.."

Tags:manufacturing, underdevelopment, export, dependency, theory

Abstract
This paper explains that there has been considerable scholarly attention paid to the issue of underdevelopment in Maritime Canada; attention that has, however, brought more questions than answers to the debate over this issue. It has been suggested that this scholarly confusion stems from the fact that the academics who explore this area have done so not only from distinct ideological perspectives but also from within different academic disciplines and associated methodological frameworks. In this context, this paper argues that there is no single causal explanation for the relative backwardness of Maritime economic development. As will be seen, while any one of these explanations may be objected to as being the sole cause of the comparative economic underdevelopment of the Maritimes, when considered in conjunction it becomes clear how the combination of these factors could critically undermine economic development in the Maritime region.

From the Paper
"There has been considerable scholarly attention paid to the issue of underdevelopment in Maritime Canada; attention that has, however, brought more questions than answers to the debate over this issue. It has been suggested that this scholarly confusion stems from the fact that the academics who explore this area have done so not only from distinct ideological perspectives but also from within different academic disciplines and associated methodological frameworks (Sager 117). In this ..."

Tags:business, growth, retro, idealogical, society

Abstract
The paper reviews the life of James Hill (1838-1916), founder of the Great Northern railroad, and nicknamed "the Empire Builder". The paper also notes Hill's early involvement with the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), and analyzes his successes in building and marketing his rail lines. The paper then analyzes the CPR and its effects on Canadian development, and reviews the earlier development of the canal infrastructure which provided waterways between the United States and Canada at the start of the 19th century. Next, the paper focuses on the Maritime Provinces and what has been written about them by various authors. Then the paper changes focus to what those writers have to say about the rest of Canada, returning to their views of travel on Canada's railroads, and especially the CPR. In conclusion, the paper finds that travel writers describe the country best when they focus on railroads and travel by rail.

From the Paper
"A man of penetrating commercial vision, Hill foresaw the growth of trade with the Pacific Rim. His road would bridge this traffic from the Pacific Northwest, where he saw the logical port of entry to markets back east. He would haul cotton from the South for export to the Orient, and his freight cars would return filled with lumber from the Northwest to build the heartland. Notwithstanding his view on trains that carry people, the flagship passenger train of his Great Northern bore his nickname, the Empire Builder."

Tags:commerce, canals, travel, writing

Abstract
This paper focuses on the cultural lag e maritime region has traditionally lagged that of other regions and provinces within Canada and the reasons for this relative backwardness have been the subject of much debate. On the one hand, the paper reflects, it would seem illogical given the region's relatively easy access to coastal and internal waterways; on the other hand, the area's inaccessibility and harsh climate makes it somewhat problematic to develop.

Tags:coastal, ocean, exposure, waterway, climate

Abstract
This paper examines the Canadian maritime region that has traditionally lagged that of other regions and provinces within Canada, and the reasons for this relative backwardness. The paper explains that on the one hand the regions have relatively easy access to coastal and internal waterways while, on the other hand, the area's inaccessibility and harsh climate makes it somewhat problematic to develop. The paper points out that it is the clear absence of a cohesive economic development plan for the region that is likely the real culprit in the maritime's inability to achieve economic parity with the rest of Canada during the important phase of Canada's overall economic expansion. The paper further explains that the lack of such a strategy allowed the transportation routes to become underutilized or misappropriated and the industrial diversity in the region to become unsustainable through a lack of diversity. In conclusion, the paper shows that without major population centers and the industrial base that typically accompanies them, the maritimes have been historically challenged as an economic unit, and until this industrial and economic diversity is solved the region will continue to be dependent on the central government and will continue to lack the population base to support an expanding economy.

From the Paper
"Canada's various regions and provinces have all developed in a variety of fashions and according to different economic imperatives which has led to the divergent opinions regarding its industrial development. Because most of the other provincial areas are more easily traversed that the Maritime area, they have been more easily exploited, in an economic sense, that the Maritime region. This economic exploitation of some of the other regions within Canada has been described in the following manner."

Tags:economic, history, undevelopment, industrialization

Abstract
This paper relates that, in the past, the dispute between Canada and the US over the proper maritime boundary in the Beaufort Sea did not matter; however, now, the ice is melting for part of the year, which creates the ability to exploit the resources beneath the seafloor. Next, the author explains the ways that joint development agreements (JDA), a relatively new phenomenon in international relations, have been used to resolve similar disputes between other countries, especially Sudan and Saudi Arabia. The paper concludes that the best approach to solving the problem is a JDA for both Canada and the US to explore and exploit the Beaufort Sea resources in the most efficient and responsible manner. The bibliography is in the footnotes.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of the Dispute
Why the Dispute Matters
International Dispute Resolution Regimes
International Joint Development Agreements
A JDA is the Best Option to Resolve the Beaufort Sea Issue
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The main issue that remains is sovereignty. Historically, in Canada as in the US, it is unacceptable to negotiate sovereignty. The great thing about JDA's, however, is that sovereignty can either be set aside to deal with at a later date, or as in Sudan - Saudi Arabia, the parties can agree to joint sovereignty. Both paths would work for the US and Canada over the Beaufort Sea as the legal systems, governments, and cultures are already so similar. I predict, were the US and Canada to enter into a JDA that they would "agree to disagree" and set sovereignty aside."

Tags:concessionaires, open water, sovereignty oil, environmental standards

Abstract
The paper examines the Canadian economy by focusing on Canada's past performance, political and economic structures and other growth factors such as future sustainability, specific sector performance and resource allocation. The paper utilizes these statistics in order to illustrate how political and economic differences impact the growth and development of nations.

From the Paper
"The notion of development is one that is fundamental to economics and to society as a whole. The increase in the wellbeing of a country's population by increasing education levels, lowering disease rates, increasing life expectancy, increasing average per capita incomes as well as improving the infrastructure in place to allow development to continue to occur in the future is essential to that country's people and its economy. The difference between MDCs and LDCs, of what they do and do not have, is tied in many ways to economics. Canada, a MDC, provides an example of what a wealthy country has which allows it to prosper and further develop ahead of the LDCs. By examining Canada's past performance, political and economic structures and other growth factors such as future sustainability, specific sector performance and resource allocation it is possible to see how Canada is different from LDCs in terms of development."

Tags:politics, sustainability, sector, performance, resource, allocation, infrastructure, immigration

From the Paper
"his research paper summarizes and compares the historical development of the Canadian and Indian economies during the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries (through the 1970s) and discusses the major factors which facilitated or impeded progress.

In the 20th century Canada emerged as a major, sophisticated and balanced industrial economy with high per capita income. The foundations of growth were laid in previous centuries. Canada's precarious early settlement survived due to assistance from its rival mercantilist mother countries, France, and, after 1763, Great Britain. Its ties to Britain's dynamically expanding domestic and foreign trade economy resulting from the commercial revolution of the 18th century and the industrial revolution of the 19th century enabled Eastern ..."

Abstract
This paper develops the argument that Canada's current immigration laws do not work and closing its borders to migrants would not evoke a positive response for the national interest of Canada. The writer argues that the international image of Canada in the global village of civilized and humanitarian nations depends upon its accessibility to foreigners.

From the Paper
"Does it follow then that Canada must admit anyone or everyone who calls at our doorsteps for entrance irrespective of our own national interest priorities. Again, the enlightened approach to the issue would be to admit those that are deemed to be able to serve our national interest, as the current Canadian federal immigration regulation would have implied. Or to grant entrance to victims of political oppression in their homeland by brutal authoritarian regimes or permit foreign migrants to stay here on human rights and compassionate grounds, such is the strategic orientation of our federal refugee programme."

Tags:illegal, immigrants, law, national, workers

Abstract
This paper opens by tracing the roots of America's commerce back to the Boston Tea Party. This paper details the manner in which the harbors on America's east coast accommodated both shipping and fishing from Nova Scotia to the Florida Straits. This paper delves into the booming economy on America's west coast which brought about the California Gold Rush and the fur trade which originated on the northwest. This paper examines the impact of various industries on America's growing economy including logging, agricultural and the railway system, which, by the 1880s connected the east and west coasts. This paper also focuses on North America's current natural resources and their contributions to the economy including natural gas, which is supplied primarily via Canada.

Table of Contents:
Exploiting the West
Today's Prospects
Political/Cultural Climate
References

From the Paper
"The bases for antique economies on the North American continent are simple to define. They were economies of continuous expansion right up to the present, in many ways. Every schoolchild knows that the abundant rivers and rapids on the East Coast allowed the development of knitting mills and the clothing industry. As farmland grew more expensive, people moved westward. The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, linked the waters of Lake Erie (and the lands beyond the lake) and the Hudson River (and New York City, and the world) to the east. It opened up the nation west of the Appalachian Mountains, creating the midwestern breadbasket."

Tags:history, american, economy, commerce, industry, gold, railway, harbor, maritime, logging