This paper researches what control or agency children have in the construction of their own habits, tastes and consumption, focusing in particular on the United Kingdom.
Abstract Many of the same forces that are driving globalization are also fueling new interest in what childhood developmental differences exist among different countries in an effort to better understand how these differences may affect interpersonal relationships and social patterns in increasingly multicultural societies. While it is reasonable to assume that children all over the world share many of the same wants, needs and desires, it is also reasonable to assume that there are some fundamental differences that exist concerning what control or agency these children have in the construction of their own habits, tastes and consumption patterns as well. To identify these differences and determine their impact on modern societies, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature with a specific focus on the United Kingdom as well as an examination of these issues as they relate to other countries in North America, Europe and Southeast Asia as well. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Cultural Influences of the Development of Individual Habits, Tastes and Consumption Patterns
Implications for Control or Agency of Children's Tastes and Habits.
Conclusion
From the Paper "In their book, 'The Politics of Consumption, Daunton and Hilton' (2001) report that consumption patterns that involve children have been the source of increasing attention in recent years: 'The status of individual goods has inspired particular moral critiques. Goods have been criticized for undermining control of the self such as alcohol, tobacco and other narcotics. Goods themselves may be morally acceptable, but the way in which they are produced, by non-free or sweated labour, may be the cause of moral and political complaint. And goods have been criticized when consumed by particular sections of the community, such as by children or by those who have inspired 'moral panics'' (p. 3). According to these authors, 'Within the modern state, the history of consumer politics and citizenship can be better understood as the history of the rights and duties which societies and individuals attach to consumption' (Daunton & Hilton, 2001, p. 13). Indeed, globalization is being driven by such consumption patterns and it is reasonable to assert that as children in the emerging nations of the world gain access to the material goods enjoyed by their counterparts in more affluent societies, their perceptions of what is good and bad will be swayed as well. As these authors put it, 'It is not so much a history of how consumer rights have been constructed and incorporated into state-sanctioned notions of citizenship, but a history of how rights and duties, the central pillars of liberal citizenship, have been constantly redefined in their relationship to consumption' (Daunton & Hilton, 2001, p. 13)."
Tags:developmentchildhoodreviewconstructionissues, united kingdom
Abstract This is a summation and analysis of one specific case study that the author examined while researching early developmentissues. The writer explains that the case study consists of two interviews conducted of an anonymous individual in the childcare field. The writer discusses that through those interviews and a literature review, the author examines the issues raised surrounding the long-term importance of early childhooddevelopment.
From the Paper "The purpose of this case study is to pointedly examine through a series of interviews the work of one specific individual currently working in the field of childcare and developmental psychology. There is a complex and not entirely understood relationship that exists between developmental psychology, counseling psychology, career counseling, and the practical application of childcare. At first brush, these varied fields seem to have little, if anything, in common. The truth, however, is that each informs the other and has a dramatic effect on what we might tentatively call the social successes of adults. Early childhood development is crucial to that potential success. With more and more children placed in routine and active childcare for much of their young life, it is important to understand the relationship (and theoretical perspective) that these professional caregivers have with our children."
Abstract This paper includes an extensive literature review of the role of trauma in the development of BPD, along with a clinical case study of a girl with BPD, and a transcript of an actual conversation between therapist and patient. BPD is characterized by a combination of impulsive, emotional, and cognitive deficits in personality functioning. The disorder seems to develop as a result of early childhood trauma, especially traumatic experiences related to parental neglect and abuse. Children who are classified as being highly abused tend to have greater tendencies toward developing BPD than non-abused children. This paper explores the association between childhood trauma and the development of borderline personality disorder in adult females.
From the Paper "Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by an array of symptoms that are most prevalent in females. According to the DSM-IV, BPD is defined as: A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following: 1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment 2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation. 3. Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self. 4. Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating). 5. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior. 6. Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days). 7. Chronic feelings of emptiness. 8. Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights). 9. Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms. (American Psychiatric Association, 1995) "
Abstract This paper presents a research proposal that explores the role of socio-dramatic play within the modern educational settings and explores how it affects the daily lives of children. The research paper also aims to explore how socio dramatic play in early childhood education enhances student performance. The paper discusses how socio-dramatic play compels children to use their imagination, thoughts and creativity.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose Statement
Significance of the Study
Literature Review Research Questions
Sub Questions
Methodology
Research Objectives
Research Method
Participants
Sampling Frame
Method of Selecting the Sample Elements
Data Collection
Scale Development for the Questionnaire
Data Analysis
Questionnaires
Reliability and Validity of the Results
Ethical Issues Conclusion
From the Paper "Piaget, who is a cognitive theorist, believed that play can help children develop several cognitive and emotional stages and it is a key instrument in the early mental growth of children. Piaget believed that people change and adapt according to the conditions around them and this change and adaptation is the ultimate weapon for personal growth and development. Tsao (2002) writes, "Children who play over and over again with the same object, such as repeatedly pretending to drink from an empty cup, actually are practicing eye-hand coordination and developing sensory-motor skills. At the same time, children practice the behaviors that are acceptable to society so that they can act appropriately in different situations. Different kinds of play require different levels of cognitive sophistication, and that is why each different type of play is found at a specific stage of cognitive development (Tsao, 2002; pg 230)" Similarly, Vygotsky, who is a socio-cultural theorist, conceptualized play as a tool, which assists children develop self-control. It helps children in mastering their behavior and allows them to understand the difference between thought and action. According to Vygotsky, play also helps in the development of advanced cognitive skills and abstract thinking (Tsao, 2002)."
Abstract The paper offers a presentation of Piaget with respect to his theory of childhooddevelopment. The paper considers cognition and also the relationship between cognition and social development. The paper makes comparisons with respect to adolescent stages as well. The paper determines that cognition in child development cannot be reviewed as a single entity - it can only be in relation to other stages.
From the Paper "Jean Piaget, with close to 600 professional publications, is probably one of the world's most prolific contributors to the world of science. Not only have his writings been on remote subject areas such as clams and mussels but transcend those of man's neurological psycho-genesis. What is important to remember about Piaget is that his studies of human behavior are not only forerunners to the constructionist era of human learning but also closely aligned with non-verbal living specimens. From the works of Piaget have come additional learning theories that further expand his original theories of learning."
Abstract This paper examines how the relationship between parents and children in shaping young people's lives is well documented, with various developmental theorists to draw upon when considering how young people develop over their lifespans. The paper provides an overview of the theories advanced by two such theorists, Erik Erikson and Heinz Kohut, and identifies their respective beliefs concerning parental influence in early childhood in order to determine similarities and differences.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Erik Erikson's Theories
Heinz Kohut's Theories
Comparison of Erikson and Kohut Theories on Parental Influence in Early Childhood Differences in Erikson's and Kohut's Theories on Parental Influence in Early Childhood Conclusion
From the Paper "From Erikson's perspective, development only takes place in people's lives when the environment places new demands on them and new conflicts then arise in their lives which they succeed (or not) in overcoming; Erikson describes this process as being when the person is faced with a choice between two approaches to coping with each crisis, an adaptive, or maladaptive approach. According to Erikson, it is only when each crisis is successfully resolved and overcome (a process that also requires a change in the individual's personality), then that person will achieve a sufficient amount of strength to deal with the next stages of development (Shaver & Tarpy, 1994). "
Abstract The following discussion evaluates the issues related to early childhood education in today's society. The writer points out that it is critical for children to obtain the skills and knowledge that are necessary to advance to higher levels. Further, the writer notes that these early years are the most critical development years, and therefore, education must be concentrated in providing support and goals for achievement.
From the Paper "The education of very young children in modern society is critical to the development and maturity of these children into adolescence and adulthood. It is imperative that individual support of these objectives is sought and achieved on a regular basis as a means of discovery and in order to capture the attention of young minds when they are most likely to absorb knowledge. A wide variety of perspectives are available regarding this aspect of education, and it is necessary to identify and evaluate the specific issues related to leadership in both a gender and non-gender context. The following discussion will address these two perspectives in greater detail, providing an assessment of two articles that provide support for these issues."
Abstract This paper addresses childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) and the controversy surrounding the causes as well as the diagnostic distinction between childhood onset schizophrenia and the more known disorder schizophrenia, which is prevalent in adults. For the purposes of providing a differential diagnosis and a definitive clinical picture of COS, the paper examines the disorder as diagnosed prior to the age of thirteen. The paper points out that, until recently, the term childhood schizophrenia was given to a highly diverse mix of children with very little in common other than a profound and chronic disturbance during early childhood. The paper concludes that, although much work has been written about childhood onset schizophrenia, there are still many issues subject to debate.
From the Paper "The assessment of diagnosing childhood onset schizophrenia is a very delicate matter and all areas of the child's life have to come into consideration. Because of the severity of schizophrenia and the elements it shares with other psychotic mood disorders, it is very important to perform thorough assessment prior to diagnosis. This assessment involves structured interviews, symptom scales, and diagnostic decision trees like those found in the DSM-IV-TR manual. The individuals that should be interviewed include the child, their parents, teachers, siblings and even their peers. A clear distinction is necessary to be determined so that proper action can be taken. The interview with parents and children must be thorough and include information on recent events, changes in mental state and functioning, developmental history and, as we have seen before family history. Information on family history is significant as the rate of schizophrenia is increased among first degree relatives (Gonthier, 2004)."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that the relationship between main contractor and subcontractor is one of the most significant issues facing the modern construction industry. Further, the writer relates that the lack of real cooperation is a major problem between main contractors and subcontractors. The writer notes that it is common for main contractors to complain that the subcontractors do not perform work on time, perform work improperly, or poorly, or in other ways contribute to undue cost overruns. The writer points out that the counter charge from subcontractors is that they are not paid incrementally as they should be, are not paid on schedule, or were not adequately informed of the specific needs or ultimate goals of the job. The writer concludes that with a true partnering arrangement, both main contractor and subcontractor feel that they are constructive parts of the process, not merely employer and employee.
Outline:
Introduction
Can the Subcontractor Handle the Job?
Design and Re-Design
Subcontractors' Financial Soundness
Partnering between Main Contractors and Subcontractors
Methodology
Study Participants
Survey Instrument
Purpose of the Study
Format of Study Results
Research Findings and Discussion
Issues and Sub problems
Issues and Sub problems from the Main Contractor's Perspective
Issues and Sub problems from the Subcontractor's Perspective
Discussion
Summary and Recommendations
From the Paper "A first consideration involves the ability of potential subcontractors to handle the job for which they are applying. Handling the job means not only being able to perform the specific work required, but also whether the company is capable of handling the given project in addition to whatever other work it may be performing at the time, and whether its will be able to complete the work on schedule, in line with projected costs, and according to specifications. The selection of subcontractors within the construction industry is often highly personal. Main contractors feel that if the subcontractor is a known quantity - if the subcontractor possesses a good reputation - the subcontractor can be trusted to perform the work in an efficient and cost-effective manner. Presumably as well, a subcontractor with a good reputation is also one with whom it is possible to have a good working relationship i.e. one in which there will be ease of communication, ease of understanding, and so forth."
Abstract The following discussion evaluates the issues related to early childhood education and management in today's society, where there are vast differences in resources, cultures, and poverty rates in many situations. The writer points out that it is evident that poverty, cultural differences, and financial resources are critical to the development of effective early childhood education programs.
From the Paper "In today's society, the education of young children is critical to the advancement and success of this generation in the future. It is necessary that leaders and managers within this field must capture the essence of young minds when developing strategies for improvement in the educational sector. In any discussion of early childhood education, there are considerable challenges in many cultures, which have led to problems in providing the curriculum and the skills that are necessary to ensure that children are prepared for the future. Perhaps most important is the understanding of these challenges in an attempt to offer new opportunities for the advancement of early childhood education in many different ways. The following discussion will identify three problems within the early childhood education environment and their influence on the management of this educational sector in the Western world."
Abstract The paper discusses the need to guarantee the physical safety of children and explains how community partnerships can be a very valuable source of resources used to benefit children. The paper then illustrates the importance in promoting the development of moral thought and values in children. The paper also focuses on the many available opportunities to assess the social development and emotional well-being of children, albeit in a very informal capacity, such as dealing with teasing, bullying, aggressiveness and shyness, while also being aware of socially inappropriate behavior. The paper concludes that ultimately, teaching encompasses far more than academic instruction; it requires an appreciation of how much valuable information childhood behavior actually provides.
Outline:
Early Childhood Physical Development and Day Care Facility Safety
Strategies for Developing Community Partnerships to Benefit Children
Promoting the Development of Moral Thought in Children
Informal Assessment of Social and Emotional Well-being in Children
Social Influences and Early ChildhoodDevelopment
From the Paper "It is well known, for example, that very young infants lack any fear of falling because they do not perceive depth and height in a manner that triggers any self-protective mechanism, such as avoiding the edges of elevated surfaces. This is a direct function of fetal brain development and the delayed development of cognitive abilities associated with them (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005). The obvious implications for ensuring infant safety in this area is that all elevated surfaces must include appropriate guard rails and other similar mechanical devices to protect infants from their lack of fear of falling."
Tags: safety, community, partnerships, moral, values, social, development
Abstract This paper discusses green building construction and points out that this design saves energy as well as money. The paper explains that green building construction is vital and is a determinative of project success. The paper also explains that the individual needs to take the initiative in addressing construction design and development and associated costs as well as funding, marketing and sales. In addition, the paper tells us that green building construction holds great financial promise for the future. A graph of taxes by state is included with the paper.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Significance of study
Methodology
Literature Review Findings and Conclusion
From the Paper "The work of Andrew Meyerson (2005) entitled: "The Dollars and Cents of Green Construction" states that green construction and design can not only save energy but also can result in monetary savings in the areas of: (1) Tax breaks and rebates; (2) Lower construction costs; (3) Reduction or elimination of the need for heating and air-conditioning equipment and the associated costs of purchase, maintenance and electricity; (4) Reduction in energy and water bills by as much as fifty-percent; (5) Increase in labor productivity, retail customer sales and apartment rental prices; and (6) Protection of operating budgets from increases in energy prices. (Meyerson, 2005, p. 2) Meyerson relates that practically all states offer incentives in the form of reduction of taxes for construction that is friendly to the environment. (2005, p. 4) Additionally in green construction projects where a pre-existing structure is on the construction site, cost savings may be realized through reuse of as much of the existing structure as possible. Additionally, is it necessary to be aware of the attitudes that serve as drivers of the choice of clients to use the firm and added to this is the fact "that commercial 'green buildings' outperform their conventional counterparts across a wide variety of metrics, including energy savings, occupancy rates, sale price and rental rates, another very practical and often times overlooked data for improving the cash flow of the client is the "energy efficient commercial building tax deductions.""
Tags: green, building, construction, funding, marketing, save, money, energy
Abstract This paper discusses an article about the mother-infant bonding process entitled "Ghosts in the Nursery: A Psychoanalytic Approach to the Problems of Impaired Infant-Mother Relationships". The paper discusses the issues presented in the article including mother-infant bonding, impaired relationships, childhood trauma, parental disengagement and resistance to therapy. The paper also discusses treatment for these problems as well as how important to the mother/child-bonding process it is to break negative patterns brought on by the past.
From the Paper "The ghosts referred to in "Ghosts in the Nursery: A Psychoanalytic Approach to the Problems of Impaired Infant-Mother Relationships" are the uninvited guests or intruders who interfere with the establishment of mother-infant bonding. As phrased by the authors in every nursery there are ghosts. They are the visitors from the unremembered past of the parents. The problem is that these intruders from the past can often hamper, even cripple, the security and development of infants. This paper will discuss issues presented in the article including parental disengagement, parental motivation..."
Abstract This paper discusses key concepts relating to childhooddevelopment in young children. The paper further explores child development between the ages of 2 to 5, as well as the theories that support these contentions. The paper analyzes theories of nature v. nurture, and attachment theory as they pertain to this specific age group, and to children in general. The paper provides supporting documentation, and draws conclusions based on the research. This paper is significant because it adds perspective to childhooddevelopment concepts that are prevalent today.
From the Paper "For hundreds of years the French people have taken pride in the sophistication of their culture, the beauty of their spoken language, and their diverse accomplishments in literature, the arts, and sciences. Even French cuisine and clothing fashions have long been a source of national pride. Elitist cultural attitudes have influenced contemporary norms and values. The French continue to value a high standard of living, material comforts, cars, and good food. However, similar to other developed nations, social class plays an integral role in daily life. France is definitely not a classless society."
Abstract This paper offers a broad overview of what has been read in a psychology course focusing upon childhooddevelopment. The paper specifically notes the persistent confusion among academics with regard to the phenomenology of childhood psychopathology. It also reviews Bowlby's four phase developmental model in the maturation of the mother-child relationship.
From the Paper "We have been fortunate during the course of our studies this year to have read a number of excellent materials relating to early childhood development. The following paper will summarize what I have read and what I have gleaned from our course readings. Most of all, what I hope the reader will take away from the following pr?is of our course work is a recognition that academics agree on many things in the area of childhood development, however much they may disagree about the particulars. Beyond that, my interpretation of our course material leaves me with the distinct impression that much of what we are is not shaped by our genetic predispositions but by our external environment. While it is wrong to take the view that human children are "blank slates" upon which can be written anything ..."
