Abstract
This paper is a complete description of the theory of deterrence and crime. Both aspects of the deterrence issue are examined in depth visa via current theories in criminology. This paper presents an extensive review by way of a research study. This paper then draws its conclusions with respect to the efficacy of the theory of deterrence as well.

From the Paper
"In the May 1993 issue of the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Stafford and Warr introduced the re-conceptualized deterrence theory by explaining that general and specific deterrence are both functions of crime. Both of these sociologists presented the argument that there is no reason to have multiple theories for general and specific deterrence. Instead they proposed the idea that a single theory is possible that centers on two levels; namely, indirect experiences involving legal punishment and punishment avoidance; and direct experiences with legal punishment and avoidance (Stafford & Warr, 1993). They furthered their argument by stating that general deterrence includes the knowledge of criminal activity performed by others as well as the consequences or absence of consequences from the specified criminal activity."

Tags:criminology, deterrence, crime

Abstract
This paper discusses the opinions of many after September 11th, that the present form of terrorism has made classical deterrence theory outdated. According to the paper transnational terrorism has totally dented conventional wisdom, which had dictated proceedings during the cold war. Similarly, rogue states all over the world, in general, and the Middle East and South Asia, in particular, have created a great deal of tension in Washington. The paper further discusses how the role of the American rival states, such as, North Korea and China and the functions and limitations of the UN Security Council have completely transformed the security structure of the sole hyper power of the world. This paper tries to elucidate the best possible deterrence strategy the United States should pursue after the cold war.

Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Justification of the Study
Research Design and Methodology
Collection of Data
Data Analysis and Search Tactics
Limitations of the Study
Part 2
Transnational Terrorism
The Rogue and the Rival States
The U.N. Security Council
Conclusion of This Section
Part 3
Literature Review
Classical Deterrence Theory
The End of Cold War deterrence
A New Justification
Conclusion of This Section
Part 4
The First Case Study: The Strategic Triangle (US/China/Russia)
The Sino-Russo Partnership
The US-Russian Labyrinth: A Subtle Relationship
The Source for Cooperation and Divergence
Effect of the End of Cold War
Conclusion of This Section
The Second Case Study: Deterring North Korea
US Policy on the Korean Peninsula Since 1945
The Future of the U.S. Foreign Policy on the Korean Peninsula
The Status Quo Option
The Hard-Line Option
Compromise
Early Bush Administration Policy
Conclusion
The third Case Study: Transnational Terrorism
Counter-terrorism in a Global Society
Conclusion
Part 5
Observation and Conclusion
Correcting the Strategic Gaps in the U.S. Approach to Homeland Defense Concentrating Less on Who is Responsible and More on What They Ought to be Responsible of
Planning for Higher-Probability, Lower-Consequence, and Lower-Probability, Higher-Consequence Events

From the Paper
"At the threat of generalization, one could make a case that US relations with China were greatly powered by two issues: the vicissitudes in the Sino-Russo association and--the more significant of the two--the Taiwan problem. For 30 years following the "People's Republic of China" (PRC) emergence in 1949, the United States carried on to acknowledge the adversary Chinese government (the Republic of China, or ROC) that had moved to Taiwan after trailing behind the civil conflict on the mainland. The path to ultimate US standardization with the PRC in 1979 was cemented by US President Richard Nixon, whose striking plan was to build a coalition with China--which was, at that time, in conflict with the Soviet Union--in an effort to oppose the increasing Soviet threat. However the United States, in spite of everything, maintains informal relations with the Republic of China. Certainly, under the "Taiwan Relations Act," a piece of internal US legislation, Washington is under a duty to defend Taiwan's safety and therefore carry on arms sales to the isle .
Washington's Taiwan association has bedeviled its dealings with the Republic of China from this time onwards, even more so following 1988 when Taiwan's political leadership demonstrated growing inclinations in the direction of a separatist route outside the One China state-of-affairs. All through a brief disagreement amid mainland China and Taiwan in 1996, the United States sent off two naval battle factions to the Taiwan channel to demonstrate moral cooperation for Taiwan (and maybe to gratify President Clinton's congressional associates). An unintentional war with China was hardly prevented only with the sensible removal of the US carrier Independence, at the same time as, the second carrier, the Nimitz, was still on its route as of the Mediterranean Sea. The narrow escape drove home the Republic of China's sincerity in relation to Taiwan to the Clinton management, forcing it to assume a soul-searching evaluation of Sino-US strategy. The concluding decision for Clinton's "thoroughgoing" engagement policy concerning the Chinese, which he practiced all through his second presidential tenure, was to prevent himself from being heaved into an unintentional war with China on behalf of Taiwan ."

Tags:political, legal, terror, strategies, foreign, policy, mass, destruction, explosives, chemical, nuclear, biological, weapons

Abstract
This paper outlines a study employing a panel of U.S. state-level data over the year 1977 to 2006 to estimate the deterrent effect of capital punishment - specifically the number of executions compared to the murder rate per year. The states studied are ones that currently allow capital punishment for violent crimes. The data collected is not used in an attempt to explain why capital punishment could be a deterrent to murder rates; rather, the data is used to see if there is a statistical correlation between the number of executions per year and the number of murders per year. The results of this study indicate that a correlation does exist between the number of executions and the number of murders per year, with a general decrease of murder rates existing alongside the increasing number of executions. This paper does not take into account public opinion on capital punishment, nor is this study performed in an in-depth manner that would determine if the citizens of these particular states are even informed of the number of executions that occur. This paper contains illustrative charts and graphs.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review Data and Methods
Data Sampling Procedure
Analysis Plan
Reliability and Validity Issues
Human Analysis Plan
Results
References

From the Paper
"This research will be limited to the overall correlation between capital punishment and homicide rates from 1977 to 2005, and will not include extraneous factors that have been used in other research papers, such as execution announcements and their effect, death row waiting time, etc. The purpose behind this is to simply create a sheer statistical data sheet to explore the nationwide correlation between the two main factors of executions and homicide rates. This is an exploratory research paper; as such, the researcher will not presume to attempt to explain why the correlation actually exists."

Tags:capital, punishment, injustice, state-sanctioned, murder

Abstract
This paper presents both sides of the argument that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to crime, especially murder. The author, however, does lean more toward supporting capital punishment. Several historical examples are given that show how crime increased when the death penalty was abolished in the United States, compared to lower murder rates when it was reintroduced. The author also cites how violent crime decreased when the death penalty was enacted in other countries and cultures, most notably colonial India. The paper concludes by raising questions related to morality.

Introduction
Death Penalty Deterrence
Murderers Inhabit Death Row
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It has been shown that during this period of the abolished form of penalty, murder rates more than doubled across the country. For those who are unconditional supporters of the death penalty, this proof of its necessity is considered to be an excellent aspect in the cases built against those with the intent to harm America and its citizens. Indeed, permanently re-implementing capital punishment is in the hands of the people, yet many voices seem to be raised against it. "

Tags:death row, murder, criminal justice system, morality

Abstract
The paper proposes a study to identify any relevant correlation between violent criminal acts in general and instances of murder in those states that have the death penalty compared to those that do not. In this way, the paper aims to measure the deterrent effect of capital punishment on violent criminal activities. The paper outlines the research questions to be utilized and the implications of the study, and provides a detailed literature review.

Outline:
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Implications of the Study
Review of the Relevant Literature

From the Paper
"Today, the United States stands with some veritable international pariahs in terms of being among the few nations in the world today that still actively practice capital punishment. To the extent that the several states in the US are allowed to continue to use capital punishment as a punishment alternative, then, is likely the extent to which the international community will continue to regard the U.S. as failing to live up to its constitutional mandate to avoid the use of cruel and unusual punishments and the extent to which the nation will be viewed as hypocritical when issues of human rights abuses are debated. According to Manning and Rhoden-Trader (2000), the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 allows states with capital punishment laws on their books to executive convinced criminals using one of five approved methods: electrocution, firing squad, hanging, lethal gas and lethal injection. In this regard, Delaware, New Hampshire and Washington continue to authorize hanging as a capital punishment, and firing squads are authorized in Idaho, Oklahoma and Utah, with the remaining states using either electrocution, lethal gas or lethal injection as their method of execution (Manning & Rhoden-Trader)."

Tags:execution, death, row, life, imprisonment, homicide

Abstract
This paper discusses how the death penalty continues to be a highly controversial issue with most Americans and its deterrent effect has still not been absolutely determined. This paper concludes that it is clear that the death penalty does serve society quite well under certain circumstances, but in reality, society must begin to understand the reasons why people commit violent crimes and determine how to change a person's violent tendencies which in the end will make the death penalty unnecessary.

From the Paper
"One of the most controversial issues in today's America has to do with the question as to whether or not the death penalty is a deterrent to crime. Many of those that support the death penalty argue that execution, whether by lethal injection, the electric chair or hanging, is the most suitable penalty for persons who have committed atrocious crimes like first-degree murder, rape or the murder of a child. The main contention for these supporters is that the convicted person deserves punishment that is comparable to the crime; in addition, supporters of the death penalty argue that such an action demonstrates society's adherence to moral principles. According to Robert Bidinotto, such crimes as premeditated murder "is a crime in a class by itself," for it "negates the highest moral end of a civil society," being human life (156)."

Tags:violent, crime, ethics, capital, punishment

Abstract
This paper discusses how the death penalty continues to be a highly controversial issue with most Americans and its deterrent effect has still not been absolutely determined. This paper concludes that it is clear that the death penalty does serve society quite well under certain circumstances, but in reality, society must begin to understand the reasons why people commit violent crimes and determine how to change a person's violent tendencies which in the end will make the death penalty unnecessary.

From the Paper
"One of the most controversial issues in today's America has to do with the question as to whether or not the death penalty is a deterrent to crime. Many of those that support the death penalty argue that execution, whether by lethal injection, the electric chair or hanging, is the most suitable penalty for persons who have committed atrocious crimes like first-degree murder, rape or the murder of a child. The main contention for these supporters is that the convicted person deserves punishment that is comparable to the crime; in addition, supporters of the death penalty argue that such an action demonstrates society's adherence to moral principles. According to Robert Bidinotto, such crimes as premeditated murder "is a crime in a class by itself," for it "negates the highest moral end of a civil society," being human life (156)."

Tags:violent, crime, ethics, capital, punishment

Abstract
The paper reveals that Canada abolished capital punishment in 1976, and continued to enjoy a relatively low murder rate. The paper reviews the statistical evidence as well as the arguments in favour of the continued ban. The purpose of punishment is used to explain the growing public sentiment in favour of reinstituting capital punishment by a near plurality.

Tags:capital, punishment, deterrence

From the Paper
"Capital Punishment as a Deterrent

Introduction
There are two basic arguments favoring capital punishment. The first argument focuses on doing justice, on ensuring that the punishment fits the crime. The second argument emphasizes capital punishment as a deterrent to other members of the community who might commit crimes in the future.

Other Societies
Although the evidence in this country is confusing about the deterrent effect of capital punishment, some writers argue that the experience of other countries indicates that capital punishment can be quite effective in deterring certain kinds of ..."

Abstract
This paper looks at the death penalty. Both sides of the coin are discussed. The positive and negative effects lead the author to ask: Does the death penalty deter crime or does it have no effect other than on the executed criminal. With numerous examples.

From the Paper
"Some time ago, a Texas journalist who had seen nearly two hundred people die in the electric chair over nearly thirty years declared that the death penalty is not a deterrent- the main claim for it. "The only person it deters," he believed, "is the man being executed." We should start by defining deterrence. It refers to an instance where an individual refrains from an act because he or she perceives a risk of punishment for the act and fears that punishment. Thus the deterrent effect of capital punishment is best evaluated in terms of the number of person prevented from committing a crime that would lead them to be penalized. So is there such a thing as the death penalty deterring society in general or was the Texas journalist right about the death penalty not having a deterrent effect on the general public?"

Tags:apply, chair, chamber, crime, dealer, drug, electric, enforce, gas, government, sentence