Abstract
The paper first looks at the historical framework of the notion of empowerment as a facilitator of change. The paper then explores the hierarchy of empowerment, that includes the levels of individual empowerment, advocacy, psychological empowerment, political empowerment and socio-political empowerment. The paper concludes with a summary of the main points derived from this study.

Outline:
Historical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Summary

From the Paper
"Recent history has borne witness to one of the most interesting paradigm shifts within the fields of community, occupational and educational psychology. Within the past decade and a half we have seen a shift from a deficit-based model of social change to a strength-based one. At the heart of this strength-based model is the notion of individual empowerment first and foremost and subsequent collective empowerment. This empowerment is rooted in the current empowerment theory and its relationship with social change as well as new social movement theories. Rappaport (2002) defines empowerment as a process or mechanism whereby individuals, organizations and communities gain mastery over their lives. Taken in its historical context, empowerment theory and its practical application focuses on individual enlightenment which then facilitates collective empowerment, action and social change (Fairholm, 2004)."

Tags:individual, psychological, political, socio-political, empowerment, advocacy, community, environment, participation, human, services

Abstract
This paper addresses the concept that: "Tenants' empowerment is about attitudes, not structures." This is achieved through investigating the relationship that a tenant can have with their landlord in terms of their connection with the property, and the connection that the tenants can develop with their landlords. Through investigating these issues, it is demonstrated that tenants can achieve a more substantial degree of empowerment through their attitudes rather than their actual physical rights as tenants.

Tags:URBAN STUDIES / HOUSING, tenants rights empowerment

Abstract
The paper discusses how leadership involves inspiring and directing individuals to attain organizational goals, and leadership itself is an influence process, which facilitates the movement of a team of people toward a common achievement (Harvey, 2001). The paper explains that normative leadership tries to keep in mind the human side of business and enterprise (Chowdhury, 2002) and this gives such normative leadership theories like transformational, caring, and service a moral edge, indicating peers and subordinates in the workplace must be treated as valuable entities.

From the Paper
"Leadership involves inspiring and directing individuals to attain organizational goals. Leadership itself is an influence process, which facilitates the movement of a team of people toward a common achievement (Harvey, 2001). Normative leadership thrives to keep in mind the human side of business and enterprise (Chowdhury, 2002). This gives such normative leadership theories like, transformational, caring, and service, a moral edge indicating peers and subordinates in the workplace must be treated as valuable entities. This embraces an "additional obligation, to...""

Tags:leadership, normative, transformational

Abstract
This paper discusses the types of training needed to induce employee empowerment when transitioning to flat organizations. The paper defines the flat organization model, the use of trainers, and advantages and difficulties of the model.

From the Paper
"The flat organization is an organizational model that eliminates middle management and empowers the rank-and-file workers, instead giving them direct access to management. (Donath) This organizational structure is not appropriate for every business; large organizations can delegate more authority down the line, but cannot achieve a totally flat organization, just one that is flatter than before. (Dictionary of Marketing Terms) Likewise, small marketing firms that have homologous products and markets tend to prefer the traditional top-down organization. (Donath) Where the flat organizational model works best is in organization..."

Tags:employee empowerment, flat organizations, management strategies

Abstract
This paper considers how empowerment and participative decision making improves the decision making process within organizations. It looks at downsizing efforts that empower workers and the benefits to the organization of participative decision making.

From the Paper
"In recent years groups have become increasingly important in the American workplace as companies move toward fewer managers, more empowered workers and away from hierarchical organizational structures ..."

Tags:decision making, participative decision making, group decision making, empowerment

Abstract
The paper discusses how in today's dynamic business world, most experts agree that efficiency and innovation represent two critical keys to success. Despite this consensus, however, the paper discusses how not everyone agrees that efficiency and innovation can effectively coexist. More specifically, the paper relates that many business experts argue that the relationship between efficiency and innovation is inherently conflictual, that is, innovation demands certain degrees of risk as well as trial and error processes which undermine fundamental principles related to operational efficiency.

From the Paper
"In today's dynamic business world, most experts agree that efficiency and innovation represent two critical keys to success. Despite this consensus, however, not everyone agrees that efficiency and innovation can effectively coexist. More specifically, many business experts argue that the relationship between efficiency and innovation is inherently conflictual. That is, innovation demands certain degrees of risk as well as trial and error processes which undermine fundamental principles related to operational efficiency. Conversely, advocates of innovative..."

Tags:efficiency, innovation, tps

Abstract
The paper discusses various approaches to general equilibirum and argues that Pareto efficiency is necesary in an ethically constructed economy to maximize utility. The paper identifies relevant theories.

From the Paper
"The plan for the essay on competitive general equilibrium and Pareto efficiency is to identify the relevant theories including competitive general equilibrium, Pareto efficiency, perfect competition, welfare analysis of markets and the related theorems thereof and the general equilibrium approach using the Edgeworth box as well as the Walrasian approach to equilibrium. Having established clear and relevant definitions for these key terms, the essay will then argue that perfect competition in any market leads invariably to perfect equilibrium. Movement away from perfect equilibrium..."

Tags:Pareto efficiency, competitive general equilibrium, economics, utility

Abstract
This paper discusses the values of promoting the empowerment of nurses. It argues that, given greater autonomy in decision-making, nurses will feel more professional satisfaction and commitment, leading to higher morale and efficiency in the work place. It also claims that, when nurses are given a higher degree of informal power, the results are observed in greater accountability, productivity, and work effectiveness. Furthermore, this has an impact on collegiality since stronger alliances with peers are established.

From the Paper
"The primary moral principle invariably is respect for persons; from that main principle emerge other principles such as autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, confidentiality, fidelity, veracity, and justice (ANA, 2001). Respect for the inherent dignity and worth of every patient is the core principle for nursing practice (ANA, 2001). The ANA's (1995) belief that the person is holistic and possesses an inherent unity, which must be contextually and culturally defined, is correlated with that principle. Autonomy for nurses must be intrinsic and a personal choice; if it is the result of extrinsic influences, autonomy is extremely restricted. Intrinsic autonomy is only possible in nursing environments where staff can exert control. Accountability depends on the degree of autonomy that can be exercised as well as the extent to which nurses are empowered (Laschinger & Wong, 1999)."

Tags:power, decisions, nursing, nurse

Abstract
This paper discusses the opinions of many after September 11th, that the present form of terrorism has made classical deterrence theory outdated. According to the paper transnational terrorism has totally dented conventional wisdom, which had dictated proceedings during the cold war. Similarly, rogue states all over the world, in general, and the Middle East and South Asia, in particular, have created a great deal of tension in Washington. The paper further discusses how the role of the American rival states, such as, North Korea and China and the functions and limitations of the UN Security Council have completely transformed the security structure of the sole hyper power of the world. This paper tries to elucidate the best possible deterrence strategy the United States should pursue after the cold war.

Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Justification of the Study
Research Design and Methodology
Collection of Data
Data Analysis and Search Tactics
Limitations of the Study
Part 2
Transnational Terrorism
The Rogue and the Rival States
The U.N. Security Council
Conclusion of This Section
Part 3
Literature Review
Classical Deterrence Theory
The End of Cold War deterrence
A New Justification
Conclusion of This Section
Part 4
The First Case Study: The Strategic Triangle (US/China/Russia)
The Sino-Russo Partnership
The US-Russian Labyrinth: A Subtle Relationship
The Source for Cooperation and Divergence
Effect of the End of Cold War
Conclusion of This Section
The Second Case Study: Deterring North Korea
US Policy on the Korean Peninsula Since 1945
The Future of the U.S. Foreign Policy on the Korean Peninsula
The Status Quo Option
The Hard-Line Option
Compromise
Early Bush Administration Policy
Conclusion
The third Case Study: Transnational Terrorism
Counter-terrorism in a Global Society
Conclusion
Part 5
Observation and Conclusion
Correcting the Strategic Gaps in the U.S. Approach to Homeland Defense Concentrating Less on Who is Responsible and More on What They Ought to be Responsible of
Planning for Higher-Probability, Lower-Consequence, and Lower-Probability, Higher-Consequence Events

From the Paper
"At the threat of generalization, one could make a case that US relations with China were greatly powered by two issues: the vicissitudes in the Sino-Russo association and--the more significant of the two--the Taiwan problem. For 30 years following the "People's Republic of China" (PRC) emergence in 1949, the United States carried on to acknowledge the adversary Chinese government (the Republic of China, or ROC) that had moved to Taiwan after trailing behind the civil conflict on the mainland. The path to ultimate US standardization with the PRC in 1979 was cemented by US President Richard Nixon, whose striking plan was to build a coalition with China--which was, at that time, in conflict with the Soviet Union--in an effort to oppose the increasing Soviet threat. However the United States, in spite of everything, maintains informal relations with the Republic of China. Certainly, under the "Taiwan Relations Act," a piece of internal US legislation, Washington is under a duty to defend Taiwan's safety and therefore carry on arms sales to the isle .
Washington's Taiwan association has bedeviled its dealings with the Republic of China from this time onwards, even more so following 1988 when Taiwan's political leadership demonstrated growing inclinations in the direction of a separatist route outside the One China state-of-affairs. All through a brief disagreement amid mainland China and Taiwan in 1996, the United States sent off two naval battle factions to the Taiwan channel to demonstrate moral cooperation for Taiwan (and maybe to gratify President Clinton's congressional associates). An unintentional war with China was hardly prevented only with the sensible removal of the US carrier Independence, at the same time as, the second carrier, the Nimitz, was still on its route as of the Mediterranean Sea. The narrow escape drove home the Republic of China's sincerity in relation to Taiwan to the Clinton management, forcing it to assume a soul-searching evaluation of Sino-US strategy. The concluding decision for Clinton's "thoroughgoing" engagement policy concerning the Chinese, which he practiced all through his second presidential tenure, was to prevent himself from being heaved into an unintentional war with China on behalf of Taiwan ."

Tags:political, legal, terror, strategies, foreign, policy, mass, destruction, explosives, chemical, nuclear, biological, weapons

Abstract
This paper discusses the problem that, within tort law, people can seek personal gain file by claiming personal injuries, which may not be justifiable. The author points out that, when some people want to blame others for their problems or fault them for their mistakes due to their different cultural backgrounds, the tort law is being misused. Nonetheless, the paper contends that tort law does provide a protective structure over criminals.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Tort Law
Opinion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Due to the fact that Michael Foucault claimed that when power is transmitted through someone's word, the criminal justice system could take that idea and control prisoners better. From there, it is apparent that in recent years, the criminologist have reconstruct criminology's framework around Foucault theory since prison have installed video cameras so that prison authorities can have better empowerment. Within that prison society, the statements that are made by the prison authorities are true because they are the power among the prisoners, which gives them more control."

Tags:deterrence normative efficiency empowerment, personal property