Abstract
In this brief report the writer debunks the notion that the function of a piece of music is determined by its sound and structure. The writer argues that other elements may be instrumental in determining or identifying function in music and that culture plays a role in this process.

From the Paper
"The idea that the function of a piece of music is determined by its sound and structure has been advanced by any number of commentators. In most cases as noted by Alan Merriam the concept of function can refer to operating or playing a part representing non-randomness reflecting an interdependence of elements that can be complex and fulfilling the requirements of a situation or answering an objectively defined purpose. It is Merriam's contention that these particular approaches to understanding the ..."

Tags:music, function, sound and structure

Abstract
This paper describes a chemistry experiment in which the solubility constant, Ksp, for NaCl and KCl is determined. The laboratory procedure is described, the results are given, and the data analyzed. The paper also calculates molarity of the solutions used and assesses the experimental error.

Tags:Ksp, NaCl, KCL

Abstract
This paper is intended as a speech to be given on how to best go about deciding upon and then purchasing a personal computer. It argues that you should follow a four-step process. 1 - determine exactly what you want to do with the computer. 2 - determine what software you intend to do that with. 3 - determine what computers will best work with that software. 4 - apply your price and longevity needs to the list of computers.

Abstract
Thanks to amazing advancements in science, parents can now choose the sex of their child. This paper discusses the reasons why certain cultures prefer male babies over female ones and the ethical question regarding gender determination. It also looks at methods used in the medical field to select a particular sex, including the MicroSort Method and preimplantation.

From the Paper
"The least effective and oldest scientific technique is called the Ericsson Method. This method separates sperm by pouring it on a thick layer of fluid. Since sperm is head-heavy, they naturally swim down. The theory is that sperm with the Y chromosome swims faster than the sperm with the X, reaching the bottom of the test-tube first. At this point, the sperm is removed from the tube and used in insemination. Champions of this low-cost method claim a 78 to 85 percent chance of producing a boy. Critics challenge that, saying the odds are not better than 50-50. (Ulick 49) If that's true, then the 18th century French method of men tying a string around their left testicle to produce a boy seems a bit more painful, but just as accurate."

Tags:sperm, fertilized, egg, chromosomes

Abstract
This paper outlines and discusses the authors' research on crossing the different alleles of fruit flies to determine the phenotypic ratio of an unknown cross, which is undertaken to become familiar with Mendelian genetics by using the Punnet Square and the Chi Square to predict the outcomes. The paper explains that Gregor Mendel is the man responsible for discovering the basic laws that explain how traits are inherited from parent to offspring. The paper clarifies that an allele is a specific version of a gene, while a gene is simply the DNA that codes for one protein. Also, a phenotype is a physical characteristic while genotypes deal with the genetic makeup. The paper notes that 61% of human genetic diseases have been found in fruit flies as well, which allows scientists to test possible methods of treatment on flies. The paper concludes that the researcher's null hypothesis was rejected, and that the experiment could have been improved by increasing the number of flies that were observed. Several tables are included with the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References

From the Paper
" It is also important to be familiar with the Punnet Square. It is used to figure out the possible outcomes of a cross between parents with known genotypes (Douglas, 1989). The first generation is the P generation, which are the parents. The next generation is the F1 generation, which is the first hybrid offspring in a series of genetic crosses. The following F2 generation is the offspring resulting from the interbreeding of the F1 generation. The Chi Square Statistical Test is used to analyze Mendelian genetics data and test the results. Scientists use the chi square test to determine the difference between the observed and expected results (Kohler, 1994). To determine the expected chi-square value we use a chart with degree of freedom (the number of categories subtracted by one) and the p-value, which is the probability that the deviation between your observed and expected values could have occurred due to chance alone (Orel, 1996)."

Tags:Punnet Square dominant recessive genes p-value, interbreeding

Abstract
This is a technical report on a laboratory experiment determining heating value of fuels. Test sample is naphthalene, and the calibrating substance is benzoic acid. The oxygen bomb calorimeter used is the Parr type.

From the Paper
"The experiment aims to determine the heat of combustion of naphthalene using data obtained from the Parr bomb calorimeter.
Three 1-g portions of naphthalene were weighed using the analytical balance. Benzoic acid is the calibrating substance used for the experiment. The heat capacity Csys of the system is calculated using the theoretical value of benzoic acid and the nickel fuse wire. This Csys is equivalent to the heat capacity Ccal of the calorimeter; this value will be used in determining the heat of combustion of naphthalene.
The heat of combustion of naphthalene is accepted at
?5156.95 KJ/mol. The experimental value ?3787.445097 KJ/mol has an error of 26.56%."

Tags:calorimetry, benzoic, acid

Abstract
The paper explores the history of textual differences in William Shakespeare's play, "Hamlet", and demonstrates how these differences bring to light various understandings of the play, both by reading and performance.

From the Paper
"It's possible, of course, that the question marks are not marks of self-doubt, but rather Shakespeare's note to the actor to play Hamlet as a thinking hero. Looking at the speech in context, it seems that the F reading might be more dramatically viable. This would be a moving moment in which Hamlet's "What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason, how infinite in faculty" is a description of what he could have been if "this goodly frame" had no murderous uncles, no frail women, no Ghosts commanding him to revenge. However, the choice again takes us back to context and concept: if a production's Hamlet is a self-doubting, brooding "thinker", the F reading would be a stronger choice."

Tags:soliloquies, especially, resonate, interpolations, labyrinth, of, twists, and, turns

Abstract
This paper begins with a review of literature on the concept of creativity and how it correlates to certain personality traits. The paper then presents a hypothesis, which states that it is possible to use one or more personality inventory tests to describe potential creativity in adult populations with approximately a 50 percent degree of certainty. The paper includes the methodology for proving this hypothesis and concludes with suggesting that existing material is sufficient for the study.

From the Paper
"Whether the schools are to blame, or lazy parents or too much TV, or even a diminishing gene pool, the fact remains that it would be advantageous to be able to identify which of the possible applicants for schools or jobs are likely to be creative. While numerous studies have been conducted regarding what the personality traits of creative people are observed or reported to be, fewer have been done in pairing various traits with later creative production. In other words, while it is relatively easy to paint a picture of the "creative type," predicting creativity based on a complex of traits is much more riskier."

Tags:creative, innovation, divergent, thinking, achievement, overinclusive, thought, processes

Abstract
This paper examines the direct effects that the media have on voter preference. The author focuses on the media coverage and political campaigning strategies in Great Britain and Germany, evaluating media coverage of the previous two national elections in both states, and examining press media coverage of campaigning and the overall effect it plays in the election process.

From the Paper
"Once voter interest is obtained, appealing political media images are a good and often successful means of influencing the popular vote. As one-third of voters know nothing about particular politicians yet still hold strong emotions toward them, the voter attitude toward candidates and political parties is a good predictor of voter decisions. Various studies establish the ability of the political advertisements to lodge in viewer minds elements by which politicians can be judged, furthermore; political advertising can provide voters with specific image characteristics of candidates that relate to voter choice. Cwalina, Falkowski, & Kaid concluded political advertising can possibly affect voters in three ways: 1) Advertisements can strengthen already existing voter preferences; 2) Advertisements can weaken existing preferences of uncertain voters and may cause change of such preferences; 3) Advertisements can re-create the image of the candidate."

Tags:election, engineering, political, politics, science, press, germany, united, kingdom

Abstract
This paper begins with a discussion and explanation of theories about free will and determinism, explaining that most people believe in both determinism and free will, even though there is a basic contradiction between the two theories. The paper then takes a look at how we can apply the theory of determinism to the study of criminal law and the judicial system if we, at the same time, believe in free will.

From the Paper
"Most individuals are inclined to believe that every event or occurrence has a cause, rather than think that things happen haphazardly. The belief that there is a cause to every event is known as determinism. To think otherwise would be considered nonsense. It would be ridiculous if someone thought, for example, that her clock stopped working for no reason whatsoever. Even if no one could determine the precise cause or causes, we still would not accept the idea that the clock's stopping had no cause. Whether the subject is clocks, lights coming on, the workings of a computer, or the common cold, each has a cause. The same could be said for the actions of humans, every action that is said or done have causes. An action is an event. The actions may be caused by hereditary, previous experiences, some peculiarity in personality, the circumstances under which the act occurred, etc. Most would agree that actions have causes; otherwise they would happen by chance and that is thought is frightening."

Tags:individuals, self-determining, agents, morally, responsible, actions, freely, freedom