Abstract This paper looks at how the amount of crime increases every day and how governments are working over time to fight this disaster and reduce it. It shows how some countries adopt capital punishment as one of the best ways of deterring crime and how others that have abolished capital punishment are trying to show the negligible effect of this kind of punishment. It examines how the United States of America, the only western country that uses death penalty suffers from a huge amount of offense from other countries. It evaluates how statistics have proved that there is no real positive effect with capital punishment and what makes capital punishment ineffective are errors in judgments such as lack of justice and natural mistakes.
From the Paper "In addition, the positive effects of death penalty on rate of crime are not proved. For many years it was thought that capital punishment is a deterrence of crime but later, when statistics became expanded, statisticians express that the idea that states with capital punishment have a lower crime rate is wrong. McManus (1998) expresses that states without the death penalty have fewer homicides than states those use death penalty. Massachusetts that has been abolished the death penalty, as an example, has the fewest crime rates in the United States of America (McManus, M., 1998). Similarly, Bonner and Fessenden (2000) illustrate that during the last twenty years, the rate of murder in states with capital punishment has been forty eight percent to more than one hundred percent higher than states with no capital punishment."
Abstract "In recent years, society has become more fearful of crime and more concerned that the criminal justice system does not deter violent crime as it should. Fear of crime is a driving force in elections and political battles. The desire of the people for tougher sentences can run afoul of the Constitution and its prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, among other provisions.
From the Paper "In recent years, society has become more fearful of crime and more concerned that the criminal justice system does not deter violent crime as it should. Fear of crime is a driving force in elections and political battles. The desire of the people for tougher sentences can run afoul of the Constitution and its prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, among other provisions. The issue of cruel and unusual punishment is often argued with reference to the death penalty, but it has applications in other punitive situations. The concept of what does and does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment has evolved in decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court over the years, and the present state of the issue has developed from earlier views and cases. Yet, of equal importance is the issue of whether tougher punishment serves its intended purpose and..."
Abstract An examination into the criminal justice system in the U.S. as society becomes more fearful of crime and more concerned that the criminal justice system does not deter violent crime as it should. The writer states that the fear of crime is a driving force in elections and political battles and the desire of the people for tougher sentences can run afoul of the Constitution and its prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. This paper uses a number of literary references to explore the concept of "cruel and unusual punishment", not just in relation to the death penalty, but the entire justice system.
From the Paper "Specific cases can create special circumstances which raise the issue of cruel and unusual punishment. In a decision in 1992, the Supreme Court decided that abuse suffered by inmates can constitute cruel and unusual punishment even if the injuries sustained are not serious ("Supreme Court Ruling Changes the Standard on Inmate Abuse" 195). The Michigan Supreme Court ruled in a case that a life sentence without possibility of parole for possession of cocaine violated the state's constitutional ban on cruel or unusual punishment (Hansen 25). This case of Harmelin v. Michigan went to the U.S. Supreme Court, which decided that the sentence in question did not violate the Eighth Amendment."
Abstract This paper explains that, of the many types of the activity, the most prevalent forms of white collar crime include fraud (computer, internet, credit cards, forgeries, bankruptcy), tax evasion, securities fraud, mail fraud, bribery, counterfeiting, trade secret theft and insider trading. The author points out that perhaps one of the most talked about cases of white collar crime involves the insider trading scandal involving Martha Stewart. The paper stresses that the United States justice system has a significant stake in both uncovering and deterring future cases of this multi-billion dollar phenomenon.
From the Paper ""White-collar crime" as a concept was coined in a 1939 speech presented by Edwin Sutherland at the American Sociological Society. During the speech, Sutherland explained that this type of crime is one "committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation." Although many of the most infamous cases of white collar crime, even in present times, do involve people of "high social status," the modern definition in which the term applies to a myriad of "nonviolent crimes usually committed in commercial situations for financial gain.'''
This paper is a literature review of research studies to determine if adolescents' personal conceptions of smoking or addiction deter or encourage them to smoke.
Abstract This paper relates that this literature review about adolescent smoking indicates the complex socio-cultural context in which personal conceptions arise. The author points out that, among the numerous variables affecting these conceptions are race, ethnicity, socio-cultural expectations, gender, peer group and nicotine. The paper summarizes that this literature review reveals that adolescents' conceptions both deter and encourage smoking. The author reports that all the researchers use quantitative methodologies and interpretive paradigms; however, a major limitation, which is common for all these studies, is that they are based on self-reports.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Studies
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "Rasmussen-Cruz, Martin & Nuno-Gutierrez's (2006) purpose was to explore tobacco consumption and motives for use among university students. The research question was: why do university health sciences students who are informed about tobacco risks consume tobacco? The design was a basic quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study. The method was an online survey of 282 students, aged 15 to 24. The authors used an interpretive paradigm. The results were that conceptions involved motives such as coping with emotional problems, reported by 76 percent."
Abstract This paper closely examines the different methods of punishment that include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation and societal protection. The paper describes how each punishment works, whether it deters crime or possibly results in further crimes, and which presents the best option for punishing criminals. The paper concludes that rehabilitation is the best deterrent to criminal acts, and although it is treating the symptom as opposed to the disease, better education and jobs cannot be anything but positive.
Outline:
Retribution
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Social Protection
From the Paper "Deterrence is based upon the idea that criminals are reasoning human beings, who commit criminal acts because it is a rational choice for them to do so: the demographics suggesting that criminal acts are prompted by social goals (such as Merton's 'Strain' theory: "Innovation involves accepting the cultural goal (financial success), but rejecting the conventional means (hard work at a 'straight' job), in favor of unconventional means (street crime)" (Macionis, 2006). By making the risk of punishment greater than the reward, deterrence implies that criminals will make a conscious choice between crime and remaining law abiding. This idea ignores issues about environment, poverty, and social pressure."
Abstract This paper explains that white-collar crime has the potential to cause billions of dollars in losses to both corporations and individuals; as businesses go bankrupt because of illegitimate operations practices, individuals suffer economic losses that have the potential to be devastating. The author points out that, motivated primarily by financial gain, white-collar offenders have become increasingly savvy, thanks to the internet and other avenues, which allow acquisition of otherwise private information. The paper relates that legislation which includes lengthening jail terms for offenders has been enacted in an effort to deter white-collar criminals; however, many people suggest that longer jail terms are not enough to deter criminals, and instead, imposing larger severe fines is the best way to deter and prevent future activity.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Issues
Review of Literature
Overview/Causes
Identity Theft
Internet Fraud
Other White-collar Crimes
Deterring and Preventing White-collar Crimes
Specific Prevention Measures
Findings
Conclusions
From the Paper "What is white-collar crime? The term, coined in 1939 defines crime as "crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation." White-collar crime is usually associated with criminal activity that is non-violent. The motivation is usually financial gain. White-collar offenders usually 'scam' or deceptively acquire finances through corporations or by obtaining the personal financing material of individuals. Common white-collar offenses according to the Legal Information Institute at Cornell University include: Anti-trust violations, computer/internet fraud, credit card fraud, phone/telemarketing, bankruptcy fraud, financial fraud, tax evasion, insider trading, bribery, money laundering and embezzlement among others."
Abstract The primary focus of this study is a qualitative exploration of the changing nature of crime related to computer surveillance. Specifically, this study examines how advances in technology have facilitated computer crimes affecting both consumers and corporations. The extent to which computer surveillance crimes are becoming more insidious is explored, as well as any methods currently in use for deterring crime. The author explores the nature of computer crime and surveillance in a comprehensive literature review and combines the results of this examination with the information gained from surveying populations affected by computer surveillance. The conclusion of the study finds that the nature of crime is, in fact, changing in the face of technological advances. The author concludes that, though criminal activity is becoming more prevalent and problematic thanks to advances in surveillance, there still exist few solutions and statistical reports with regard to deterring criminal activity.
Abstract
Introduction
Background of The Problem
Rationale
Purpose/Objectives/Theoretical Framework
Research Hypothesis
Limitations
Summary of Remaining Chapters
Literature Review
Overview
Computer Crime in a Digital Age
The Impact of the Net on Computer Surveillance
Networked Surveillance
Electronic Surveillance in the Workplace
Deterring Crime
Deterrence and Encryption Technology
Methodology
Setting
Research Instrument
Survey Population/Description of the Subject
Hypothesis Evaluation
Hypothesis 1
Data/Analysis
Hypothesis 2
Data/Analysis
Conclusions/Recommendations
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
From the Paper "A primary objective of the paper will be to assess changes in the nature of monitoring in recent years in addition to the impact computer surveillance has had vs. traditional surveillance methods. A qualitative study will be conducted in order to uncover trends and the implications of advanced technological incentives on computer surveillance activity. A qualitative study is most appropriate with regard to this subject, as an empirical or experimental examination would be impossible given the few available resources allocated to conducting a project of this scope. In addition, at this time there is limited information with regard to computer surveillance and statistics, due in part to a lack of cooperation between law enforcement agencies and technology firms who are consistently in competition to outperform one another (Shelley, 1998)."
Abstract For more than two decades, researchers, clinicians, and juvenile justice program administrators have become increasingly concerned about the link between substance abuse and juvenile crime. This paper shows that, due to this connection, various programs are being implemented across the United States to treat the juvenile offenders in order to help deter substance abuse. In turn, this should also help deter future criminal actions.
From the Paper "By way of comparison, law enforcement authorities arrested just over four thousand teens for rape and two thousand one hundred and seventeen for homicide. In other words, the police arrest teens for liquor law violations, drunkenness and disorderly conduct at forty-five times the rate they arrest juveniles for murder and rape combined. Many of these juveniles could have avoided the system, but substance abuse has pulled them in. The worst part is, arrests of juveniles for liquor law violations are up sixteen percent, drunkenness arrests are up fourteen percent, and disorderly conduct arrests are up fifteen percent. The statistics for underage alcohol abuse keeps increasing, which means that more and more juveniles are being put into the system and many have not been receiving the correct treatment."
Abstract The writer of this paper focuses on the negative aspects of capital punishment. The writer contends and details why, after researching the available material on the issue, it's apparent that the death penalty does not deter future murders and is therefore ineffective as a punishment. This paper delves into the costs involved in the death penalty, as opposed to those of alternative punishments. This paper also examines the risk of putting innocent people to death, due to various errors that may occur in the course of a capital punishment trial. One of the main reasons that people advocate capital punishment is to deter future murders. The writer asserts that there is a good argument to be made for the fact that the presence of the death penalty actually increases the murder rate. This paper also discusses the issues of racial and socioeconomic discrimination which may play a vital role in capital punishment. This paper looks at a viable alternative to the death penalty, life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.
From the Paper "In addition to being ineffective, the sad reality is that capital punishment is not applied in a fair manner. The Supreme Court has made it clear that capital punishment is only constitutional if it applied fairly and consistently. However, in the United States, capital punishment is applied in an extremely arbitrary and unfair manner. For example, minority defendants and the poor are more likely to be sentenced to death than non-minorities and the wealthy. In addition, even in states that impose the death penalty, there are geographic disparities between jurisdictions. These disparities rely on community standards, but they also reflect the tremendous power that prosecutors have. After all, while juries make the decision whether or not to impose the death penalty, it is prosecutors who determine whether or not to seek the death penalty."
Abstract This paper discusses how schools can ensure academic integrity in a distance learning environment without having an instructor watch over the student's every move. The paper suggests that the best way to deter students from cheating is to establish a code of conduct and that, prior to attending class, students should be aware of the school and the instructor's expectations. However, the paper also points out that teachers and academic institutions must be careful not to invade a student's privacy when enforcing the code of conduct. The paper concludes that, though unethical behavior can not be completely eradicated, it can be deterred through the use of websites, various technologies and proctored tests.
Table of Contents:
Codes of Conduct
Unethical Behavior as a Norm
Unethical Behavior Encouraged by Websites
Family Life Contributing to Behavior
Solutions
Conclusion
From the Paper "The headlines say it all, everyone from business executives to students have been caught in unethical behavior. One could argue that a lack of accountability, ethics, and honesty has become a cultural norm. Getting around ethics, codes of conduct, and troubles that are around the online learning environment stem from two sources - technology and the values instilled in someone as they grew up. Technology is changing so rapidly that it can be difficult to keep up with all of the software and hardware on the market."
This paper discusses the debate over stiffer prison sentences in Canada and analyzes the problems of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.
Abstract This paper addresses the debate in Canada of whether or not to create stiffer prison sentences as a means of deterring crime. The author asserts that Canada look no further than to the legislation passed by the U.S. for the same purpose. This paper examines the failures and shortcomings of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, which established longer minimum sentences for criminals guilty of committing certain crime. The paper establishes that minimum sentencing does not deter criminals from criminal activity and is costly to tax payers.
From the Paper "Some may feel uncomfortable that criminals walk the streets, and angry that criminals are allowed to be freed. Public opinion and the common consensus is that justice system is too soft on criminals, which caused the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 to come about. The Act caused incredible deficiencies in the system of properly treating and rehabilitating criminals to prevent people from returning to criminal activities. The justice system in America, Canada and countries worldwide should not get rid of sentencing, as jail should remain a place for people to do time for their acts but justice systems worldwide should invest more into education, training, counselling and addiction treatment. This would yield lower prison populations and recidivism rates than stiff minimum sentencing would achieve, resulting in a much more cost efficient and effective justice system. America should amend the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, reinvest the money in weak areas of the justice system."
Tags: congress, bill clinton, canada, us department of justice, prison
Abstract This paper discusses the asteroid which scientists believe caused the extinction of dinosaurs and the probability of another event such as this occurring. It also discuss the measurements government has taken to prevent a damaging impact and the different methods they will use to deter such an asteroid if one should come too near the Earth.
From the Paper "Luckily for us, impacts that would cause massive destruction occur on Earth only about once ever 100,000 years (NASA Ames Space Science Division). According to NASA, these dangerous asteroids capable of wreaking global havoc are extremely rare."
Abstract This paper argues that capital punishment should never be reinstated in Canada, because too many innocent people have been hanged due to common human error, because capital punishment is uncivilized punishment, and because capital punishment does nothing to deter citizens from committing crimes.
Tags: incarceration, penalties, prison, punishment, sentencing, human, rights
Abstract This paper looks at the death penalty. Both sides of the coin are discussed. The positive and negative effects lead the author to ask: Does the death penalty deter crime or does it have no effect other than on the executed criminal. With numerous examples.
From the Paper "Some time ago, a Texas journalist who had seen nearly two hundred people die in the electric chair over nearly thirty years declared that the death penalty is not a deterrent- the main claim for it. "The only person it deters," he believed, "is the man being executed." We should start by defining deterrence. It refers to an instance where an individual refrains from an act because he or she perceives a risk of punishment for the act and fears that punishment. Thus the deterrent effect of capital punishment is best evaluated in terms of the number of person prevented from committing a crime that would lead them to be penalized. So is there such a thing as the death penalty deterring society in general or was the Texas journalist right about the death penalty not having a deterrent effect on the general public?"
