Abstract
This paper looks at how the amount of crime increases every day and how governments are working over time to fight this disaster and reduce it. It shows how some countries adopt capital punishment as one of the best ways of deterring crime and how others that have abolished capital punishment are trying to show the negligible effect of this kind of punishment. It examines how the United States of America, the only western country that uses death penalty suffers from a huge amount of offense from other countries. It evaluates how statistics have proved that there is no real positive effect with capital punishment and what makes capital punishment ineffective are errors in judgments such as lack of justice and natural mistakes.

From the Paper
"In addition, the positive effects of death penalty on rate of crime are not proved. For many years it was thought that capital punishment is a deterrence of crime but later, when statistics became expanded, statisticians express that the idea that states with capital punishment have a lower crime rate is wrong. McManus (1998) expresses that states without the death penalty have fewer homicides than states those use death penalty. Massachusetts that has been abolished the death penalty, as an example, has the fewest crime rates in the United States of America (McManus, M., 1998). Similarly, Bonner and Fessenden (2000) illustrate that during the last twenty years, the rate of murder in states with capital punishment has been forty eight percent to more than one hundred percent higher than states with no capital punishment."

Tags:crime, death, deter, murder, penalty, punishment, reduce

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of criminal justice and capital punishment. Capital punishment is said to be a deterrent to crime and murder and the paper discusses many studies that have shown that capital punishment is a deterrent to murder. It also shows the opposite perspective that it does not deter crime or murder. It also presents other arguments for and against capital punishment.

From the Paper
"Research also shows that much of the evidence used in death penalty studies can be skewed by the results of one state. Texas executes more prisoners than any other state. Researchers Sunstein and Vermeule found that one study was discredited for saying capital punishment is a deterrent because it based its evidence on data that included Texas for the final results. They found when the Texas data was removed from the remaining results, no deterrent was evident (Sunstein & Vermeule, 2005)."

Tags:capital punishment, murder, criminal justice

Abstract
The following paper is a proposal for a city-wide 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, run by former criminal offenders, that will endeavor to steer young people away from crime, drug use, and - not least of all - violence. In working towards this important goal, the organization will join hands with the local university in an ambitious research program that will propose new methods for dealing with various types of crime while, at the same time, quantifying the impact and effectiveness of those methods using the latest evaluative tools. As well, the program I have in mind will train individuals both young and old how to live their lives constructively and in a manner consistent with the highest in civic values. In the final analysis, the program is a comprehensive outreach program that will work with young people on the street, in the community's schools, and will utilize peer mentoring, job counseling, remedial education, and (where needed) cognitive behavioral therapy to take back our streets from local gangs and others who seek to drag young people down the wrong path.

From the Paper
A Proposal for Creating a City-Wide 501(c)(3) Non-Profit Organization That Will Prevent, Deter and Decrease Crime, Drugs and Violence in an Urban Community The following paper is a proposal for a city-wide 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, run by former criminal offenders, that will endeavor to steer young people away from crime, drug use, and - not least of all - violence. In working towards this important goal, the organization will join hands with the local university in an ambitious research program that will propose new methods for dealing with various types of crime while, at the same time, quantifying the impact and effectiveness of those methods

Tags:crime, drugs, community

Abstract
This paper examines the question of whether harsher sentences reduce crime. The paper examines statistics that suggest that harsher sentences do not reduce crime, but relates that legislators continue to pass laws mandating tougher and longer sentences especially for drug related crimes including simple possession, and habitual criminal statutes can put non violent offenders away for decades. The paper contends that the answer to the question of whether harsh sentences work is a definite No!

From the Paper
"Should a first time offender be sentenced the same sentence as a career criminal? Should a kid selling a friend one marijuana cigarette be sentenced to the same mandatory minimum sentence under federal determinate sentencing guidelines for drug distribution as someone distributing pounds of heroin? Should discretion be taken away from judges during the sentencing phase of criminal trials? Is there any evidence that longer prison sentences reduce crime? In my opinion, the answer to each of these questions is no. The most..."

Tags:prison, judges defendants, prosecutors, life, habitual offender, plea bargain, recidivism

Abstract
The paper considers data security measures that would have deterred data security breaches at BankAmerica, TCI and ChoicePoint.

From the Paper
"Data security breaches can take a variety of forms, from sophisticated hacker break-ins to curious employees looking at data for which they have no legitimate need. The results can be relatively minor, such as employees knowing one another's salaries, to criminal, as when data security breaches result in theft. This research considers three well-known data security breaches and steps that might have been taken to deter them.
"ChoicePoint is a data aggregator, meaning that it collects data from various sources, public and private..."

Tags:data security, data security breaches, TCI, ChoicePoint, BankAmerica

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that as multinational corporations engage in global business transactions it is evident there is a need for business ethics. This paper examines business ethics by discussing its emphasis in modern corporations and defining the methods corporations use to deter internal fraud. The writer discusses that corporations are realizing ethical leadership, codes of ethics, as well as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) are all relevant in combating ethics violations. The writer concludes that no matter how demanding leadership becomes, business ethics is no different than personal ethics and leaders must always do the right thing because their choices always affect someone else.

Outline:
Ethics
Solving Corporate Fraud
Corporate Fraud
Ethical Leadership
The Importance of Ethics Training
Who is in Charge of Ethics Training?
Codes of Ethics
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Corporate Social Responsibility
Conclusion

From the Paper
"If in fact practicing business ethics was a natural human condition and the solution to internal corporate fraud; modern corporations would not need to place a high emphasis on business ethics. The fact is; some past corporations appeared to fail the importance of understanding the practice of business ethics; or they blatantly disregarded complying with ethics regulations. In some cases only a few individuals committed ethics violations yet their fellow employees and entire corporations were destroyed. According to Mallor we all make mistakes, unfortunately, corporate mistakes are on a much larger scale and affect many others. Today's corporations realize practicing good ethics is as important in our professional lives as our personal lives, and are placing a great emphasis on ethics training. It is unfortunate that corporate fraud created the need for ethics training to become a staple in today's human resource training, however; due to recent corporate scandals, corporations want their leaders understanding, practicing, and training business ethics. "

Tags:corporate, fraud, sox, ethical, leadership, codes, of, ethics

Abstract
An examination into the criminal justice system in the U.S. as society becomes more fearful of crime and more concerned that the criminal justice system does not deter violent crime as it should. The writer states that the fear of crime is a driving force in elections and political battles and the desire of the people for tougher sentences can run afoul of the Constitution and its prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. This paper uses a number of literary references to explore the concept of "cruel and unusual punishment", not just in relation to the death penalty, but the entire justice system.

From the Paper
"Specific cases can create special circumstances which raise the issue of cruel and unusual punishment. In a decision in 1992, the Supreme Court decided that abuse suffered by inmates can constitute cruel and unusual punishment even if the injuries sustained are not serious ("Supreme Court Ruling Changes the Standard on Inmate Abuse" 195). The Michigan Supreme Court ruled in a case that a life sentence without possibility of parole for possession of cocaine violated the state's constitutional ban on cruel or unusual punishment (Hansen 25). This case of Harmelin v. Michigan went to the U.S. Supreme Court, which decided that the sentence in question did not violate the Eighth Amendment."

Tags:crime, trial, death, penalty, law, constitution, court, defense, prosecute

Abstract
This essay examines the current debate on the efficacy of "three-strikes" statutes. It finds that the statutes generally are not effective, that they have a racially discriminatory effect, and that they do not deter crime by any noticeable margin. It concludes that the subject of these laws should be reconsidered before any more such laws are adopted.

Tags:prison, three, strikes, punishment

Abstract
This paper relates that this literature review about adolescent smoking indicates the complex socio-cultural context in which personal conceptions arise. The author points out that, among the numerous variables affecting these conceptions are race, ethnicity, socio-cultural expectations, gender, peer group and nicotine. The paper summarizes that this literature review reveals that adolescents' conceptions both deter and encourage smoking. The author reports that all the researchers use quantitative methodologies and interpretive paradigms; however, a major limitation, which is common for all these studies, is that they are based on self-reports.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Studies
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Rasmussen-Cruz, Martin & Nuno-Gutierrez's (2006) purpose was to explore tobacco consumption and motives for use among university students. The research question was: why do university health sciences students who are informed about tobacco risks consume tobacco? The design was a basic quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study. The method was an online survey of 282 students, aged 15 to 24. The authors used an interpretive paradigm. The results were that conceptions involved motives such as coping with emotional problems, reported by 76 percent."

Tags:longitudinal, socio-cultural, variables, self-reports, country-specific

Abstract
"In recent years, society has become more fearful of crime and more concerned that the criminal justice system does not deter violent crime as it should. Fear of crime is a driving force in elections and political battles. The desire of the people for tougher sentences can run afoul of the Constitution and its prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, among other provisions.

From the Paper
"In recent years, society has become more fearful of crime and more concerned that the criminal justice system does not deter violent crime as it should. Fear of crime is a driving force in elections and political battles. The desire of the people for tougher sentences can run afoul of the Constitution and its prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, among other provisions. The issue of cruel and unusual punishment is often argued with reference to the death penalty, but it has applications in other punitive situations. The concept of what does and does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment has evolved in decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court over the years, and the present state of the issue has developed from earlier views and cases. Yet, of equal importance is the issue of whether tougher punishment serves its intended purpose and..."