Abstract This paper discusses the problems with the juvenile detention facilities in the United States. It begins by discussing the current situation with the detention facilities and discusses some of the reasons why the facilities are not adequate, such as over-crowding and a lack of therapeutic resources. The paper then proposes some solutions to improve the conditions in the detention facilities.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Educational Program Deficiencies
Proposed Solution
Overcrowding
Proposed Solution
Understaffed
Proposed Solution
Under-Trained Staff
Proposed Solutions
Conclusion
From the Paper "Many reports have surfaced regarding the lack of education at juvenile detention facilities. As the investigate reported revealed done by the state of Connecticut on the Juvenile Training School in Middletown, CT, the school didn't even have desks or books upon opening in 2001. (Office of the Child Advocate, 2002). It remained that way for the first three months of being opened."
Abstract This paper explores thee impact of juvenile/youth detention centers on juvenile offenders in the United States and the rationale for dealing differently with juvenile offenders and adult offenders It looks at how there are various tactics that can be used inside and outside of the centers that are effective in reducing juvenile crime. It also examines how the way that adult and juveniles are dealt with in the criminal justice system is extremely dependent upon public opinion. It focuses on the effectiveness of Georgia juvenile detentions and provides some statistics showing how many juveniles are currently incarcerated and forecasts of how many are expected to be incarcerated in the future.
From the Paper "The effectiveness of a detention center is also dependent upon the tactics that are used to address the problems that juvenile offenders face. In order to effectively serve these offenders juvenile detention centers must analyze the causes for delinquent behavior amongst Juveniles. In addition, the centers must be prepared to use unconventional tactics to effectively rehabilitate the juveniles. An article in the Journal, Reclaiming Children and Youth, explains that this type of innovation exists in places like Nevada. (Troup 2001) The article asserts that in Nevada juvenile detention centers are becoming more effective by coordinating and collaborating with all of the stakeholders involved."
Abstract This paper discusses the differences between an arrest and detention, explaining that a key distinction between the two is that only arrests require probable cause. The paper examines legal information regarding the definition of an arrest and detention and explains some of the difficulties associated with differentiating the two.
From the Paper "Early decisions of the Court suggested that an arrest occurred any time the police restricted a person's movement. See Henry v. United States, 361 U.S. 98 (1959). Under this definition, an arrest would happen anytime the police even talked to a suspect if the suspect unilaterally thought he was not free to leave. Id. In Henry v. United States, the Court found that an arrest occurred when police stopped a car whose occupants were suspected of transferring stolen liquor. According to the Court, "when the officers interrupted the two men and restricted their liberty of movement, the arrest, for purposes of this case, was complete." The Court ultimately ruled that since the police did not have probable cause at that moment, their action was unconstitutional."
Abstract This paper examines the arguments for and against the detention of a young offender. The case in question is one in which a 12 year old male was detained on the following charges: attempted sexual assault of a minor; aggravated assault: minor in possession of an alcoholic beverage; and unlawful possession of a controlled substance, marijuana. The author tells us that the juvenile was caught in the act of sexually assaulting a 14 year old female acquaintance by the victim's 16 year old brother, who had arrived home and observed the act. The 12 year old suspect had also beaten the victim with the heel of a shoe. The juvenile was arrested and charged with aggravated sexual assault of a child and aggravated assault and possession of a controlled substance. The paper describes the background of the defender and, the circumstances under which he lives. The author describes all of the laws that apply to juvenile defenders. In conclusion, the author points out that a case like this is presented by both sides and, taking the laws and jurisdictions into consideration, the case would then be decided.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Argument in favor of taking the delinquent into custody.
Argument for the release of the delinquent
Final decision
From the Paper "Another point that can be given in favor of this case is that the court first thoroughly studies the case and only then gives its final decision. Thus, if the court feels that it is not safe for the child to remain at home then it places the juvenile in a foster home or any out-of-home placement. It is the juvenile court's responsibility to rehabilitate the minor when he poses a danger to the common public and hence the court has the right to take any protective measures. As one of the articles says "once juvenile court has jurisdiction over a delinquent minor, its jurisdiction may be extended until the youth's 21st birthday, or, in a small number of cases, until age 23" (Protecting the Welfare of Minors, p.1)."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the foreign policies. of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. The author examines why Kennedy was a new world order and detente advocate while Johnson was a conventional, containment cold warrior. The paper provides numerous examples of the Presidents' differing global strategies
From the Paper:
"Kennedy and Johnson represented two vastly different foreign policy strategies. Kennedy supported a new world order? of detente and cooperation with the Soviet Union. Johnson favored continuing a policy of global containment and confrontation with the Soviets. Kennedy's goals are best seen in his policiess after the Cuban Missile Crisis and in regard to Vietnam. After what amounted to a crushing Soviet defeat and the calling of their strategic bluff, Kennedy actually gave in to Soviet demands to remove Jupiter missiles from Turkey and pledged not to invade Cuba."
Tags: affairs, cold, containment, detente, foreign, international, new, order, policy, relations, soviet, union, war, world
Abstract This paper discusses the sharp contrast between Canada and Turkey with regard to the civic rights of their citizenry. The author explains that the Charter of 1982 solidified those rights in Canada, by protecting citizens from unreasonable searches, unjustifiable detentions and importantly, against the possibility of law enforcement's abusing its powers. Turkey, on the other hand, has been cited for human rights abuses on countless occasions. The author explains that despite the fact that the Turkish constitution clearly prohibits arbitrary arrest, detention, search and seizure, in actuality all of the above are commonplace occurrences in Turkey. The paper concludes that it is important to recognize that the civic rights of citizens are upheld by virtually all national legislatures, but when it comes to their application, Canada applies the provisions and charter in question while Turkey does not.
From the Paper "The rules which govern arrest, detention and seizure in Turkey are grounded in the country's constitution. The Turkish Constitution clearly outlines the civic rights of the citizenry and outlines the limitations on police authority. As Kinzer (2002) explains, arbitrary arrests are prohibited with no statements of exception. Law enforcement must have a clear reason for arresting citizens and must establish, before a judge that the citizen in question has violated the laws of the nation and accordingly, that there are legitimate grounds for the issuance of an arrest warrant."
Tags: detainee, Amnesty International, torture forced control accountability privacy
Abstract This essay examines the idea that President Lyndon B. Johnson was actually a strong supporter of containment and a hardline anti-communist foreign policy. The author discusses how the failure of his foreign policy is what has made detente his legacy.
From the Paper:
"The issue of whether Johnson weakened containment comes down to the question of what is most important for containment to work. Is it more important to be able to successfully confront your enemy directly or to put up resistance wherever your enemy may attempt to penetrate around the globe? It seems to me that the former is a prerequisite for the latter. Johnson was only able to succeed at resisting communist insurgency in Latin America and elsewhere because the Soviets had not yet caught up to the United States in terms of strategic weapons. In addition, in the areas were Johnson was successful, the Soviets had little direct effect. The one area where the Soviets did become actively involved, Vietnam, was a dismal failure for Johnson and the US."
Tags: america, cold, communisim, containment, detente, latin, vietnam, war
Abstract This paper raises the issue of over-populated correction facilities. The reasons for this are evaluated. The paper presents an overview of the marketing strategies employed to combat the problem - private sector prisons, detention centers, work farms and so on. The downsides of these innovations are also discussed in this paper. Suggestions are made of how to prevent overcrowded prisons, by crime prevention programs and education.
From the Paper "Service development strategies within the prison systems seem to be lacking. While a lot of money is being poured into developing and building new prisons, there doesn"t seem to be that much money given to prevention programs, research programs, or even law enforcement programs. If there are to be services developed to control crime, then shouldn"t there be more services developed to prevent it in the first place? Take education programs?within the prison systems, there are programs developed to educate the prisoners to be productive, working people when released from prison."
Abstract This paper takes a look into the true definition of a refugee and the Australian government's stance on 'boat people' - also referred to as asylum seekers - and their policy on unauthorised arrivals. Mention is made of the condition of Australia's detention centres, and some of the conundrums faced when determining the fate of illegal immigrants. Is it fair to give a place reserved for a genuine refugee to those who do not come via established means? Additionally, the paper looks at the everyday Australian's view on multiculturalism with reference to imagined communities and the old White Australia Policy. Clearly the influx of refugees has changed the way Australians view themselvs as a nation and led many people to re-examine Australia's cultural and social makeup.
From the Paper "As Australians, we have all been touched by the recent refugee crisis in some way or another, with an increased influx of asylum seekers coming to our shores over the last few years. Indeed it is a human tragedy that people can be so desperate to flee their homeland that they are willing to travel thousands of kilometres across land and sea, eventually culminating in a "passage of terror" on an unsafe boat that more than likely would be carrying three to four times the normal number of passengers. The arrival of these "boat people" has caused of a division within our society ? those who are accommodating to the fact that these people have fled their county and should be allowed to stay, and those who believe that an influx of so called "illegal" refugees will lead to a perceived loss of national identity ? who want them to be sent back where they came from if no sufficient enough reason is forthcoming. The plight of international refugees is a cause for global concern, however understanding the key issues can be difficult for those with little background knowledge."
Abstract This paper analyses issues concerning the Mental Health Act and moral ethics using the fictitious case study of the involuntary admission to the psychiatric services of a patient called John. It provides an overview of the Mental Health Act (1983), the effects of compulsory admission and the key people in that admission.
Outline
The Mental Health Act and Effects of Detention John's Treatment
For and Against Involutary Treatment of John
Nursing Duties Involved in Treating John Involuntarily
John's Best Interests and Confliction of his Wishes
Implications in Practice
Conclusion
From the Paper "The case of Sarah Lawson (The Guardian, 2001) showed that if someone is deemed to be mentally ill, and has insight into the illness and wishes to die, they can do so. This case involved a father assisting his daughter with her suicide because her mental illness impacted upon her physical health. However it is noted that this assisted suicide took place at their family home, not in hospital on a psychiatric unit. If there were to be an assisted suicide on the unit preformed by a member of staff to the case study John, this would be highly illegal and come into conflict with The Code of Practice (1999)."
Abstract This paper reviews an example of de jure discrimination in American law. Specifically the paper looks at Section 412 of the Patriot Act which permits the United States Attorney General to hold foreign aliens in detention, possibly indefinitely, without actually having to file charges against them. The paper looks at the disquieting features of the Act and also takes into account the implications for America if Section 412 is not dramatically redrawn.
From the Paper "Since September 11, 2001, Americans have found themselves waging a war against Islamic extremism - an extremism which has most spectacularly manifested itself in the form of terrorism. The following paper will look at how components of the United States Patriot Act - an Act which grew out of governmental concerns that terrorists could very easily strike once again at the heart of America - is a "de jure" (in law) form of discrimination that unfairly punishes American citizens of Middle Eastern descent. No less importantly, the paper will also explore what this means for America more generally. As should become apparent, "de jure" discrimination, even when done in pursuit of laudable objectives, can do as much harm as good. "
Abstract The paper discusses how the Vietnam War offered the conditions for the US to realize the change in the international political environment and the need for diplomatic cooperation more than military confrontation. The paper looks at Henry Kissinger's new diplomacy that offered the detente period, which advocated for the first time the existence of more than two centers of power. The paper shows how from this point on, subsequent administrations worked, more or less, to reaching a peaceful outcome to the Cold War.
From the Paper "The Vietnam War can be rightfully seen as a pivotal moment in the history of the 20th century. The human loss could only be estimated, as there were too many unknown events that influenced the final outcome of the victim count, as "over 57, 000 Americans- and hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese- died. Total American expenses have been calculated at over a trillion dollars." (Rothney and Findley, 1986, 300) However important is the human factor, aside from the tragedies of the Vietnamese and American peoples who engaged their troops on the battlefield, there is the aspect of the dramatic political shift that the war and its outcome provoked."
Abstract This paper explains that a specific movement in geopolitics of the Cold War begins after the 1945 Conference at Yalta where the Soviets and the Americans drew up specific agreements, which were designed to direct international affairs. It matters little what the accords were because Stalin immediately began violating the agreement. The author points out the idea behind the policy of detente was that rival blocs would increase diplomatic, commercial, and cultural contacts in an attempt to reduce tensions; however, the end of each detente period was marked by a specific and flagrant inequality that invariably led to additional hostilities, such as the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Communists and the erection of the Berlin Wall. The paper states that the eventual fall of communism was assumed to be caused by decades of geopolitical pressures by the Western powers, but the fall of Communism had as much to do with the nature of the ideology and its inevitable rejection by individuals seeking freedom.
Table of Contents
Cold War Periods
Detente An Uneasy Truce
The Soviet Destruction
The Fall of Communism
From the Paper "During the decades that the Cold War encompassed, anti-Communist world politicians were viewed as belligerent and bellicose and yet, the strength that was so vocally decried by various Soviet sympathizers around the world, eventually led to the destruction of one of the most tyrannical governments in recorded history. American nuclear power incensed Soviet leaders and left-leaning politicians around the world but for differing reasons. Soviet leaders understood that the great power the United States was amassing would be difficult if not impossible to overcome but sympathizers for the communist way of thinking viewed American nuclear power as the ultimate threat to world peace."
Abstract This paper examines the possibility that President Kennedy had advanced knowledge of Soviet intentions to place missiles in Cuba, but did not or could not prevent it, and instead used the peaceful settlement of the crisis as a means of moving toward detente.
From the Paper:
"The Cuban Missile Crisis was precipitated by Soviet desires to overcome the strategic superiority that the United States had developed in order to continue an aggressive global foreign policy. President Kennedy then allowed the crisis to develop so that it could be used as a stepping stone toward detente and the new world order."
Tags: jfk, soviet, union, khrushchev, military, cold, war, castro, fulbright
Abstract This paper explores the effectiveness of residential child care as a means of providing an alternative to traditional detention centers. It explains and emphasizes the beneficial outcomes that occur for resident juvenile offenders both during and after their stay in residential child care centers. The paper recommends reform of the juvenile detention system through these centers.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Perspectives
Statement of the Problem
Proposed Future Directions
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper "The implementation of residential child care has the potential to significantly alter the character of juvenile punishment. If effective, this will create a setting in which positive change can be made within juvenile punishment; no longer will an authoritative punishment philosophy be applied, but rather an environment conducive to the wellbeing of the juvenile offender will be created. It is hoped that this type of setting will educate the juvenile offender in appropriate social behaviors and provide a support system that will continue into the offender's adulthood."
