Abstract
This paper explains that, since 9/11, countries with a high level of terrorism, such as Israel, use metal detectors, which were formerly used mainly in prisons, but are now used in airports and other public buildings. The author reports that there are three types of metal detectors in general use today, including walk-through, hand-held, and extended arm types. The paper relates that several newer technologies, such as back-scatter X-ray, millimeter wave analysis, and terahertz wave technology, are in various phases of development and deployment to supplement the basic equipment that has traditionally relied on magnetic induction fields and their interaction with electrically conductive and magnetically permeable materials.

From the Paper
"Most metal detectors utilize an electromagnetic field generated by passing an electric current through a wire coil. In the case of walk-through metal detectors, the electromagnetic field is projected in the form of a wall between the borders formed by the equipment; hand-held devices project a circular field surrounding the length of the device. In the case of walk through detectors, subjects (and any potential targets) pass completely through the electromagnetic field, whereas hand-held devices are employed by passing them close enough to potential targets to come within the known dimensions of the magnetic field surrounding the device. Extended arm detectors function exactly the same as hand-held devices, except that their design allows them to be more easily deployed to bring their electromagnetic field closer to the ground for their specific use in detecting buried weapons or contraband."

Tags:permeable, public, airports, conductivity, types

Abstract
This paper examines how, in the United States, the accidental affliction of death caused by fires and burns occupies the fourth place. It attempts to show how smoke alarms are the chiefly efficient, initial cautioning device existing for the home and how they give precious time to run away from a fire. Generally, fires can propagate quickly through a home, and people may have as little as two minutes to run away following the alarm sounds. The possibility of dying in a housing fire is reduced to half when a functioning smoke alarm is available.

From the Paper
"Though heat detectors are put into use for residential purposes from 1921, "the field tests have shown that they are not as efficient as smoke detectors in sensing fires in the home" and the Section 16, Chapter 3 of the NFPA Fire Protection Handbook asserts that genuine fire tests in suburban occupancies have shown that considerable amounts of smoke have come before the considerable amounts of heat in approximately all cases. Most of the residential fires belong to the slow burning flame type and the most important point is that they are not of the soaring heat building type. (Smoke Detectors in the Home: A Matter of Life & Death) Most of the serious home fire happens when the people are fast asleep at night. Reports show that most people die due to smoke and poisonous gases rather than the fire itself. Many people at night do not know that there was a fire."

Tags:fire, death, burns

Abstract
This study develops reliable data that fire safety and security management professionals can use in the development of models for smoke detector types and placement in high-bay hangar facilities. Two research questions are investigated in this paper and hypotheses are tested in relation to each research question. The research questions investigated were as follows:
1. What effect does bay height have on smoke detector sensitivity in a high-bay hangar?
2. What effect does the use of a draft curtain have on smoke detector sensitivity in a high-bay hangar?

Each of the hypotheses is supported by the analysis of the data. The results of the research performed for this study show that, as bay height increases (all other factors remaining equal), smoke detector sensitivity decreases. The results of the research performed for this study further show that smoke detector sensitivity is higher when draft curtains are in place than when draft curtains are not in place.
Based on these findings, the paper concludes that the use of draft curtains should be mandated in all high-bay hangars. It concludes, further, that means should be found to deploy smoke detectors at levels lower than ceiling height in bays higher than 15 meters.

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Purpose of the Study
Definitions of Terms
Overview of the Remainder of the Study
Review of Literature
Theoretical Framework
Waveform Analysis
Systems Theory
Related Research
Methodology
Research Design
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Variables and Operational Definitions
Data Collection Procedures
Data Analysis
Findings
Results of Testing hypothesis One
Results of Testing hypothesis Two
Summary and Conclusions
Summary of the Results
Conclusions
References

From the Paper
"A total of 33 full-scale fire experiments were conducted in two high-bay hangars. The two high-bay hangars were of different heights, thereby allowing the effects of height on smoke detector sensitivity to be measured and assessed. Draft curtains were used in some experiments but not in others. This approach allowed the effects of the use of draft curtains on smoke detector sensitivity to be measured and assessed. Varying fire sizes were used in the experiments."

Tags:noncombustible, Bayesian, statistics

From the Paper
"Gas chromatography is a method for the separation and analysis of complex mixtures of volatile organic and inorganic compounds (1:666). Most compounds with boiling points less than 250oC (480oF) can be analyzed using this technique. This paper will describe the apparatus used for gas chromatography, the principles on which it works, how a thermal conductivity detector works in gas chromatography, and whether or not it can be used with a sample of potassium t-butoxide.


General Principles of Gas Chromatography
There are two types of gas chromatography: gas-liquid chromatography, where the sorbent is a nonvolatile liquid called the stationary liquid phase, coated as a thin layer on an inert, granular solid support; and gas-solid chromatography, where the sorbent is a granular solid of large surface area (1:666). The..."

Abstract
The paper explores the research on fire safety technology that includes developments in smoke detectors and fire sprinklers. The paper finds that although technology is leading us to higher standards in fire safety, few of these advances have been economically democratized or fitted to meet the needs of the private residence. The paper further finds that while harsher legal restrictions would improve this imbalance, these are not necessarily enforced in an effective way today. The paper emphasizes the need for this technology to be made available to save lives and improve fire safety in the home.

From the Paper
"Chief among these newly developed regulatory demands would be the encompassing range of organizational steps to be taken in the name of fire prevention, fire safety and the minimization of human casualties resulting from fire in an occupational setting. This would help to set a template for the improvement of fire safety methods that would transcend occupational contexts and enter into the broader realm of residential and home fire safety. Indeed, among the standards for proper fire-safety administration that are given template here above, regulations exist requiring the adequate provision of sufficient fire exits, clear routes to said exits, the necessary degree of indoor ventilation, an organizational orientation toward fire action and evacuation plans, well maintained facilities and utilities, and ultimately, an ongoing focus on the operational care and procedural control needed to institute fire-preventative practices. Additionally, current standards require that business facilities retain such necessary fire-safety and prevention resources such as an alarm which permeates the entirety of the facility, a set of updated and operational fire-extinguishers for internal fire-fighting when deemed necessary and a proper demarcation of all fire-exits so that employees are able to easily determine the proper course for evacuation. These standards would all be based on the understanding that the methods both of fire detection and fire prevention are a necessary means to saving lives."

Tags:smoke, detectors, fire, sprinklers, extinguishers, exits

Abstract
This papers presents a brief review of the current state of safety in schools, beginning with statistics on the rate of crime in the U.S. school system. The paper then outlines the methods being implemented to ensure the safety of school kids, including metal detectors at all schools, less violence on TV, locker searches, and more. The writer then offers some specific examples of unsafe activity at schools and what was done to deal with it.

From the Paper
"The principal of the school did not hesitate in taking immediate disciplinary action, and without the benefit of a detailed investigation, promptly expelled the offending student. The incident at Smithson High is an interesting one since this particular school had gone to a great amount of expense and effort in installing state-of-the-art surveillance and security measures in order to prevent violence. Thus, the incident serves as a case study in the purported effectiveness of such measures in promoting school safety. Further, the Smithson case is also illustrative of the inadequacy of punitive measures in controlling and preventing violence in schools. For, it is unlikely, that disciplinary actions such as expulsion succeed in preventing violence from occurring in the future."

Tags:education, teacher, student, child, detector, metal, violence

Abstract
This paper explains that Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning is an advanced imaging technique that can differentiate between malignant lesions and benign lesions in almost every process in cancer diagnosis, staging and treatment because PET is more sensitive than CT scanning or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques. The author explains that for PET scanning, the patient is injected with positron emitting radionuclides and placed in a tube and surrounded by a ring of detectors; when one of these high-energy photon rays is detected, the source location can be determined and mapped by a specialized software package. The paper relates that, after radiation and surgery there is considerable damage to surrounding tissue; therefore, it is often difficult to distinguish living cancer cells from morphological changes caused by surgery or tissue death caused by radiation; however, because dead tissue and cancer cells have different glucose metabolism rates, they are easy to distinguish by PET imaging.

Table of Contents
Improving Outcomes for Radiation Therapy
How PET Scanning Works
Radiation Therapy
Using PET to Analyze the Effectiveness of Radiation Treatments

From the Paper
"Because PET scanning is based on glucose levels, it is important that these be controlled prior to the scan. Patients are usually told to fast for 4-6 hours prior to the test. However, they can drink water and take any medications that they are on. The goal is to get the base glucose level lower than 160 mg/dL before administering the FDG or other isotope. Patients with diabetes should continue their routine of eating small meals and taking their insulin. Then these small inconveniences, PET imaging is non-invasive and causes little discomfort to the patient."

Tags:differentiate, diagnosis, treatment, injected, glucose-metabolism

Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes the process of predicting tornadoes. The use of technologies such as Doppler radar and Optical Transient Detectors is discussed, as are meteorological indicators of tornado formation in supercell storms.

Abstract
This paper examines how the causes of school violence extend beyond gangs and gang membership, but how gangs are a significant contributing factor. It analyzes how gang members participate in violent acts at school and how the presence of gangs increases both the availability of weapons and the perceived need to seek the protection of a gang. It looks at the typically three different approaches that are used to manage the risk of school violence-- precaution, intervention and enforcement. Precaution includes taking steps to minimize the opportunity for violence such as metal detectors, intervention typically focuses on providing alternative activities for at-risk youths, such as after-school programs and extra-curricular activities and enforcement are those actions taken once an act of violence has occurred.

From the Paper
"Intervention typically focuses on providing alternative activities for at-risk youths, such as after-school programs and extra-curricular activities, and on crisis intervention for students who participate in violent (or pre-violent) acts. Effective intervention requires that school personnel and law enforcement work together to ensure that incidents are reported accurately and that opportunities for early intervention are not missed. However, some school officials note that while law enforcement has been generally helpful in areas such as how to conduct a search legally, there remains a lack of knowledge among school personnel about how to conduct such a search effectively (Zolkos, 1996, p. 3)."

Tags:violence, programs, precaution, intervention, enforcement

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion about the fire at MGM Grand Hotel, Las Vegas which broke out in 1980 and killed over 100 people. The writer discusses the cause of the fire as well as many aspects of the response from emergency management. It shows that, even after the fire, hotel management argued that two dollar smoke detectors in each hotel room was too much of an expense for the hotel to cover. The paper examines the changes made to the fire regulations after the tragedy that will hopefully save lives in the future.

From the Paper
"The MGM Fire has been recorded as the second worst hotel fire in the history of the nation. When all was aid and done almost 100 people were dead and many others injured. The MGM fire has been credited with opening the public's eyes to the fact that fire and smoke do kill people. When the fire occurred the Nevada Governor appointed a committee of fire prevention experts that included building inspectors, government officials and firefighters to examine the fire's causes and things that could have been done to minimize the damage and death that it caused(Koch, 2000).

One of the biggest issues that came to the public following the MGM Grand fire was the fact that it did not have a sprinkler system installed."

Tags:Nevada, Governor, sprinkler, systems, Burn, Care, arsonists