Abstract This paper explains that, since 9/11, countries with a high level of terrorism, such as Israel, use metal detectors, which were formerly used mainly in prisons, but are now used in airports and other public buildings. The author reports that there are three types of metal detectors in general use today, including walk-through, hand-held, and extended arm types. The paper relates that several newer technologies, such as back-scatter X-ray, millimeter wave analysis, and terahertz wave technology, are in various phases of development and deployment to supplement the basic equipment that has traditionally relied on magnetic induction fields and their interaction with electrically conductive and magnetically permeable materials.
From the Paper "Most metal detectors utilize an electromagnetic field generated by passing an electric current through a wire coil. In the case of walk-through metal detectors, the electromagnetic field is projected in the form of a wall between the borders formed by the equipment; hand-held devices project a circular field surrounding the length of the device. In the case of walk through detectors, subjects (and any potential targets) pass completely through the electromagnetic field, whereas hand-held devices are employed by passing them close enough to potential targets to come within the known dimensions of the magnetic field surrounding the device. Extended arm detectors function exactly the same as hand-held devices, except that their design allows them to be more easily deployed to bring their electromagnetic field closer to the ground for their specific use in detecting buried weapons or contraband."
Abstract This study develops reliable data that fire safety and security management professionals can use in the development of models for smoke detector types and placement in high-bay hangar facilities. Two research questions are investigated in this paper and hypotheses are tested in relation to each research question. The research questions investigated were as follows:
1. What effect does bay height have on smoke detector sensitivity in a high-bay hangar?
2. What effect does the use of a draft curtain have on smoke detector sensitivity in a high-bay hangar?
Each of the hypotheses is supported by the analysis of the data. The results of the research performed for this study show that, as bay height increases (all other factors remaining equal), smoke detector sensitivity decreases. The results of the research performed for this study further show that smoke detector sensitivity is higher when draft curtains are in place than when draft curtains are not in place.
Based on these findings, the paper concludes that the use of draft curtains should be mandated in all high-bay hangars. It concludes, further, that means should be found to deploy smoke detectors at levels lower than ceiling height in bays higher than 15 meters.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Purpose of the Study
Definitions of Terms
Overview of the Remainder of the Study
Review of Literature
Theoretical Framework
Waveform Analysis
Systems Theory
Related Research
Methodology
Research Design
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Variables and Operational Definitions
Data Collection Procedures
Data Analysis
Findings
Results of Testing hypothesis One
Results of Testing hypothesis Two
Summary and Conclusions
Summary of the Results
Conclusions
References
From the Paper "A total of 33 full-scale fire experiments were conducted in two high-bay hangars. The two high-bay hangars were of different heights, thereby allowing the effects of height on smoke detector sensitivity to be measured and assessed. Draft curtains were used in some experiments but not in others. This approach allowed the effects of the use of draft curtains on smoke detector sensitivity to be measured and assessed. Varying fire sizes were used in the experiments."
Abstract This papers presents a brief review of the current state of safety in schools, beginning with statistics on the rate of crime in the U.S. school system. The paper then outlines the methods being implemented to ensure the safety of school kids, including metal detectors at all schools, less violence on TV, locker searches, and more. The writer then offers some specific examples of unsafe activity at schools and what was done to deal with it.
From the Paper "The principal of the school did not hesitate in taking immediate disciplinary action, and without the benefit of a detailed investigation, promptly expelled the offending student. The incident at Smithson High is an interesting one since this particular school had gone to a great amount of expense and effort in installing state-of-the-art surveillance and security measures in order to prevent violence. Thus, the incident serves as a case study in the purported effectiveness of such measures in promoting school safety. Further, the Smithson case is also illustrative of the inadequacy of punitive measures in controlling and preventing violence in schools. For, it is unlikely, that disciplinary actions such as expulsion succeed in preventing violence from occurring in the future."
This paper is a thesis in which a signal level simulator in uplink is implemented according to the physical layer specification of the IMT-2000 WCDMA system.
Abstract This paper explains that the goal for the next generation of mobile communications system is to seamlessly integrate a wide variety of communication services such as high speed data, video and multimedia traffic as well as voice signals. The author reports that, for the analysis for this thesis, an analytical WCDMA system through the use of linear algebra techniques is utilized along with a simulation tool in Matlab, which was developed for this work. The paper demonstrates performance improvement due to processing gain, PN sequence, RAKE receiver, smart antenna and multiuser detection, which are compared with respective theories. The paper includes many tables, charts, illustrations, equations and all the source codes.
Table of Contents:
Introduction to WCDMA
Introduction
Applicable Techniques to Enhance System Performance
Spreading
Multipath Diversity
Multiuser Detection
Smart Antenna
Outline of This Thesis
Abbreviations
List of Symbols
Analytical WCDMA System Model
Introduction
CDMA System Model for the Uplink
Mobile Radio Channel Model
Discrete Time Base Band Uplink Model
Synchronous CDMA
Asynchronous CDMA
Single Path Model
Multipath Model
Multiple Antenna Model
Conclusion
Spreading in WCDMA
Introduction
Properties of PN Sequence
Spreading and Scrambling in the Uplink of WCDMA
Walsh-Hadamard Codes and Spreading
Gold Codes and Scrambing
Conclusion
RAKE Receiver and Multiuser Detection
Introduction
System Model
The RAKE Receiver
Multiuser Detection
Input Signal Modeling
Optimal Detection
Suboptimal Detection
Decorrelating Detector Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE)
Adaptive MMSE Algorithm-RLS Algorithm with Adaptive Memory
Conclusion
Smart Antenna in WCDMA
Types of Smart Antenna
Signal Modeling
Beamforming Schemes
Conventional Beamforming
Optimum Beamforming
Adaptive Beamforming
Conclusion
Simulation
System Setup
Channel
System Performance
Performance without RAKE Receiver and with RAKE Receiver
Performance of 1-D RAKE Receiver with EGC or Selection Combining
Performance of 1-D RAKE Receiver with Decorrelating Detector and MMSE
Performance with PN Sequence and Random Sequence
Performance with Processing Gain
Performance with Adaptive MUD- RLS Algorithm with Adaptive Memory
Performance with Smart Antenna
Conclusion
Conclusion
Summary of Research
Future Work
From the Paper "The despreaded sequence is forwarded to the multiuser detector unit. In this unit, performance enhancing signal processing such as beam forming, RAKE combining including channel estimation, antenna diversity combining, multiuser detection and error control decoding can be included. If perfect channel information is available, beam forming, RAKE and antenna diversity combining merely represent linear transformations to obtain a minimal set of sufficient statistics. From the fundamental digital communication theory, this is in fact equivalent to filtering matched to the received waveform in order to maximise the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)."
Tags: spreading, scrambling, gain, rake, detection
Abstract In the last decade, computed tomography (CT) has undergone major advances and the development of multi-slice computed tomography can be considered as revolutionary because it has not only enhanced diagnostic imaging capabilities, but also ensured better patient compliance and comfort. The paper explores the numerous advantages that multi-slice computed tomography offers, the current applications of multi-slice computed tomography, future trends and also attempts to determine if there are any drawbacks to this procedure. A table and a number of photographs are included after the bibliography.
From the Paper "The continuous evolution of computed tomography has seen many technological improvements, and multi-slice computed tomography is one such revolutionary development. It has numerous advantages like faster acquisition speed, reduced artifacts, reduced need for contrast, high resolution images etc. Although this imaging modality has some drawbacks like increased radiation exposure, and difficulty in reviewing, reporting and archiving data, the benefits clearly outweigh the disadvantages.
"The clinical applications of multi-slice computed tomography include the ability to detect small lung nodules, visualization of cranial vessels and aneurysms, cardiac imaging and virtual colonoscopy. The future trends in development will include functional and perfusion imaging, advanced image processing and computer-aided diagnosis programs. Problems like noise and excess radiation exposure is likely to be tackled effectively."
Abstract This paper discusses the importance of management control to the running of any business and examines how the process of control has changed with the introduction of the internet. Factors affecting effectiveness of management control, elements of the control system, key management control activities and the Internet's effect on management control systems are detailed.
From the Paper "Doing business is simply mathematics by other means ? all a question of keeping equations in balance on both sides. Labor must be balanced with capital. Resources with allocation. Customers with services or goods. Workers with rewards. The only way that such balances can be instituted and maintained is through a system of management control. At the heart of any well-run business operation is a sound theory of control and overall operating strategy. This paper looks at the importance of management control to the running of any business and examines how the process of control has changed with the introduction of the internet."
Abstract The paper reviews the disaster plan put out by Queens, N.Y. It shows that awareness about the importance of Community Disaster plans is on the rise and the American Red Cross and fire department are doing their best to educate the community of Queens, New York. The paper shows that what is important is that the disaster plan is practiced regularly and carried out as planned during times of emergency. It surmises that the disaster plan is very effective and covers nearly all issues helping to save more lives and property.
From the Paper "The Disaster Plan although very useful and helpful can be further improved upon by giving more importance and consideration to a few issues. The most important is working out a plan on how to help the disabled and handicapped members of the neighborhood. This also applies to elderly people who may have mobility problems. Although the above disaster plan applies to them, a few more points should be taken into consideration. The old and the disabled should provide a spare key to their house to any of the nearby neighbors. All emergency health supplies and necessary medicines should be kept within easy reach."
From the Paper "Introduction
Employee theft and dishonesty is estimated to cost companies and other employers as much as $220 billion per year (Jayne 47); because of this, employers have become increasingly concerned about the background of the people they hire, and the likelihood that individuals will steal from the company, engage in corporate espionage, or file false lawsuits against the company in order to reach a settlement. While the pre-employment interview can help uncover important information, including information about an applicant's qualifications for a job and how well the person might fit into the organization, it is difficult to determine whether a particular individual is honest during a 30 minute interview, or whether they are likely to engage in behavior which is harmful to the organization. As advances have been made in science and technology..."
From the Paper "Gas chromatography is a method for the separation and analysis of complex mixtures of volatile organic and inorganic compounds (1:666). Most compounds with boiling points less than 250oC (480oF) can be analyzed using this technique. This paper will describe the apparatus used for gas chromatography, the principles on which it works, how a thermal conductivity detector works in gas chromatography, and whether or not it can be used with a sample of potassium t-butoxide.
General Principles of Gas Chromatography
There are two types of gas chromatography: gas-liquid chromatography, where the sorbent is a nonvolatile liquid called the stationary liquid phase, coated as a thin layer on an inert, granular solid support; and gas-solid chromatography, where the sorbent is a granular solid of large surface area (1:666). The..."
Abstract This paper presents a discussion about the fire at MGM Grand Hotel, Las Vegas which broke out in 1980 and killed over 100 people. The writer discusses the cause of the fire as well as many aspects of the response from emergency management. It shows that, even after the fire, hotel management argued that two dollar smoke detectors in each hotel room was too much of an expense for the hotel to cover. The paper examines the changes made to the fire regulations after the tragedy that will hopefully save lives in the future.
From the Paper "The MGM Fire has been recorded as the second worst hotel fire in the history of the nation. When all was aid and done almost 100 people were dead and many others injured. The MGM fire has been credited with opening the public's eyes to the fact that fire and smoke do kill people. When the fire occurred the Nevada Governor appointed a committee of fire prevention experts that included building inspectors, government officials and firefighters to examine the fire's causes and things that could have been done to minimize the damage and death that it caused(Koch, 2000).
One of the biggest issues that came to the public following the MGM Grand fire was the fact that it did not have a sprinkler system installed."
Tags: Nevada, Governor, sprinkler, systems, Burn, Care, arsonists
Abstract This paper examines how the causes of school violence extend beyond gangs and gang membership, but how gangs are a significant contributing factor. It analyzes how gang members participate in violent acts at school and how the presence of gangs increases both the availability of weapons and the perceived need to seek the protection of a gang. It looks at the typically three different approaches that are used to manage the risk of school violence-- precaution, intervention and enforcement. Precaution includes taking steps to minimize the opportunity for violence such as metal detectors, intervention typically focuses on providing alternative activities for at-risk youths, such as after-school programs and extra-curricular activities and enforcement are those actions taken once an act of violence has occurred.
From the Paper "Intervention typically focuses on providing alternative activities for at-risk youths, such as after-school programs and extra-curricular activities, and on crisis intervention for students who participate in violent (or pre-violent) acts. Effective intervention requires that school personnel and law enforcement work together to ensure that incidents are reported accurately and that opportunities for early intervention are not missed. However, some school officials note that while law enforcement has been generally helpful in areas such as how to conduct a search legally, there remains a lack of knowledge among school personnel about how to conduct such a search effectively (Zolkos, 1996, p. 3)."
Abstract This paper examines and analyzes the process of predicting tornadoes. The use of technologies such as Doppler radar and Optical Transient Detectors is discussed, as are meteorological indicators of tornado formation in supercell storms.
Abstract Over the past ten years, many technology companies have succumbed to the economic conditions that have dictated their demise. InVision Technologies is a company that has risen to the occasion and silenced many of the pessimists and naysayers. This paper identifies InVision's strategic strengths and weaknesses based on an environmental "scan" analysis. The discussion also focuses on the core competencies of the organization and develops a Porter's "Five Forces" analysis for the organization. Finally, it discusses the strategic thinking of company CEO, Sergio Magistri.
From the Paper "Another strength that the company has is diversification. Diversification allows the company to spread out its profits over different industries, so that all of the company's eggs are not in one basket. The company operates in the security industry and the timber industry. InVision has found innovative ways to harvest timber and detect weapons and explosives. (Company Profile 2003) This innovation has guided the company to the top of the field and the company has virtually no competition in the field of explosives detections systems."
Abstract This paper examines how, in the United States, the accidental affliction of death caused by fires and burns occupies the fourth place. It attempts to show how smoke alarms are the chiefly efficient, initial cautioning device existing for the home and how they give precious time to run away from a fire. Generally, fires can propagate quickly through a home, and people may have as little as two minutes to run away following the alarm sounds. The possibility of dying in a housing fire is reduced to half when a functioning smoke alarm is available.
From the Paper "Though heat detectors are put into use for residential purposes from 1921, "the field tests have shown that they are not as efficient as smoke detectors in sensing fires in the home" and the Section 16, Chapter 3 of the NFPA Fire Protection Handbook asserts that genuine fire tests in suburban occupancies have shown that considerable amounts of smoke have come before the considerable amounts of heat in approximately all cases. Most of the residential fires belong to the slow burning flame type and the most important point is that they are not of the soaring heat building type. (Smoke Detectors in the Home: A Matter of Life & Death) Most of the serious home fire happens when the people are fast asleep at night. Reports show that most people die due to smoke and poisonous gases rather than the fire itself. Many people at night do not know that there was a fire."
This paper discusses the use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans to reduce the need for exploratory surgery and other invasive techniques and to target better radiation therapy in cancer patients.
Abstract This paper explains that Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning is an advanced imaging technique that can differentiate between malignant lesions and benign lesions in almost every process in cancer diagnosis, staging and treatment because PET is more sensitive than CT scanning or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques. The author explains that for PET scanning, the patient is injected with positron emitting radionuclides and placed in a tube and surrounded by a ring of detectors; when one of these high-energy photon rays is detected, the source location can be determined and mapped by a specialized software package. The paper relates that, after radiation and surgery there is considerable damage to surrounding tissue; therefore, it is often difficult to distinguish living cancer cells from morphological changes caused by surgery or tissue death caused by radiation; however, because dead tissue and cancer cells have different glucose metabolism rates, they are easy to distinguish by PET imaging.
Table of Contents
Improving Outcomes for Radiation Therapy
How PET Scanning Works
Radiation Therapy
Using PET to Analyze the Effectiveness of Radiation Treatments
From the Paper "Because PET scanning is based on glucose levels, it is important that these be controlled prior to the scan. Patients are usually told to fast for 4-6 hours prior to the test. However, they can drink water and take any medications that they are on. The goal is to get the base glucose level lower than 160 mg/dL before administering the FDG or other isotope. Patients with diabetes should continue their routine of eating small meals and taking their insulin. Then these small inconveniences, PET imaging is non-invasive and causes little discomfort to the patient."
