Abstract
This paper explains that Leonard Peltier is a man who is currently serving two life sentences. Peltier was convicted of the murder of two FBI agents, but has repeatedly asked for parole and been rejected. The author points out that Peltier, who is Native American, insists that his heritage, his anger, and his protest against the white American government are what have caused him to receive two life sentences. The paper concludes that had Peltier only been convicted of this Wounded Knee standoff crime, it could be conceivable that he would have a valid point when it comes to his continued detainment; but he has been convicted of other violent crimes before the murders at Wounded Knee. Therefore, he is not a political prisoner, but rather a common criminal.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Background of the Issue
Argument
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The ballistics evidence presented by the government was that Peltier was the only one who was using the type of gun that fired the type of bullets located in the car of the FBI agent. Whether or not he was using that gun has come under fire many times in the past three decades. Peltier and his attorneys continue to argue that he was there, he was involved but he did not pull the trigger of the gun that murdered the two agents. While he accepts some culpability for being involved in the standoff he objects to being convicted of murder, and even more so to spending two life sentences behind bars for a murder he believes he did not commit. As the appeals process was used his attorneys pointed to other cases in which the convict was at the scene but did not pull the trigger. They insist that in those cases the convicts did not have to wait so long for a parole hearing. According to his legal team and those who support his cause, Peltier is not being held this long because he killed someone, he is being held this long to be used as an example to what will happen to others who dare to buck the system of the United States government."

Tags:ballistics, criminal, parole, anger, detainment

Abstract
An examination on how human rights are violated in Russian prisons from the time of interrogation, to pre-trial detainment, to the time of post-trial detainment. Problems include devastating overcrowding, rampant spread of diseases, lack of medical treatment, lack of adequate nutrition and exercise and horrible physical abuse.

From the Paper
"Although Russia had made noticeable progress in human rights over the past few years, it must do more to improve prison conditions. Human rights are violated from the time of interrogation, to pre-trial detainment, to the time of post-trial detainment. The immense size of the Russian prison population and the lack of adequate funding from the Russian government lead to all sorts of horrible conditions in prisons. Devastating overcrowding, rampant spread of diseases, lack of medical treatment, lack of adequate nutrition and exercise, and horrible physical abuse are just some of the problems that the Russian government needs to work on."

Tags:abuse, brutality, guard, health, police, prisoner, problems, rights

Abstract
This paper discusses contemporary ethical issues in the criminal justice system; from the municipal levels all the way up through the courts and the corrections system. The paper discusses how sometimes it is necessary to have intervention of the court in order to ensure that these ethical issues are addressed and that the civil rights of the public are not compromised.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice Ethics
Areas of Ethical Concerns
Events Affecting Criminal Justice System
Admissible Confessions After Periods of Detainment
McNabb-Mallory Rule
Indigent Defense
Flawed Defense System
Indigent Defense System Reform
Prosecutorial Misconduct
The Duke Lacrosse Team Case
Significance of Events
Impact of Improvements to the Indigent Defense System
Impact of Prosecutorial Misconduct
Future of the Criminal Justice System
Technology in Criminal Justice
Other Changes in the Criminal Justice Field
Civilian Oversight of Police Departments
Conclusion

From the Paper
"All levels of the criminal justice system encounter difficult moral and ethical issues on a daily basis. Previous court decisions have set forth safeguards and guidelines determining what are considered ethical behavior. Additional question regarding the ethical behavior of criminal justice employees will continue to be an issue as technological advancements continued to be used in the profession for example. The safeguards that have been previously determined by the court system will continue to shape the ethical behavior by the criminal justice professionals that work within. Without these safeguards, criminal justice professionals would be able be free to engage in any behavior they wished to without the regard of ethics thus placing the public is at risk for being on the receipt of misconduct."

Tags:defense misconduct, civil rights

Abstract
Factors that lead to racial profiling. Law enforcement profiling of African Americans. Profiling of Middle Eastern, Muslim and Arab students in U.S. Colleges since 9/11. Security concerns since attack on U.S. Arab-Americans and Muslim students protest of FBI targeting them for questioning and detainment. Potential political and social significance.

From the Paper
"Racial Profiling and Muslim Students in the U.S.

The issue to be analyzed herein centers on the process of how a social problem emerges and becomes a part of the social agenda in a country. The specific problem to be considered is the recent profiling and interviewing of Middle Eastern students living and studying in the United States.

Racial profiling had typically been understood in the United States as centered upon law enforcement apprehension of African-Americans in general and African-Americans in particular. Kenneth Meeks (2000), in an analysis of racial profiling that targeted African-Americans, argued that at the heart of racial profiling were the vestiges of institutional racism and deeply entrenched social perceptions of African-American males as more likely than others to be criminal or to ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses and evaluates the effects of pre-adjudication restraint on deterrence and recidivism.

Tags:bail, detention, incarceration, offender, preventive, probation

Abstract
This paper examines how institutionalization has historically been the juvenile justice system's primary reaction to at-risk girls. The majority of female juvenile delinquents committed less serious offenses, such as running away and truancy. It discusses how the juvenile justice system concentrated on detaining and committing these status offenders instead of examining what caused their problems and providing community-based services to effectively address them. It points out that young girls are more likely than boys to be incarcerated for status and minor offenses, such as truancy, running away, curfew violations, and petty theft, although the number of detained cases involving girls is growing at a slower rate than the number of court referrals involving girls.

From the Paper
"According to Chesney-Lind & Shelden (1992), young women may be acting out as a means of self-protection in response to life-threatening conditions in many cases. Female juvenile delinquency has been reportedly caused by family problems to include sexual and/or physical abuse in the home. A large majority of female juvenile offenders report that their first arrest was for running away from home to avoid physical and sexual abuse. According to Bergsmann (1994), commitment is still a frequently used solution in today's society when no alternatives are available within the community to assist young women in crisis situations. Many programs designed to address the special needs of female delinquents remain inadequate in most states."

Tags:criminal, law, procedure

Abstract
The paper discusses how since the attacks on 9-11 in 2001, the United States has detained a number of terrorist suspects at the base at Guantanamo in Cuba, now known as Gitmo for short. The paper explains that the rationale for such detention was multiple, first in order to detain and interrogate those suspected of terrorist activities, including those captured on the battlefield in Afghanistan and later Iraq; thus to protect the homeland from further attacks and soldiers on the battlefield from having to face these same detainees again; and also to house these suspects outside of the borders of America in order to avoid having to give them the civil rights they would be able to demand otherwise and so to avoid giving them a civilian trial.

From the Paper
"Since the attacks on 9-11 in 2001, the United States has detained a number of terrorist suspects at the base at Guantanamo in Cuba, now known as Gitmo for short. The rationale for such detention was multiple, first in order to detain and interrogate those suspected of terrorist activities, including those captured on the battlefield in Afghanistan and later Iraq; thus to protect the homeland from further attacks and soldiers on the battlefield from having to face these same detainees again; and also to house these suspects outside of the borders of America in order to avoid having to give them the civil rights they would be able to demand otherwise and so to avoid giving them a civilian trial. As it happens,..."

Tags:guantanamo, human, rights

Abstract
The paper discusses the contention surrounding the issue of detaining suspected terrorists and/or those who would do America harm. The paper describes how those suspected of terrorism or planning a terrorist attack are detained at Guantanamo Bay, a United States Naval facility in Cuba. The paper explains that many of these detainees were considered enemy combatants, who can be held indefinitely, and therefore were not eligible for due process as other individuals who are arrested for a crime.

From the Paper
"Since the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, the issue of detaining suspected terrorists and/or those who would do America harm has been a source of contention. Those suspected of terrorism or planning a..."

Tags:guantanamo, detainees, rights

Abstract
The paper shows that since September 11, Americans have developed a deeper racist attitude towards anyone who looks Middle Eastern, with more than 1200 people being detained without charge. The paper discusses the issues of Orientalism, stereotyping, discriminatory policies, and the question of Muslim-American's loyalty to their country.

From the Paper
"The dangerous connection of popular stereotypes and official policy is possibly the greatest anxiety of the Arab and Muslim communities in America. Without concession for a moment the plague of terrorism or security needs of our society, our constituencies have been alarmed by contrasting treatment they have received by government agencies in the name of counter terrorism. In several cases, programs and policies targeting Arab communities in the effort to monitor terrorist activity have them contributed to deepening the association and create negative bias in the community's eye. The scuttle to judgment in Oklahoma City or the anti-Arab backlash when a crisis occurs in the Middle East brings to light the consequence of these associations."

Tags:FBI, Justice, Department, Islamic, FAIR, 911

Abstract
The paper shows that most tuberculosis sufferers are homeless or substance abusers and by not complying with medical protocols on TB treatment, they are endangering the general public. The paper questions the right of the State to detain these people by force in an attempt to protect the public, and further outlines a research proposal designed to determine how medical professionals could better work with patients to produce a higher level of compliance with medical protocols for the treatment of tuberculosis.

From the Paper
"People often have very good reasons for being non-compliant, and in fact their non-compliance often results from the failure of medical staff to be empathetic towards their problems. One reason, for example, that people fail to comply with drug protocols is due to side effects. Medical staff who do not adequately explain the severity of possible side effects, who do not express concern for the patient's experience with these side effects, and who do not treat these side effects as effectively and vigorously as possible are themselves contributing to non-compliance in those patients. This is clearly part of the process of treatment in which nurse's behavior can be changed and the effects of these changes studied."

Tags:MDR-TB, antibiotic, resistant, health, professionals