Abstract
This paper examines how institutionalization has historically been the juvenile justice system's primary reaction to at-risk girls. The majority of female juvenile delinquents committed less serious offenses, such as running away and truancy. It discusses how the juvenile justice system concentrated on detaining and committing these status offenders instead of examining what caused their problems and providing community-based services to effectively address them. It points out that young girls are more likely than boys to be incarcerated for status and minor offenses, such as truancy, running away, curfew violations, and petty theft, although the number of detained cases involving girls is growing at a slower rate than the number of court referrals involving girls.

From the Paper
"According to Chesney-Lind & Shelden (1992), young women may be acting out as a means of self-protection in response to life-threatening conditions in many cases. Female juvenile delinquency has been reportedly caused by family problems to include sexual and/or physical abuse in the home. A large majority of female juvenile offenders report that their first arrest was for running away from home to avoid physical and sexual abuse. According to Bergsmann (1994), commitment is still a frequently used solution in today's society when no alternatives are available within the community to assist young women in crisis situations. Many programs designed to address the special needs of female delinquents remain inadequate in most states."

Tags:criminal, law, procedure

Abstract
The paper discusses how since the attacks on 9-11 in 2001, the United States has detained a number of terrorist suspects at the base at Guantanamo in Cuba, now known as Gitmo for short. The paper explains that the rationale for such detention was multiple, first in order to detain and interrogate those suspected of terrorist activities, including those captured on the battlefield in Afghanistan and later Iraq; thus to protect the homeland from further attacks and soldiers on the battlefield from having to face these same detainees again; and also to house these suspects outside of the borders of America in order to avoid having to give them the civil rights they would be able to demand otherwise and so to avoid giving them a civilian trial.

From the Paper
"Since the attacks on 9-11 in 2001, the United States has detained a number of terrorist suspects at the base at Guantanamo in Cuba, now known as Gitmo for short. The rationale for such detention was multiple, first in order to detain and interrogate those suspected of terrorist activities, including those captured on the battlefield in Afghanistan and later Iraq; thus to protect the homeland from further attacks and soldiers on the battlefield from having to face these same detainees again; and also to house these suspects outside of the borders of America in order to avoid having to give them the civil rights they would be able to demand otherwise and so to avoid giving them a civilian trial. As it happens,..."

Tags:guantanamo, human, rights

Abstract
The paper discusses the contention surrounding the issue of detaining suspected terrorists and/or those who would do America harm. The paper describes how those suspected of terrorism or planning a terrorist attack are detained at Guantanamo Bay, a United States Naval facility in Cuba. The paper explains that many of these detainees were considered enemy combatants, who can be held indefinitely, and therefore were not eligible for due process as other individuals who are arrested for a crime.

From the Paper
"Since the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, the issue of detaining suspected terrorists and/or those who would do America harm has been a source of contention. Those suspected of terrorism or planning a..."

Tags:guantanamo, detainees, rights

Abstract
This paper discusses the influences in the lives of adolescents that have a direct impact on how they behave, how they see the world and how they interact within their home, school and community environments. It goes on to discuss which influences have the most dramatic effect on adolescents and discusses possible reasons why this is so. The paper analyzes various articles that examine this subject.

Table of Contents:
Violent Video games
Peer Group Influences (Aggressive Behaviors)
Peer Group Influences (Gifted Students)
Peer Group Influences (Smoking)
The Timing Of Puberty (As An Influence)
Genetic & Environmental Influences
Parenting Influences (On Adolescent Alcohol Use And Impulsive Behaviors)
Family Influences On Detained Adolescents (With Sexually Transmitted Diseases)
Maternal Depression May Produce Adolescent Behavior Problems
Parent-Child Conflict Influences Adolescent Behavior (In Negative Ways)
Risky Parental Behavior (And Adolescent Sexual Activity)
Family Planning Clinics And Adolescents
Boys' Beliefs About Delinquent Behavior
Heterosexual Risk Behavior (Among Urban Adolescents)
Peer Pressure To Be Thin Leads To Suicide
The Influence Of The Internet On Adolescents

From the Paper
"The article continues, indicating that "high levels of conflict and low emotional attachment between parents and children have been associated" with an indifference on the part of adolescents for the "emotional well being of others." What is negative in the home is then transferred to others in school and the community, who often don't understand the origins of the bad behavior. During the developmental period, it is no secret that adolescents spend more time with their peers than their parents. Hence, the acceptability of delinquency becomes easy for adolescents because there is ample time for a process called "deviancy training," Pardini explains. Discussions about rule-breaking are held on a "regular basis," and the validity of these peer conversations is sealed through "shared laughter." The deviancy training is the same thing as what used to be called "bull sessions." Meantime, the beliefs that are learned during deviancy training become more and more at odds with family and parental values."

Tags:emotional, teenage, peer, delinquent

Abstract
The paper argues that military tribunals are necessary and perfectly acceptable in post-9/11 America because there are constitutional and legislative precedents which allow for them. The paper asserts that as long as the President follows basic international laws vis-a-vis the treatment of prisoners who are detained and brought before American military tribunals, he is under no obligation to grant them the same constitutional rights and protections American citizens would enjoy in a civilian court-room.

From the Paper
"Of course, critics of the existing military tribunals are legion - not least of all because the tribunals have in place laws that seem diametrically opposed to the procedural (even substantive) laws that have under-girded Anglo-American law for centuries. When the Bush Administration first set forth its guidelines for military tribunals near the end of 2001, the public outcry was considerable for the simple reason that the new measures seemed remarkably free of any rules at all. For instance, the Bush policy precluded any review of tribunal decisions by an independent court; as well, the rules of evidence were such that any material submitted for the tribunal's consideration was admissible just so long as it had "probative value to a reasonable person" (Knowland, para.8). Going further, convictions and sentencing required only a two-thirds vote and not unanimity."

Tags:international, law, detainees, prisoners, Bush, Administration

Abstract
The paper analyzes the practice by law enforcement officials known as racial profiling, where individuals are routinely detained based on skin color as opposed to a just cause. The paper provides the argument of law enforcement that profiling is effective but also includes the arguments of opponents of racial profiling.

From the Paper
"One of the most controversial law enforcements techniques is known as racial profiling. Racial profiling is defined as any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry or place of origin rather than on reasonable suspicion to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment."

Tags:terrorism, Middle-Easterners, African Americans, prejudice, racism, abuse, justice, public administration, legal system

Abstract
This paper examines "Romeo and Juliet", written by William Shakespeare, which is set in Verona Italy, where two feuding families, the Montagues and the Capulets, produce a pair of "star-crossed lovers". It looks at how within the play there are five events that drastically change the course of Romeo and Juliet's love: Romeo and Juliet's meeting; their marriage; the death of Tybalt and Romeo's banishment; Friar John being detained with the letter allowing Balthasar to inform Romeo of Juliet's death; and Romeo killing himself before Juliet awakens. It attempts to show how these events could be classified as the direct results of a character's action, an act of fate, or a combination of both.

From the Paper
"Romeo and Juliet's first meeting is completely due to fate. Their families hate for one another would have made it impossible for them ever to meet unless there was another force at work. Romeo was originally infatuated with Rosaline, a woman who did not belong to either the Capulet or Montague family, and who would have nothing to do with Romeo. If the Serving Man of the Capulets had not approached Romeo to read the list of guests he was to ask to the party, Romeo would never have been aware that Rosaline was invited, which is the reason that induced him to enter the home of his enemy. This string of events and coincidences could not occur in a situation without fate, which sets up the rest of the play around the delicate relationship of Romeo and Juliet that under normal circumstances would not exist."

Tags:friar, john, montagues, capulets, tybalt

Abstract
The paper shows that since September 11, Americans have developed a deeper racist attitude towards anyone who looks Middle Eastern, with more than 1200 people being detained without charge. The paper discusses the issues of Orientalism, stereotyping, discriminatory policies, and the question of Muslim-American's loyalty to their country.

From the Paper
"The dangerous connection of popular stereotypes and official policy is possibly the greatest anxiety of the Arab and Muslim communities in America. Without concession for a moment the plague of terrorism or security needs of our society, our constituencies have been alarmed by contrasting treatment they have received by government agencies in the name of counter terrorism. In several cases, programs and policies targeting Arab communities in the effort to monitor terrorist activity have them contributed to deepening the association and create negative bias in the community's eye. The scuttle to judgment in Oklahoma City or the anti-Arab backlash when a crisis occurs in the Middle East brings to light the consequence of these associations."

Tags:FBI, Justice, Department, Islamic, FAIR, 911

Abstract
This paper examines the arguments for and against the detention of a young offender. The case in question is one in which a 12 year old male was detained on the following charges: attempted sexual assault of a minor; aggravated assault: minor in possession of an alcoholic beverage; and unlawful possession of a controlled substance, marijuana. The author tells us that the juvenile was caught in the act of sexually assaulting a 14 year old female acquaintance by the victim's 16 year old brother, who had arrived home and observed the act. The 12 year old suspect had also beaten the victim with the heel of a shoe. The juvenile was arrested and charged with aggravated sexual assault of a child and aggravated assault and possession of a controlled substance. The paper describes the background of the defender and, the circumstances under which he lives. The author describes all of the laws that apply to juvenile defenders. In conclusion, the author points out that a case like this is presented by both sides and, taking the laws and jurisdictions into consideration, the case would then be decided.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Argument in favor of taking the delinquent into custody.
Argument for the release of the delinquent
Final decision

From the Paper
"Another point that can be given in favor of this case is that the court first thoroughly studies the case and only then gives its final decision. Thus, if the court feels that it is not safe for the child to remain at home then it places the juvenile in a foster home or any out-of-home placement. It is the juvenile court's responsibility to rehabilitate the minor when he poses a danger to the common public and hence the court has the right to take any protective measures. As one of the articles says "once juvenile court has jurisdiction over a delinquent minor, its jurisdiction may be extended until the youth's 21st birthday, or, in a small number of cases, until age 23" (Protecting the Welfare of Minors, p.1)."

Tags:age, law, criminals, young, guradian, social, services, probation, attorney

Abstract
This paper explains that the ICJ Camp X-Ray case regards the status of detainees at Camp X-Ray and their treatment. The author points out that the case involves Saudi Arabia v. U.S. regarding non-Americans captured by the United States Government (USG) during the conflict in Afghanistan and detained at USG naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The paper reports the reasons for the ICJ's rejection of the argument of Saudi Arabia.

From the Paper
"This opinion sets forth the judgment of the International Court of Justice ICJ in the Camp X-Ray case, Saudi Arabia v U.S. regarding the status and treatment of non-Americans captured by the United States Government USG during the recent conflict ..."

Tags:Guantanamo Bay, International Court, Saudi Arabia