Abstract
This paper contains information about the construction and parts of a common laser. The paper also provides a detailed description of how the laser works and discusses some of the dangers and negative aspects of lasers. The paper also covers the different uses of the laser such as leisure use, business use, and home use. Lastly, future possibilities for the laser and how it can still benefit society with uses not yet explored are discussed.

From the Paper
" Lasers are high intensity beams of light emitted from a unit consisting of a flash bulb, a ruby, and opposing mirrors. Theodore Maiman first introduced these extremely strong light beams to the world in 1960. The beam emitted by the laser is very intense and can be damaging or harmful. Although harmful, lasers are also very useful tools for a wide array of tasks. Lasers are used for everything from eye surgery to leveling a ceiling. Lasers are an innovation that has withstood the test of time with people finding new and creative uses for this spectacular invention."

Tags:beam, maiman, theodore, uses

Abstract
The author analyzes Boll's depiction of relationships, both familial and religious as contributors to the management of one's life.

From the Paper
"Several of the motifs that preoccupy Heinrich Boll's earlier works and, presumably, much of his emotional investment, are rekindled in The Clown, published in 1963. The nature of the family structure, Catholicism, and learning how to live in a modern post-war world are all thematically revisited, but in less abstract and more definitive terms than previously. Familial relationships and religious relationships are both important aspects of the novel, but it is the way in which these contribute, or fail to contribute, to one central human task that is preeminent - - the task of learning how to function in life."

Tags:management, function, responsibility, relationships, family

Abstract
This paper analyzes Edward Erickson's 2003 book, "Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans". The paper discusses specific reasons for the defeat of the Ottoman Empire. It also discusses Erickson's credentials and the methodology used in the book.

Tags:Ottoman, Balkans, Erickson, Defeat, Detail, Army

Abstract
This paper examines the marketing practices of Dell Computers Inc. Dell Computers Inc. is a for-profit manufacturer of personal computers. This paper details the history of the company, which made its name in the PC industry by offering a unique custom configuration of personal computers and portables. This writer of this paper focuses on the pricing, product placement and promotion of Dell's various computer related products. This paper also discusses the Dell "Build-to-Order" strategy which proved successful in marketing as well as an overall strategy in supply chains across the country. This paper details how Dell has not only cornered the personal computing home office market but also the manner in which it derives a substantial amount of its revenue from its small business clients.

Table of Contents:
The Product-What is Dell?
Pricing
Placement
Promotion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Dell Computers is a for-profit manufacturer of personal computers. Early on in its corporate history, Dell Computers made its name in the PC industry by offering a unique custom configuration of personal computers and portables. Thus, Dell made its mark by developing distinctive competencies in the then still-evolving PC market of the 1980's. The then, small, Texas based firm resolved to show to the world that Dell Computers was not simply technologically astute-in fact, the company placed a rather low priority upon this aspect of Dell in its marketing, pricing, promotions, and placement in the PC market. The company did not emphasize that Dell was on the cutting edge of every new technical development. Rather, the Dell Company stressed that the company had sound knowledge of how to manufacture, design, and market its products or services effectively in a way to keep costs low for the average consumer or small business."

Tags:business, marketing, applied, business, operations, advertising, pc, computer, industry

Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes two particular works from American naturalist writer Jack London who focuses on the weakness, vulnerability and impermanence of human beings, juxtaposed against the strength, power and permanence of nature. This paper details the author's use of nature in his short stories, "The Law of Life" and "To Build a Fire." This paper details the common threads in both stories which include the laws and cycles of nature, the power of nature and human beings' fundamental vulnerability to nature's strength and permanence. This paper describes how in both works of writing, London creates nature, in particular the Arctic cold and snow, as a sort of character in and of itself, with which human beings are forced to interact, based on their being forced to respect nature's own power. This paper also contains various portions of text from both works of writing.

From the Paper
"Within "To build a Fire", then London implies that an animal's instincts, unimpeded by the prideful stubbornness of humans, are superior to those of humans. Animals, for instance, know that they cannot control nature; therefore, they respect it. Humans, on the other hand, having learned to control a great deal of their natural environment and have, therefore lost their fear of all natural environments. Animals like the husky of this story wisely and instinctively respect the power, mystery, and fickleness of nature; people such as the hiker sometimes do not, to their detriment. Because humans adapt to environments, the man attempting in vain to build a fire believes he can adapt himself even to this one, that he will be, somehow, invincible against the freezing temperature."

Tags:literature, nature, analysis, comparison

Abstract
This paper details the birth of the European Union, or EU, as an intergovernmental organization of European countries, considered the most powerful regional organization at present. The chief activity of the EU covers the establishment and administration of a common single market, which consists of a customs union, a single currency called the Euro, a common agricultural policy and a common fisheries policy. The writer of this paper delves into the economies of both Spain and Portugal while discussing the impact of the Euro on both of these countries. Portugal's economy is based on traditional industries, including textiles, clothing, footwear, cork and wood products, beverage, porcelain and earthenware, glass and glassware. This paper details Portugal's inclusion into the EU as well as its impressive showing in Europe's automotive sector and services, particularly tourism, which has played a significant role in reviving this once depressed economy. After joining the EU, the Spanish government continued with its programs of liberalization, privatization and deregulation of the economy as well as tax reforms. Following its membership in the EU in 1986, Spain experienced strong economic growth and trade expansion, which are clearly described in this paper. This paper also contains relevant statistics and data regarding both countries' economies before and after inclusion into the European Union.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Changes in General Performance and Structural Economy
Portugal
Spain
Impact of the Euro on Portugal and Spain
Expectations
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Poverty reduction is a major goal in Portuguese cooperation, which has yet to be sufficiently addressed. In tackling this goal, Portugal places top priority to education and health. Unfortunately, these allocations do not strictly target the poor and there has not been a focus on prominent sector-wide approaches. As to debt actions, Portugal has made higher payments at $126 million in 1999, which was 35% of the total ODA gross disbursements. The DAC average was only 4%. Most of its actions come from defaults on state guaranteed private export credits and loans. Its ICP's strategic role in coordination likewise remains insufficient in minimizing overlaps of aid programmes by the different ministries and other agencies. Operating tools and useful guidelines still have to be developed and evaluations undertaken in a comprehensive and effective way."

Tags:eu, european, union, economy, europe, growth, finance

Abstract
This paper examines how Karl Jacoby's book "Crimes Against Nature", paints a picture of an undetermined and inadequate governmental stance on conservation and details the direct and indirect effects these blunders caused. It looks at how the book details the state and federal government conservationist policies spanning the late 1800s and early 1900s that eventually set the tone for the widespread changes that would occur in the mid 1900s.

From the Paper
"Jacoby is also quite critical of the federal government to conserve natural resources and oversee wild areas. Federal conservationist policies in Yellowstone National Park and the Grand Canyon seriously curtailed the rights of the Indian population, countering treaties that specifically stated these rights. The 1872 proclamation setting aside Yellowstone National Park caused the relocation of many Indian tribes, in what was described as, "rearranging the countryside, in which native peoples and nature were slotted into distinct categories and separated from one another." (87). However, instead of eliminating any future contact with the Indians, reservations were placed within close proximity to the park, and the rationing system in place was often inadequate, leaving the Indians with no choice but hunt for food. "

Tags:deforestation, destruction, conservation, pollution

Abstract
This paper is an in-depth analysis and examination of the contribution that William Shakespeare made to the literary world. The author details Shakespeare's mysterious life, including speculation as to who he may have really been. The paper covers the many different themes covered in his many plays including ambition, cruelty, justice, reconciliation, madness, betrayal and destiny that were found in Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet and Julius Caesar. The author finds that Shakespeare also used his plays to comment on political events such as in Julius Caesar, Comedy of Errors and Henry VIII. Throughout the paper the author details his masterful understanding of the human character and unparalleled mastery of the English language, a rich imagination and commentary on life in the early 18th century. Shakespeare also wrote over 150 sonnets and there is some speculation that they may have been autobiographical, but once again the author finds that there is no proof.

From the Paper
"How is Shakespeare viewed by great figures of the theater? Shakespeare is the greatest discernible influence in the work of Orson Wells (Gottlieb 2000). a theatrical and cinematic director, actor, entrepreneur, public figure, and educational and political activist. Wells describes Shakespeare as embodying the fulfillment of almost utopian personal and sociopolitical desires, a figure of considerable stature, power and popularity, a truly great one who bridges the worlds of critical and commercial success. Shakespeare, in Wells' mind, merges individual imagination and artistic independence with tradition and social responsibility, and emphasizes that he has that unparalleled capacity "to entertain, educate, transport and ultimately unify divergent audiences, high and low." (Gottlieb)"

Tags:king, england, stratford, nature, human, language, english, prose, verse, understanding, imagination, plays, sonnets, romance, tragedy, political, theater, autobiographical, love, hate, lust, universiality, hamlet, macbeth, lear, henry, vengeance, visions, caesar, themes, comedy, error

Abstract
The writer of this paper defines absenteeism as the frequent absence from work or other duty without good reason. This case study details the effects of nurse absenteeism and the subsequent resulting errors in the dispensing of medications due to the lack of qualified nurses on the premises. The writer stresses the importance of this specific topic as it has a direct impact on the level of care provided to patients, the quality of the hospital and the reputation of the medical community. This case study examines the nursing staff in the oncology care unit at the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System. The writer of this paper details how the data and information for this particular study was collected as well as the actual results.

Table of Contents:
Chapter I: Definition of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Problem Statement
Research Questions
Terminology
Assumptions
Limitations of the Study
Chapter II: Review of the Literature
Outline of Literature Review
Chapter III: Research Methodology
Hypothesis
Population & Instrumentation
Data Collection Methods
Data Analysis Methods
Summary
References

From the Paper
"The effects of nurse absenteeism on patient outcome and general healthcare quality is a topic of much concern within the medical community. This topic is of the utmost importance to the field of hospital care because it has a direct effect on the level of care provided to patients, the quality of the hospital, and the reputation of the medical community. Because so much attention has been given to this particular correlation, one more study on this relationship might seem, at this point, rather superfluous. The degree of individual focus which this study requires, however, introduce the possibility that the study's findings could have tremendous impact on an individual level. Specific strategies that are found to be harmful or beneficial in one specific oncologic specialty unit could be applied elsewhere to improve the quality of medication and inpatient care in general."

Tags:health, care, medical, medication, risk, absenteeism, study, proposal, research

Abstract
This well-researched, two-part paper examines the cause, effect and treatment of self-reported pain in patients of varying ethnicities and cultures. When healthcare providers are faced with patients who are experiencing pain, there may be a number of confounding factors that serve to constrain developing an effective treatment modality, including the clinician's own cultural bias, prejudice or ignorance. This in-depth research paper identifies the cultural factors that play a role in influencing healthcare providers' decisions to medicate patients based on their ethnicity. The writer of this paper also details which, if any, cultural influences within the patients themselves may serve to constrain their ability to adequately communicate their respective levels of pain in self-reports. This paper details the various focus groups and clinical studies and their results which provide a framework for clinicians to better understand the treatment of pain based on the race and ethnicity of the patient.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Part One: Development of a Pain Assessment Tool Relevant to Clinical Background.
Epidemiology of Pain
Ecological Perspective
Developmental/Temporal Perspective
Epidemiology Measures
General Pain Assessment Tool Considerations
Part Two: Application of Assessment Tool
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Although pain is a virtually universal phenomenon, it is also a highly subjective experience that is characterized by a wide range of epidemiological considerations that will vary according to the individual, of course, but the cultural setting within which the pain management experience takes place as well. In the increasingly multicultural society that characterizes the United Kingdom today, clinicians are hard-pressed to understand the complex relationship of how organic processes interrelate with cultural factors that may be unapparent or unknown to them. Furthermore, compounding the problem of developing an effective pain assessment tool that can be used across-the-board is the fact that occupational, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and possibly geographic, cultural, and cohort differences, as well as differences in lifestyle risk factors such as smoking may be so powerful for pain management purposes that the influences of other factors such as age and gender are difficult to identify."

Tags:health, culture, treatment, minority, study, ethnic, race