Abstract
The paper relates that Hookah Designs is a competitor in the tobacco industry, and the tobacco industry is a $488b industry globally and a $77b industry in the United States (US). The paper explains that a hookah is a tobacco smoking device with an Arabic origin that is used to smoke, most often, fruit flavored tobaccos. The paper describes how Hookah Designs intends to sell and market its line of hookahs and hookah accessories to the approximately 11 Chicago area hookah lounges. Additionally, the paper relates that the company intends to develop a strong demand for its hookah products among the individual consumer as well. The paper outlines a marketing strategy that is based on a direct marketing campaign consisting of sales representatives delivering company brochures, direct mailing targeting individual consumers, and various newspaper advertising efforts.

From the Paper
"Hookah Designs is a competitor in the tobacco industry. The tobacco industry is a $488b industry globally and a $77b industry in the United States (US). A hookah is a tobacco smoking device with an Arabic origin that is used to smoke, most often, fruit flavored tobaccos. It typically consists of a tall cylindrical body filled with water and with a bowl attached to hold the tobacco. The hookah normally has one or two hoses with mouthpieces for the consumer to smoke through although they come in a variety of sizes and types with up to 12 or more hoses attached."

Tags:hookah, designs, tobacco

Abstract
This paper examines the many innovative concepts of Leonardo da Vinci, focusing on his architectural and engineering designs. Leonardo is described as a true "Renaissance man" since he embodied the Renaissance ideals of the arts, education, and innovation. The paper further notes how Leonardo's interests led him to produce a vast assortment of ideas that educators and researchers are still studying and creating today. Additionally, the paper points out his contributions to architecture and city planning. This includes an in-depth look at his sketches of bridges and cities with canal systems. The final part of the paper addresses Leonardo's designs for aircraft, which included designs that were the precursor to the helicopter. The paper concludes by stating that Leonardo's designs and innovations were groundbreaking, forward-thinking, and obviously ahead of the time he lived. He created architecture, bridges and spans, war weapons, ships, and flying machines.

From the Paper
"Da Vinci, along with urban planning, seemed to love designing bridges, and man of his engineering drawings included several different styles of bridges and other spans. Among his many designs were military bridges that soldiers could assemble and take apart quite quickly while they were on the move. These bridges would also float on water so they could cross them effectively. He thought of a double-decker bridge that surprisingly resembles many modern bridges across the world, and he drew up an arched bridge sturdy enough to support its own weight. In fact, one of da Vinci's most famous bridges was indeed constructed in 2001. It is the Galata Bridge, which da Vinci actually designed for Istanbul, Turkey. An engineering team recreated da Vinci's original design, but in 2001, instead of 1502 when he originally designed it.
"In 1502, the Sultan of Turkey asked da Vinci to create a drawing for a bridge stretching from the Golden Horn to Galata to Istanbul. Leonardo fashioned a massive structure that was a single span, using many diverse design methods. They included elegant keystone arches and recognized geometric ideas, including the parabolic curve and pressed-bow."

Tags:urban planning, bridges, inventions, aircraft, helicopters

Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between quantifiable and qualitative research methodologies in psychology and the social sciences and examines their advantages and disadvantages. The author describes that qualitative methods tend to focus on meaning or discovery in the research design; whereas quantitative methods concentrate on establishing verifiable generalizations and correlations between predetermined variables. The author also discusses advantages and disadvantages of these methods and the numerous methods and methodologies that are used in each of the research designs. In addition, the paper gives examples of instances in which each research methodology was used.

Contents:
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs
Introduction
Comparing Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methodology
General Overview
A Brief Comparison of Research Designs
Analysis and Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"It is not the purpose of this paper to deal with the competing theories and their relationship to research methodologies but rather to focus on the different reasons for choosing between quantifiable and qualitative methodologies in psychology and the social sciences in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. However, the underlying theoretical preferences and beliefs play an important part in the choice of the different research methodologies and thus should be kept in mind throughout the following discussion."

Tags:theoretical, preferences, methodologies, beliefs

Abstract
This paper discusses design issues, specifically the influence of Egyptian hieroglyphics and other ancient symbols on 18th, 19th and 20th century surface pattern design and their influences now on contemporary design. The paper examines the impact on design practice of digital techniques today. The paper presents a discussion of designers from these periods, illustrating their work. Suggestions for critical analysis and an examination of possible philosophical questions are provided in the paper, as they relate to future professional practice. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Egyptian Hieroglyphics in Design
18th Century - 20th Century Designs Elements
Assessment of Influence on Contemporary Designers
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to Pile (1979), because alphabetic symbols do not represent true analogs for the sounds they actually represent, alphabets have become arbitrary codes that have no meaning until a user receives instruction; this can be readily discerned by a casual review of the sample Egyptian hieroglyphics in the figures below. In fact, "Once the code meaning is unavailable, it cannot be rediscovered by any logical means. The well-known story of the role of the Rosetta stone in unlocking the mystery of the lost meaning of Egyptian hieroglyphics is a good illustration of this" (Pile 112). The discovery of the meaning of the hieroglyphics was recorded in 1847 by Morrison and Von Schlegel: "For more than a millennium and a half had the hieroglyphics of an ancient race remained unintelligible to and undeciphered by a posterity of aliens, when at last, amid the recent commotions and tempests of the political world, a happy accident brought the secret to light" (55). "

Tags:signs, drawings, codes

Abstract
The current paper comments on a quote by J.M Johnson and H.S Pennypacker that compares inferential statistics to single case designs. It discusses how the statement in question calls to account psychology as a science to abandon a traditional reliance on inferential statistics and group design research and to support its practical focus on the individual with reliance on more individually focused research.

From the Paper
"Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing hypothesis testing, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001). This type of research is the most widely used in psychology, with the majority of published studies in this field relying solely on the use of group comparisons. The major argument for the use of inferential statistics is that it increases the external validity of the study and increases the likelihood of the results generalizing to other people. These results are gathered by statistical inference where various methods of calculation are used to find a central tendency within a group. The variability of the results between subjects are often explained by measurement error or extraneous variability because well conducted group research introduces the only variability deliberately as an intervention designed to examine and measure its effect(s) on subjects (Hayes, Barlow & Nelson-Gray, 1999)."

Tags:science, group, comparisons

Abstract
The paper discusses the use of cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, the case series, ecological studies, cross sectional studies and case-control studies. The paper provides a description of these study designs, including their uses, costs and outcomes.

From the Paper
"There are other studies, however, including the case series. The case series is the most basic kind of study that can be done, and it simply involves the researcher's description of an observed case. In other words, the patient's characteristics and presentation - the story that unfolds as the case is addressed - is all that is used (Goodman, Buehler, & Koplan, 1990). There is no control group, and there are no other patients that are observed. This kind of study is strictly about one specific patient and what he or she is doing at the time of study (Goodman, Buehler, & Koplan, 1990). The case is thoroughly described, though, so that it can be used to gain ideas and for reference in the future.
"This case series type of study has a large margin for error when it comes to bias, though, because it is easy for a researcher to misinterpret something that the patient is doing. Without a control group, this becomes more likely (Yehuda & McFarlane, 1995). The case can provide several plausible factors or scenarios, and the researcher will not know which one of them is correct. It becomes guesswork, which is generally not a good choice where science is concerned. The use of it is limited and should only be used for observation and reference in the monitoring of new patients who seem to have cases that are unusual."

Tags:cohort, randomized, controlled, trials, case, series

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Cambodia has historically been one of the least developed countries on the Asian continent. with a look at Cambodian history, the writer discusses the transition to to housing designs in a western style. The writer concludes that Phnom Penh residents would be less attracted to western style housing due to high costs and a weak financial system, but perhaps in the future they would find it more attractive.

From the Paper
"Due to its violent history, Cambodia has only recently been relieved of guerrilla warfare, authoritarianism and mass genocide. While the Khmer Rouge were ousted from power in the 1980's, its remnants maintained a stranglehold on Cambodian government until the early 1990's. As a result of the Paris Peace Accords of 1991, Cambodia has witnessed a much more stable government. A new constitution and a parliamentary system in addition of regular elections for public officials has been the norm for governance. However, the vast improvements made to all facets of the ..."

Tags:housing, styles

Abstract
This paper explains that quantitative methods have been used extensively because measuring or counting acquires scientific reliability over the non-measurable; however, quantitative research alone cannot adequately encapsulate and solve the level of abnormality, severity, consequences and impact of the area being measured. The author points out that qualitative methods take a holistic stance conserving the intricacies of human behavior by addressing the 'why' and 'how' questions. The paper relates that the choice of whether to select a quantitative or a qualitative design is theoretical because basics of both methods can be used together in mixed-methods studies to get more information than could be got by using either one alone.

From the Paper
"But qualitative research has also its own limitations and restrictions. The usual mistake is the wrong use or misinterpretation of the capacities of qualitative research. Companies frequently fall in love with the data-rich results and think that the results are projectable. This supposition is wrong. Projectabilty is not possible, as the analysis is slanted and deals with a small size. Another general misapprehension is the belief that qualitative research will always give perfect deductions."

Tags:mixed-methods, projectabilty, limitations, why, scientific

Abstract
This paper presents a narrative essay of one teacher's experiences in a format that can be used to receive college-level credits equivalent to the educator's professional work history, insights, experiences, and knowledge of the educational process. The paper conveys the teacher has learned regarding lesson planning, questioning skills, cooperative learning techniques, differentiating instruction, and other strategies for teaching exceptional children in a regular classroom.

From the Paper
"Once complete, the children are escorted to the library with their pictures in hand. After the library, the tour will continue throughout the campus to the cafeteria, nurse's office, playground, front office and at specified points the school staff is introduced. The final destination is back at the class where a college may put a fluffy stuffed animal for the children to hug and play with. This technique has consistently broken through to even the most introverted child while providing new comfort levels regarding the campus and the administration on the first day of school."

Tags:teacher, schooling, classroom

Abstract
This paper explores the differences between the logical and physical design of networks. It includes an example of the differences, and considers the relationship between the two. The paper looks at fundamental design issues.

From the Paper
"Creating an effective network environment requires taking a variety of factors into account, weighing these against resource constraints both time and money to determine the most effective architecture ..."

Tags:logical design, physical design, network design