Abstract This paper presents a study that structures the research around the designs of manual production tooling or integrated tooling for tolerance holding during certain types/phases of assembly. The paper limits this research to no more than 5 robotic tools.
Outline:
Purpose of the Study
Introduction
Types of Tooling Identified
Flexible and Non-Flexible Robotic Assembly
CAD, CAM & CAPP Systems
Synthesis System - Conigen
Summary
From the Paper "According to this work systems engineering over the last twenty years has "evolved to include the cost of automated machine tools as alternatives to labor and has developed several very different cost profiles; but the optimizations were still being performed at the simple part or discrete work element level. There was no large change in the process during the decade of the 1980s however, the hardware and software of today are stated to be "capable of simulating multiple, if not essentially unlimited, factory designs and equipment variations, giving the systems engineer the ability to affect both prior to a factory's construction." (Ibid) The work of Dr. David M. Anderson, P.E., CMC entitled: "Design for Manufacturability and Concurrent Engineering" states that it is very critical that "concurrent engineering of parts and tooling" are used for the purposes of minimizing "tooling complexity, cost, delivery lead-time" and in order to "maximize throughput, quality and flexibility."
Abstract Ergonomics literally means the "science of work". Because of the inadequate designs of hand tools have long been at the root-cause of lost productivity, poor quality of products, and irreversible injuries that have caused excessive absenteeism in the work force. This phenomenon can and has been lowered by relatively simple and low cost ergonomic design changes. In this paper the author examines the science of ergonomics as it relates to the design of hand tools. The writer examines the history and development of the science of ergonomics and then goes on to discuss and review current industry standards. The paper includes pictures.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Ergonomic History
Diagnosis
Guidelines for Power Tools Evaluation and Solutions
Authors Note
Works Cited
From the Paper "The term Ergonomics is not new. The origins come from the Greek words ergon/ergos which translates 'work', and the word nomikos that means 'law-control and orderly assignment'. Ergonomics literally means the "science of work". "Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline that is concerned with the understanding of the interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principals, data, and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance". (EA Executive Council 2000). For something to be truly ergonomic it must fit the user, be easy to use, improve comfort, improve performance, and improve safety/health."
Abstract This paper looks at the different factors that need to be addressed when designing hand-held power tools. The author argues that when ergonomic factors are Incorporated into their design, there are less instances of injury, less sick days, and production is increased as a result.
From the paper:
"A well-designedtool can provide a number of important advantages that can be immediately noticeable. Ergonomically designed hand-tools contribute to the prevention of injuries which will then increase productivity on a continuous basis, improve the quality of the products produced, and reduce the absenteeism in a company for health related causes. Properly controlling the ergonomic factors such as the physical loads a person exerts (through the design of the handle and trigger), vibrations, and noise of the hand tool will decrease the chances of an injury occurring on the job."
Tags: ergonomics, hand, held, power, tools, workplace, injury, design, production
Abstract In this article, the writer explains that the CIM philosophy encompasses a variety of facets from enterprise resource planning, to management tools, to planning tools, to activities on the organization's manufacturing floor. The writer notes that the end goal for the adoption of this philosophy is to increase organization effectiveness and efficiency as a means of improving competitiveness. Whether this specifically addresses an organization's need to reduce lead times, improve productivity, or reduce costs, the philosophy of CIM integrates computer technology to meet these organizational goals. This paper covers the historical need for CIM implementation in Asia, North America and Europe. In addition, the difficulties in implementing CIM are discussed, including the barriers to CIM, management perception and attitude, lack of planning, and how organizational structure can negatively affect integration. CIM implementation is reviewed followed by specific examples of CIM in the apparel industry and concluded with a comparative analysis of CIM in Asia, North America and Europe.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Need for CIM
Difficulties in CIM Implementation
CIM Implementation
CIM in the Apparel Industry
Comparative Analysis of CIM in Asia, North America, & Europe
Conclusion and Future Direction for CIM
From the Paper "The CIM philosophy encompasses a variety of facets from enterprise resource planning, to management tools, to planning tools, to activities on the organization's manufacturing floor. The end goal for the adoption of this philosophy is to increase organization effectiveness and efficiency as a means of improving competitiveness. Whether this specifically addresses an organization's need to reduce lead times, improve productivity, or reduce costs, the philosophy of CIM integrates computer technology to meet these organizational goals. This paper will over the historical need for CIM implementation in Asia, North America and Europe. In addition, the difficulties in implementing CIM will be discussed, including the barriers to CIM, management perception and attitude, lack of planning, and how organizational structure can negatively affect integration. CIM implementation will be reviewed followed by specific examples of CIM in the apparel industry and concluded with a comparative analysis of CIM in Asia, North America and Europe."
Abstract This six-page paper explains the benefits and limitations of using CAD system for the manufacturing and designing of shoes. Since technology is growing at a very fast pace, thus designing and manufacturing is now carried out through computerized technology.
Abstract This paper examines the issue of strategic planning for a company specializing in plastic injection molding and design, Riordan Manufacturing. The paper points out that strategic planning is the very essence of long-term survival for a business. Since publicly-owned corporations like Riordan Manufacturing have the primary goal of maximizing shareholder wealth, strategic planning centers on the long-term growth in a company's financial position. Also, Riordan Manufacturing must constantly keep abreast of local, state, federal, and international laws, since a simple legislative act could affect them in any number of ways. Another primary concern is that of competition. The paper also suggests that Riordan Manufacturing should construct much of its budget based upon its economic forecast. The paper concludes that Riordan Manufacturing seems well-poised to continue its growth in the plastic injection molding industry, and appears to adhere to sound financial planning strategies, leaving little doubt that its shareholders are being appropriately represented.
Outline:
Strategic Planning
Economic Forecast
Master Budgeting Process
Assumptions
Conclusion
From the Paper "The formulation of any projected financial data must naturally include some assumptions. In the case of cash budgets, one important assumption of that of sales compared to collections from sales. Riordan quite clearly expects to collect revenue from sales during the month following the actual sale. For example, projected sales for July total $5,350,200 whereas projected collections from those sales are expected to be received in August under the cash budget.
"Another assumption appears evident in interest income. Given that collections from sales occurs up to a month--and possibly later--after the actual sale, Riordan has anticipated the interest income to be a fairly steady amount; as the figure does not change at any point throughout the fiscal year."
Tags: shareholders, stockholders, investors, plastic, injection, molding, industry
Abstract This paper examines Poka-Yoke, a Japanese term used to denote a fool-proofing technique that constitutes the core of zero quality control (ZQC). The paper explains that the term is derived from Poka, implying unintentional mistake, and Yoke, meaning avoiding. Normally, this technique is applied in the manufacturing processes, but has extensive uses in offices, order and invoice processing, hospitals and drug dispensing, and maintenance of aircrafts especially with processes that run the risk of causing dangerous in-service breakdown. The paper concludes that, because mistakes can be costly, Poka-Yoke is gaining popularity and is acknowledged as a competitive tool in the production process.
Outline:
Introduction to Poka-Yoke
Poka-Yoke in Manufacturing Poka-Yoke and Modern Lean Production System
The Growing Relevance of Poka-Yoke
From the Paper "Repeated checks are having the closest downstream operation check the work of the earlier operation. It is ensured that each operation carries out production as well as quality inspection. Efficient poka-yoke devices render such an inspection system a reality by lowering the time and cost of inspection to almost zero. Since inspections involve minimal cost, each and every time might be inspected. Given that work-in-process inventories are low, quality feedback used to enhance the process can be provided very rapidly. Self-checks using poka-yoke devices let workers evaluate the quality of their own work. As they check each and every unit produced, operators might be able to find out what conditions underwent changes that led to the previous unit to be defective. This understanding is used to check subsequent defects. Self-checks are chosen to successive checks in cases wherever feasible (A Brief Tutorial on Mistake-Proofing, Poka-Yoke, and ZQC)"
Abstract This paper does a comparative survey of the features of 3D graphics tools in Java and examines the importance and the future prospects of Java-based graphics tools. The paper gives a brief description of why some tools have become quite popular and takes a look at the compatibility of these tools with community developed Linux Operating Systems such as Ubuntu, in particular. The comparative survey of these tools deals with the features, drawbacks and the scope of their use in the future. In conclusion, a short analysis is made in terms of how the end-users can benefit from these tools and libraries, as well as analyzing the target segments for these tools.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Brief Introduction of Java Based 3D Graphics Tools Low Level Graphics APIs
Screen Graph based Java APIs
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
From the Paper "The major features of JOGL include proving low level bindings for OpenGL and granting full access to Open GL 2.0 Specification. Apart from this JOGL also provides hardware-supported 3D graphics for Java based applications, which gives it a significant edge over other tools. JOGL also has integrated AWT and Swing widget support integrated. The way JOGL functions is that it parses the C header files from OpenGL (which are in 'C' only) and then using the Java Native Interface (JNI) converts them to Java libraries. This enables JOGL to access OpenGL library using JNI calls. This functionality marrows down the performance gap between Java and other programming languages. However, there is one major drawback of JOGL, which is likely to be over come in the future versions. It lacks helper functions that are available in Java 3D [8]. JOGL also has the advantage of being smaller in size and also for its support to OpenGL shading technologies. JOGL is also supported by Linux (AMD64/x86) Distos, such as Ubuntu."
Abstract Discusses the historical artistic tradition of Italian design, the aesthetic developed by cooperation between designer and manufacturer, Italy's sense of style, and the reasons for Italy's preeminence in the field of design.
From the Paper "This paper is a discussion of post-World War II design in Italy. Italy emerged from military defeat and economic turmoil to become one of the most important leaders of world design. In the beginning, most of its significant designers had been trained as..."
Abstract Website design is a relatively new and developing art, but a number of concepts are used to shape the design of a website in order to appeal to the eye and to be easy to navigate as well. Such a design is especially important for any sort of web commerce, whether direct in terms of selling to people online, or as a means of marketing products and services that are then sought out in the brick-and-mortar world.
This paper examines an approach to testing website design which uses a design testing method that determines how consumers react to the site and how well they are able to access and navigate the menu and the individual pages. In assessing this approach, the paper references the sites of Circuit City, Best Buy, and Staples.
Abstract The major concerns of jail and prison design and construction are the security issues. Two articles on the subject are summarized and discussed in terms of construction costs as well as designconcepts "Accommodating the Unsavory Side of Society, Contemporary Jails and Prisons" (Tom Adams, 1998) deals with the problem of developing secure prisons, away from the general population and yet still keeping the costs low. "Deciding on a New Jail Design" (A.R. Beck, 1999) refers to the fact that staff safety and prisoner rights are issues that are pushed to the background when jails are designed.
From the Paper "Architect Tom Adams writes that challenges of both jail and prison design include the creation of a secure building, safe for staff and detainee or inmate, that is a place to work and rehabilitate rather than become worse off, and to do all of this within the tightest budget possible. Design needs are different for the jail and the prison. The jail is a starting point for those entering the Criminal Justice System and must therefore handle all levels of security. Prisons are the place where everyone is held at least one year. New inmates usually enter at a medium security risk; maximum security accommodations must be supplied for those who acted out in jail. The prison attempts to offer education, training, and work opportunities and counseling (p. 3)."
Abstract This paper presents the Six Sigma concept in relation to both a production process and a human perspective. The paper includes a literature review on the subject, followed by a discussion of the argument and findings of the McAdam-Lafferty study. The paper examines the theoretical structure on which their research is based.
From the Paper "McAdam and Lafferty ascertained that mass manufacturing organizations have seen lately "a significant increase and development of Six Sigma technology and methodology". In this context, there is a lack of studies that "fundamentally critique the phenomena of Six Sigma in organizations from both people and process perspectives". The researchers ask themselves whether the current mechanistic approach to the Six Sigma concept will lead to a more "command and control" structure, significantly different than the current organic approach toward business improvement. The Six Sigma concept may be viewed as either a subset of the Total Quality Management system (which, in such a case, is a necessary precondition), or as a distinct philosophy and methodology. The aims of the study the two researchers conduct are the exploration of "the development of Six Sigma in a multilevel analysis, from both a process and people perspective", finding the challenges organizations which have implemented Six Sigma currently face and performing a multilevel case analysis of the phenomenon."
Abstract The paper explains that human interface design is essentially concerned with the way in which the interface, or the interaction between the human and the computer, can be enhanced or made more usable and accessible. The paper explains how one of the central aspects with regard to human interface design is the use of metaphor to enable better and more understandable interaction. The paper notes the difficulties involved in the various attempts to integrate operating systems and the browser interface. The paper discusses the movement in the industry towards the creation of a human - computer interface which is more intuitive and which can use artificial intelligence to anticipate the user's needs and create a more seamless interface between human and machine.
From the Paper "One of the central aspects with regard to human interface design is the use of metaphor to enable better and more understandable interaction. An insightful article in this regard is Human Interface Design Principles. This article emphasizes the importance of the use of metaphor in interface design. "Metaphors are the building blocks in the user's mental model of a task." (Human Interface Design Principles) The interface designer therefore makes use of concepts and metaphors "...that represent concrete, familiar ideas, and make the metaphors obvious, so that users can apply a set of expectations to the computer environment.""
Abstract A discussion of the status of manufacturing industries in New York state between 1970 and 2000, with a view toward showing how the manufacuring economy changed during that peiod resulting in a decline of manufacturing. Structural changes in place to restore the manufacturing economy.
From the Paper The purpose of this research is to examine the decline ofmanufacturing in New York state from to The plan of the researchwill be to set forth the historical and economic context in whichmanufacturing in the state of New York achieved importance and then t
Tags: New, York, manufacturing, economic, decline, unions
Abstract This paper discusses, from a human resources perspective, the various methods of training employees in computer-assisted manufacturing. The strengths and weaknesses of these methods are evaluated in terms of the training outcomes. Several examples of companies who have given computer-assisted training to employees are presented. The paper also discusses the role of transformational leadership during times of change within a company. Human resources plays a role in developing these leaders and promoting them. The paper summarizes the role of human resources for companies involved in manufacturing to stay competitive.
Outline:
Introduction
Management Training and Leadership
Changing the Image Associated with Manufacturing Employee Training and Retraining
Implementation of New Hiring Standards
Conducting an Internal Audit
Conclusion
From the Paper "Since the job market has become tighter in recent years as employment levels have increased, manufacturers must develop wider hiring standards, and train a person with no skills as compared to hiring a person with previously acquired skills. Research indicates that government assistance in the form of tax credits would encourage manufacturers to train their low-level managers and non-supervisory employees. Increasing credits for manufacturers who use state certified education/training institutions would strengthen relationships between the industry and certified training providers (Carnevale, 1990). These ideas imply that the anticipation of rewards is important as well as the perceived contingency between the behaviors desired by the organization and the desired rewards. This also implies that since different people desire different rewards, organizations should try to match rewards with what employees want. However, there may be possible difficulties. Employees may not believe that good performance does in fact lead to more desired rewards, and convincing them may require more changes than the organization is prepared to make. Poor selection and training of employees, for example, even with maximum effort, results in poor performance.
Tags: computer-assisted, manufacturing, human, resources, employees, training
