Abstract
This paper is a literature review of the feasibility of desalination plants in New South Wales. The paper also explores the environmental, economic and social impact of desalination plants as well as offering some practical steps that can be taken to mitigate environmental degradation courtesy of these facilities. Finally, the paper concludes with some alternatives to desalination facilities that might just work.

From the Paper
"In recent years, the feasibility of establishing desalination plants in Australia has become a topic of much debate. The following paper will review the available literature on this subject and attempt also to shed some light on a matter that is often poorly understood by the average citizen. In particular, the paper will evaluate the feasibility of desalination plants in Australia and contemplate the long-term impact of these facilities upon the Australian environment, economy and Australian society. Moreover, the paper will look at how negative environmental factors arising from the creation of desalination plants in Australia (especially in New South Wales) can be mitigated; just as importantly, the following paper will explore whether practicable alternatives are available that might make the construction of these plants unnecessary."

Tags:desalination, australia, assessment

Abstract
The paper looks at the three main mechanical processes of desalination commonly used today: electrodialysis reversal, thermal desalination and reverse osmosis. The paper discusses how the preexisting water supply was not enough for Perth, Australia to handle all the new people moving to the city. The paper describes how Perth began using the desalination process of reverse osmosis to treat its seawater. The paper examines the problems of costs and energy sources as well as their solutions. The paper concludes that Perth's new reverse osmosis plant has proven to other parts of the world that desalination can be a clean, efficient and cost-effective process.

From the Paper
"Desalination is a mechanical process by which saltwater from oceans can be converted into drinking water for human consumption by removing the salt. There are three main mechanical processes of desalination commonly used today; electrodialysis reversal, thermal desalination, and reverse osmosis.
"Electrodialysis reversal is the most intricate and cost effective desalination system of the three commonly used processes. Electricity is used to ionicly charge the salt in the seawater molecules, and then it is passed through an ion permeable membrane filtering the charged salt molecules. On the other side of the membrane, the water is clean and safe to drink. This process is problematic because of its extensive use of electricity, which is expensive and sometimes unavailable."

Tags:electrodialysis, reversal, thermal, costs, energy, sources, water

Abstract
Water Supply Problems That Compel Desalination Generally.
Around the world, primarily in heavily populated zones of the temperate climes, available fresh water sources for municipal-scale, public water supplies have become overtaxed.

From the Paper
"DESALINATION OF DRINKING WATER IN FLORIDA

Water Supply Problems That Compel Desalination Generally.
Around the world, primarily in heavily populated zones of the temperate climes, available fresh water sources for municipal-scale, public water supplies have become overtaxed. Either there are shortages, net of demand, or water has been reused so many times that the remaining resource is saltier than is healthy for beasts, plants, or people. At the same time, accumulated brine and even abundant sea water remain available, even inexhaustible, if only desalting technologies can be applied feasibly. Even where fresh water is available, moreover, some commercial processes or machinery require waters of very low dissolved solids contents, such as soft-drink or medicine manufacture or industrial boilers or cooling towers. For these ..."

Abstract
This paper examines desalinization as a process of removing salt from sea water so that it can be used for drinking, watering crops or industrial processes. The author points out that, because water is so important to the very existence of life, the methods used in its allocation and distribution can't be ignored. The paper looks at two methods of desalinization.

From the Paper
"Water is a very valuable resource. Water is essential for every organism on the planet in one form or another. Human's are no exception to this rule. For example Stephen Brooks and Lydia Milijan in Water Policy say, Water is essential for human life. We require water to sustain our lives, and about 83 per cent of our blood is water. Water helps digest our food, take in oxygen, transport body wastes, and control body temperature (Brooks and Milijan 262). The fact that water is so important to the very existence of life means that the methods used in its allocation and distribution can't be ignored."

Tags:desalinization, water, resources

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the availability of potable water is a growing political, economic and humanitarian crisis facing many nations of the Middle East. The writer notes that the scarcity of water has become a political bargaining chip and source of conflict among many Middle East nations for years, and numerous threats could inflame this contentious issue. For example, the population of the Middle East is growing at a significant rate, which means less water is available per person, and some countries have not invested enough in water infrastructure. The writer maintains that for the region to have enough water to meet growing demand, it will have to focus on infrastructure development, equitable sharing, and new technologies, such as desalination. The writer concludes that while enormous challenges remain, nations that have launched bold water initiatives, such as the UAE with its aggressive deployment of desalination technology, have shown that successful outcomes can be achieved.

Outline:
Population, Access and Demand
Water Sharing Could Spark Conflict
Desalination Holds Hope
Conclusion

From the Paper
" Desalination may play a critical role in helping the Middle East contend with its growing water shortages. While fresh water may be in low supply in the Middle East, there is a great deal of oceanic salt water. Desalination uses a thorough filtration process called reverse osmosis to remove the salt from brackish water and turn it into potable water. Certain Middle East countries have been particularly aggressive about investing in desalination. As the chart below demonstrates, 70 percent of the water supply for the United Arab Emirates now comes from desalination. "

Tags:desalination, supply, demand, drinking

Abstract
This paper discusses the constant population growth in Los Angeles County and the ensuing problem of water shortage. The paper presents the statistics of water consumption and explains that county officials are obligated to implement water conservation measures to curb problems of shortage. The paper examines several methods of water conservation and explores the option of a desalination plant.

From the Paper
"The population of Los Angeles County has done nothing but grow. As of 2004, it had reached approximately 10,103,000 (Overview, 2005), with only the promise of continued growth for the foreseeable future. For the period 2004 to 2014, the population of Los Angeles County is expected to increase by an average annual compound rate of 0.61%, according to a report from Integra Realty Resources of Los Angeles (Integra, 2005). According to the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works, the average Southern California household uses 500 gallons of water each day (Los Angeles, 2005). Assuming four people per household, that amounts to 1,262,875,000 gallons of water per day, or 460,949,375,000 gallons of water per year just for Los Angeles County. For the entire region of Southern California, the figure can only be higher."

Tags:desalination, reverse, osmosis, conservation

Abstract
This paper explains that, across the global, fresh water is becoming a scarce commodity, which is leading to serious shortages, instabilities and even undeclared wars with death and destruction. Next, the author reviews the prime drivers of these water shortages such as climate change, sanitation issues, lack of water regulation enforcement and government corruption. The paper discusses possible solutions, such as desalination of salt water, recapturing the freshwater lost by melting glaciers, desalination of salt water, recapturing freshwater from melting glaciers, co-operation on all levels of government, improved sanitation practices, active searches for less traditional means of water access and most of all admitting that there is a problems.

From the Paper
"Americans take it for granted that turning on a tap results in safe water being delivered efficiently to their homes. Clean water is considered a right in the United States, and no one thinks twice about where their water comes from--it is just there whenever the need arises. But even in this country of plenty, water scarcity is beginning to show its face, mostly in desert southwest areas such as the Colorado River Basin and the Imperial Valley farming region. The once mighty Colorado River is showing the strain of damming and diverting water to farmland, such as the Imperial Valley region, and to the burgeoning populations of urban districts like Las Angeles and Las Vegas."

Tags:access survival droughts pollution, regulation enforcement

Abstract
This paper presents research, which shows the implications, by the year 2015, for a global defense company if there are cutbacks of more than 20 percent of the U.S. federal budget. The author presents an analysis of current projects to indicate how funding is used towards military sustainment and how projected cuts could affect those projects. The paper demonstrates how the employees of global defense companies, the military and the general population of the United States could be affected. The methodology for this study is content analysis.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Context of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Significance of the Study
Research Design and Methodology
Organization of the Study
What are the Research and Development (R&D) Options for Companies such as NGC?
Table:Government Contractors in Court
What Options will be Most Beneficial to the Employees and the General Public of the U.S.?
Table: Factors Mitigating the Impacts of Military Base Closures
Table: Recapitulation and Summary of Base Closure Journal Articles and Texts
Table: Recapitulation and Summary of Influences on Defense R&D Journal Articles and Recent Media Reports
Overview of Northrop Grumman
Table: Current R&D Initiatives by Northrop Grumman.
Overview of Boeing
Table: Current R&D Initiatives by Boeing
Overview of Lockheed Martin
Table: Current R&D Initiatives by Lockheed Martin
Potential Research and Development Initiatives
Robotics and Robot Companions for the Elderly
Water Desalination Initiatives
Video Games
Can the U.S. Remain a Superpower and Protect Its People from Terrorism while Reducing Its Military?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The quantitative aspects of the water supply have been widely studied as to specific regions of the world and it is possible to view these trends on a global level. According to Starr (1996), the next few decades are going to be characterized by conflicts - even wars - over increasingly scarce water resources. This author reports that, "Nature annually contributes in fresh water to the world's continents about ten times the world's water use for all purposes. On average, about 70 percent flows to the sea in seasonal floods."

Tags:adjustment options, content analysis, northrop grumman, water

Abstract
This paper explores the role of water as the impetus behind conflict in the Middle East. The paper concentrates upon four specific hot spots to illustrate the importance of water which include Arab-Israel, Turkey-Syria-Iraq, Iran-Iraq and Egyptian-Sundani-Ethiopian. First, statistics describing water scarcity in the region are presented. Next, the paper discusses the role and importance of water as a political, economic, and strategic tool. Then, the paper focuses upon four particular scenarios for war in the region in which water is likely to play a major role. These four scenarios illustrate the different ways that war may result over historic disputes for control of local water resources. Finally, the option of desalinization is evaluated as a possible mitigating factor against projected future shortages. The paper concludes by stating that in order to promote peace, the nations of the Middle East should seek research and development efforts to provide the region with drinkable fresh water. Several figures are included in the paper.

The paper recommends the promotion of new technologies to increase the availability of drinkable water within the region.

Outline:

Introduction
Water Scarcity: The Statistics
The Strategic Value of Water in the Middle East
Arab-Israeli Water Disputes

From the Paper
"The growing population increases the demand for water, but this is only part of the problem of population growth. High rates of population growth, particularly in urban, crowded areas, further lessen the availability of water through pollution. "Degrading water quality further reduces the availability of fresh water suitable for domestic and agriculture use and increases the cost of treatment and reuse of water" ("World Bank Water Resource Management" 1). Ground water sources do not follow political or social boundaries. As a result, many of the water sources under contention fall within natural land boundaries between different nation states or they pass across several national boundaries. Countries are not free to develop these resources as they wish because the activities in one nation can have profound impacts upon its neighbors."

Tags:water wars, middle east, water desalination, tigris, euphrates, turkey, iraq, iran

Abstract
The paper probes the dominant and prevailing maritime issues that Saudi Arabia faces and considers some means by which a holistic approach could improve management of Saudi Arabia's significant maritime resources. These include important shipping lanes, offshore energy deposits, bountiful marine environments potentially ripe for aquaculture development and even the possibility of desalinization plants to produce freshwater in a predominantly desert nation. The paper explains how the preservation of effective management of these resources will produce long-term development and economic benefits for the nation, as well as help the nation preserve its maritime heritage for generations to come.

Outline:
Introduction
The Extent of the Maritime Sector for Saudi Arabia
Maintaining Peak Efficiency
Unique Regional Security Concerns
Importance of Environmental Integrity
Adopting European Clustering
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
"Saudi Arabia is not a nation whose fate has been historically associated with the oceans. Images conjured of Saudi Arabia will involve oil fields and vast deserts. At first blush, there seems little reason to even consider a maritime policy for the nation, let alone a rational and holistic one that incorporates information from many maritime interests and successfully coordinates policy decisions for all. This is a misconception. In fact, Saudi Arabia has an intimate and strategic relationship with two major oceanic routes: the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. As the importance of these routes is certain to grow in the coming years and decades, it is important for Saudi Arabia to consider today the means by which a sensible maritime policy can be devised and implemented."

Tags:shipping, ports, ocean, marine