Abstract
This paper examines how compensatory education schemes were introduced in the 1960s in an effort to reduce the perceived disadvantages of children from deprived social backgrounds. It analyzes why these schemes were introduced and how effective they were. It shows how in this context, cultural deprivation really refers to working-class children whose home backgrounds are thought to be inferior compared to their middle-class peers.

From the Paper
"In America this idea of compensatory education began under what was known as "Operation Head Start." Educational psychologists believed that if the compensatory education schemes were to be of any real benefit, they would have to be enforced on children of pre-school years. They thought that by the time a child reached "school" age primary integration had already begun, so therefore, for the schemes to be successful they usually involved pre-school educational compensation. More resources were consequently put into pre-school educational facilities for the poor. This scheme spread over the country aiming to provide a "planned enrichment" policy in the schools of America, by laying good foundations for effective learning in the educational system the young children were about to properly begin."

Tags:discrimination, education, class

Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of sleep deprivation in high school students. The paper uses different studies conducted on high school students and studies of why schools should have later opening times in order to examine the issue of what happens when high school students don't receive sufficient hours of sleep. The paper looks at whether sleep-deprived students actually recall what they learned in school and explains some of the effects that not getting enough sleep have on the brain and the physical body.

From the Paper
"This is a very important issue for many reasons, perhaps primarily being that this is a problem that needs to be recognized and corrected, because teenagers may develop sleep disorders later if they are forced by too many commitments into getting not enough sleep. It is also an important issue to bring to the attention of the school district and administrators as well as others involved in the planning process of school functions, because opening school on just a slightly-adjusted time schedule could have definite results in improving academic outcomes. Generally the educational establishment, aside from some test cases that will be mentioned in this report, has tended to view the teenager who doesn't get enough sleep as someone caught sleeping in class: they are to be punished rather than looking at the larger problem. Many students unfortunately have complicated and over committed lives in which they only have a small window to do homework."

Tags:after-school, job, committment, responsibilities, insomnia, awake, activity, sport, job

Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that college students all over the world spend many hours completing assignments and maintaining their social life. This writer discusses that these long hours often cause sleep deprivation that can reduce awareness and productivity. The writer discusses that what many students do not realize is that sleep deprivation can lead to serious medical issues, failing grades, mental issues and in some extreme case, even death.

From the Paper
"These long hours often times require the student to borrow time from sleep in order to complete all their tasks and continue their social life. This is unfortunately for the student, community and University because this borrowed time from sleep reduces their awareness and productivity. Many college students erroneously feel that if they can get a couple hours of sleep they will be fine and perform well the next day."

Tags:sleep, deprivation, student, poor, sleep, habits

Abstract
In this memo, the writer describes the possible impact of sleep deprivation on Australian Year 12 students required to begin school one hour earlier to prevent classroom overcrowding. The writer recommends a later start to improve academic outcomes.

From the Paper
"Having implemented a new schedule in which year students begin classes an hour earlier than younger students evidence has been generated which indicates that this schedule shift has diminished the learning outcomes of the year students. The literature to be discussed below suggests that an important aspect of individual differences in humans is the morningness eveningness continuum subsumed within biological rhythm variations. Equally significant is the fact that a wealth of information supports the idea that shorter sleep durations for adolescents ..."

Tags:sleep deprivation, circadian rhythms, school schedules, academic achievement

Abstract
This paper discusses sleep deprivation in children and refers to studies conducted on the topic. The paper states that children with insufficient sleep showed a lower performance on tests associated with complex tasks as well as a significant correlation between sleep quality and neuro-behavioral functioning. The paper states that these children also had a higher rate of behavioral problems as reported by their parents. The paper continues by relating that there is a relationship linking ADHD with poor sleep since daytime symptoms of insufficient sleep in children overlap with those of ADHD. The paper questions the primary problem and further asks whether ADHD results in behavioral and other sleep disorders, or do primary sleep disorders result in ADHD? The paper concludes that a thorough evaluation of the problem and a treatment plan is required.

From the Paper
" One study suggests that preteens are not getting enough sleep to meet their daily physical and mental needs. This comes from a study of 140 Israeli students in grades two, four, and six. The results show that sleep onset time in second grade was more that one hour earlier than that in sixth grade. The sixth graders reported increased morning drowsiness compared with those of the younger grades. The researchers state the reason for the later sleep onset time is not due to their physiological needs as much as psychosocial reasons. They have increased school demands, a need to feel more like adults by having a more active night life, and there are incentives to stay up later like late-night television shows and internet surfing. The study also links poor sleeping habits with lower maternal education, and adds family stress, illness, and emotional turmoil to the causes."

Tags:sleep, deprivation, neuro-behavioral, functioning, ADHD

Abstract
The paper examines how the average teenager neglects sleep and shows the negative consequences which come about from sleep deprivation.

From the Paper
"Is it really smart for adolescents to deprive themselves of sleep? It seems like a foolish question. Just because someone can survive performing an act of neglect to their bodies certainly doesn't mean that they should. In fact, most adolescents tend to neglect sleep and more and more negative consequences are being revealed because of this."

Tags:sleep, deprivation, teens

Abstract
This paper describes a scientific experiment where the effects of sleep deprivation are observed over a four-day period in a closed environment simulating a spaceship. It looks at how sleep deprivation can have a negative influence on people's abilities to interact as a team, focus on complex tasks and react quickly and decisively to danger - thus it represents a great hazard to the safety of the crew on a long space voyage. It hypothesises that lack of sleep over a period of time may result in a severe deterioration in people's effectiveness in the workplace and interaction with other people. By utilising logic tests, surveys of emotional state of team members and tasks requiring focus and concentration it was found that sleep deprivation severely affected team member's ability to function properly.

Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"Scientists do not know why we sleep. Generally sleep is studied by testing people's though processes and moods during various degrees of sleepiness and wakefulness. It is widely accepted that sleep has a positive and negative effect on the body and being deprived of it is detrimental at least in the short term to one's mental and physical health. Being involved in high stress and intensive projects such as space missions requires team members who are trained and physiologically capable of coping with less than average sleep times. Running a spacecraft on a three year return journey to Mars, with all the complex life support systems to maintain ultimately results in crew members not getting an optimum amount of sleep. However, this lack of sleep cannot be allowed to affect them too drastically as the smallest error in such a sensitive environment could spell doom for all the crew. (Pathways to Psychology, 1997) "

Tags:efficiency, interaction, reaction, time, workplace

Abstract
The paper explains how important normal sleep is for the healthy development and functioning of the human body and mind and relates how a significant cause of sleep deprivation is stress in everyday life. Lack of sleep and stress can mean that the body is more vulnerable to diseases and virus attacks as well as reduced concentration and even radical mood swings. The various consequences of sleep deprivation show how prolonged loss of sleep can result not only in the impairment of mental functioning but also effects the physiological ability of the body to function correctly and to fight disease. The paper concludes that sleep deprivation is becoming a serious threat to health in our contemporary society.

From the Paper
"Sleep deprivation is a common ailment in modern society and it affects 47 million American adults, or almost a quarter of the adult population. (Sleep Deprivation Symptoms) In essence sleep deprivation refers to an extended period of time in which the body and mind are deprived of normal sleep. The effects and symptoms of sleep deprivation can range from memory loss to an impairment of physical and mental functioning. Symptoms can interfere with memory, energy levels, mental abilities, and emotional mood. This ailment is often a product of our rushed and work --driven modern world. Besides the pace of modern life and work, there are a number of causes, including stress. Other causes include health and mental problems as well as the imbibing of certain foodstuffs and caffeine. The central thesis of this paper is to show, through a study of the causes and effects of sleep deprivation, how important normal sleep is for the healthily development and functioning of the human body and mind."

Tags:stress, health, illness, brain

Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses the topic of sleep deprivation. Specifically, it analyzes how narcolepsy and lack of sleep has an effect on short-term and long-term memory. The paper also provides ways of avoiding sleep deprivation. The writer emphasizes the importance of good sleeping habits to ensure a well-balanced, healthy life.

From the Paper
"Sleep. We cannot live without it, but sometimes, it seems like we would like to. Sleep deprivation has become much more common in our hectic and demanding society. "Like the religious ascetics of medieval times, many people today regard sleep as 'time lost.' They regret that the day is only twenty-four hours long and that they do not have time to do all the things they should do or would like to do" (Borbaely 158). One report notes that most people would rather sleep an hour more than they usually do, and in another study, people who slept less that six hours a night displayed the tendency to fall asleep during the day, or complain of being tired during the day."

Tags:tired, exhaustion, fatigue, short-term, long-term, bed, recall

Abstract
Paper deals with sleep deprivation in America's youth and students. Sleep is defined and the process is briefly explained. Includes explanations of poor sleep habits, sleep mechanisms and past catastrophic events relating to sleep deprivation.

From the Paper
"Sleep deprivation among teens and adolescents has long been an overlooked problem in this country. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, there are as many as 100,000 car crashes each year that are linked to drowsy driving. Over half of those crashes involved adolescent drivers ages 15-24. (NTSA, 1999) Furthermore, those numbers are increasing each year at an alarming rate."

Tags:disorder, dreams, loss, polysomnography, rem, study