Abstract
A study into the causes and symptoms of post-menopausal depression in women. The writer chose the subject because although it is almost an ?accepted fact? that post-menopausal women will suffer from depression, there seems to be little evidence to support the fact. The paper is broken up into a list of reviews of articles on the subject:
Nicol-Smith's "Causality, Menopause and Depression: A Critical Review of the Literature" Elias's "Mind and Menopause", McKeon's "Cruel Myths and Clinical Facts About Menopause", Goldman's "Menopause Alone Won?t Induce New-onset Depression", Hunter's "Depression and the Menopause"
King's "The Meno-pause That Refreshes", Thomas' "Life Stressors, Not Hormonal Changes" and "Menopause ?Emotions? More Precisely Defined"

From the Paper
"Many changes occur in a women at menopause, both physical and emotional, and she has reached a stage in her life when her familial and social roles have also changed. Changes in hormone levels at menopause affect women physically and mentally, and women have to adapt to a new role in society. No longer able to produce children, they must divert their efforts to other rewarding issues to maintain their sense of self-worth. For years, women have been lead to expect certain conditions to affect them at menopause, and it is only now that doctors are starting to look more critically at menopause to find out which of these conditions are truly due to the physical changes taking place at menopause and which are due to sociological changes taking place at the same time."

Tags:family, pyschology, symptoms, illness, children, child, bearing, hormone

From the Paper
"The topic of depression in postmenopausal women was chosen because, although it is almost an "accepted fact" that postmenopausal women will suffer from depression, there seems to be little evidence to support the fact. As the human lifespan has grown longer with advances in the field of medicine, more women are living longer and are postmenopausal for a longer proportion of their lives. Any problems arising from menopause will have to be dealt with on a larger scale as the human lifespan increases and so it is important for medical and sociological reasons to define what these problems are and develop ways to treat them."

Abstract
Discusses the purpose of preventing osteoporosis or heart disease, as well as depression and hot flashes. Cites a 2002 report on HRT risks and benefits that contended the use of HRT increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and breast cancer.

From the Paper
"For decades, women have been using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to combat the adverse effects of menopause such as osteoporosis and heart disease (Hlatky, Boothroyd, Vittinghoff, Sharp and Whooley, 2002). HRT has also been thought to help prevent ..."

Abstract
This paper examines depression in women. It describes the circumstances under which depression often occurs and the significant problems that may result. The paper also focuses on the effects of socio-economic status and race on depression in women and discusses the barriers that exist to seeking treatment. Finally, the paper discusses pregnancy and depression.

Table of Contents:
Barriers Against Treatment
The Effects of Socio-Economic Status and Race on Depression in Women
Pregnancy and Depression
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Socio-economic status plays a role as well, with poverty influencing depression levels considerably, with race as well playing a small role in this, as poverty levels have correlations within race. Further, pregnancy raises the likelihood of a woman's becoming depressed, and should she become so during the pregnancy, is twice as likely to be depressed again for a half of a decade following the pregnancy. Depression in women is a very real issue, with the best means of solving the problem being to make treatment not only readily available, but also socially acceptable, as the negative perspectives of peers and family may at times influence those depressed from seeking treatment. Through the advancement and provision of treatment, the problem of depression and women may be alleviated."

Tags:society, concentration, self-esteem, fatigue

Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the disease, osteoporosis. The paper first relates that, with aging especially in postmenopausal women, the bone mineral density (BMD)is reduced, resulting in osteoporosis, which has a higher risk for bone fractures. The paper also relates that, in addition to having the right health factors such as heredity, sex, and race, a diet rich in calcium and appropriate exercise are two of the most established methods of preventing osteoporosis. Some exercises designed to encourage muscular strength, bone mass and bone tissue to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women are aerobics, stair climbing, tennis, squash, racquetball and even walking. The paper also describes various exercise programs and drugs used to help treat osteoporosis.

From the Paper
"In order to understand how osteoporosis works, it is necessary to know the process of bone creation, known as osteogenesis. The forming of bone is a formation and resorption process. This means that there are two types of cells that perform opposite functions simultaneously in the constant renewing development of bone. Osteoblasts are the cells that form the bone. In order to form these structural units, osteoblasts lay down the matrix, an ongoing procedure of reformation."

Tags:osteoblasts, weight bearing, calcium estrogen balance

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of the Great Depression on the U.S. economy, with special emphasis on women in the workplace. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context of change for the structure of the American work force that came about as a result of the Great Depression, and then to discuss levels of employment and different types of jobs available to married and single women.

From the 1929 crash of the stock market to the onset of World War II, there was a persistence of what today would be (and indeed is) called a deep recession, as well as persistence of highly traditional cultural values informing Americans' experience of economic and cultural phenomena alike. In the years after World War I, American women readily entered the workplace in significant numbers. A number of economic and ..."

Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of depression, its causes and its higher prevalence amongst women. The paper focuses on one of the main risk factors associated with depression: physical illness such as AIDS/HIV. The paper also explains that women diagnosed with HIV face not only health concerns, but also stigmatization and potential rejection from friends and family. In addition, the paper discusses the responses of women to this disease and relates that they often resort to self-blame and depression. Finally, the paper emphasizes how optimism and positive thinking have been shown to affect the progression of any disease.

From the Paper
"It is estimated that 20 million adult Americans experience depression every day. Study after study has indicated that women suffer depression twice as often as men. Rates of depression have been increasing in every generation since 1915. Ongoing scientific research continues to explore the causes of this pervasive condition. And yet, much of the research on mental illness has been conducted on men, using male standards. As a result, women suffering from mood disorders often do not receive the diagnosis or treatment that is appropriate to their needs. Researchers are only just beginning to understand the factors that contribute to gender-based differences in mental illness."

Tags:mental, illness, disorders, hormones, self-blame

Abstract
The paper relates that women are highly prone to depression, more so than men. The paper discusses the causes of depression and the serious consequences of depression in youth. The paper notes the importance of early intervention and treatment.

From the Paper
"Depression is a serious problem among young women due to a variety of factors including societal expectations, childhood abuse, low self-esteem etc. Young women are at a greater risk of developing depressive symptoms compared to boys, though prior to puberty, boys exhibit a slightly higher risk. However from the age of 11 to 13, a dramatic change is noticed as young girls become more vulnerable to depression than boys in the same age group. It is a well-documented fact, which remains consistent across cultures. (Kessler et al. 1993) Depression is connected with serious personal and economic damage. Even though it was once assumed that higher rate of depression in young women compared to young men could be attributed to women's greater tendency to seek help and report such symptoms, it has now been rejected."

Tags:adolescents, symptoms, treatment, relationships, body, image, hormones