This paper studies the causes and effects of the great depression which took place in 1929 in the United States, describing the unemployment, hardship, hunger and despair of that time.
Abstract This paper studies the political, social, and economic factors that brought on the great depression in 1929 in the United States. It gives a historical overview of the situation before the outbreak of the great depression and the part that World War I played in causing it. The author feels that many people believe that the stock market crash of 1929 caused the great depression, but this is not true. He also finds that many people believed that President Roosevelt's New Deal ended the great depression, but this is also not completely factual. According to the author, historical facts show that the stock market crash was the beginning of the great depression but that political, social, and economic problems were the real causes. Also, historical evidence shows that The New Deal helped the recovery but that the United States' entry into World War II was the main reason that the great depression ended.
From the Paper "This is one of the most famous songs of The Great Depression, a time beginning in 1929 and lasting until 1940. This was a time of unemployment, hardship, hunger, and despair. Many people believe that the stock market crash of 1929 caused the Great Depression, but this is not true. Many people also believe that President Roosevelt's New Deal ended the Great Depression, but this is also not completely factual. The historical facts show that the stock market crash was the beginning of the Great Depression but that political, social, and economic problems were the real causes. Also, historical evidence shows that The New Deal helped the recovery but that the United States entering into World War II was the main reason that the Great Depression ended."
Argues that the nursing profession should provide instruction about the causes of depression and its treatment so that nurses can better assist in the depressed patient's cure.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, 2002, $ 89.95
Abstract The questions about what causes depression are not so important as complicating the theories about depression. This necessary complication of theory is essential for understanding the depressed person as a complex person, and for generating kinds of intervention therapies that can ease the symptoms of depression. Because there is no specific cure, as yet, for depression, it is crucial that people in the health care professions have greater theoretical resources for understanding the relations between the environment and the person. Nurses in particular need to participate more with the work of theorizing, because they mediate the relations between the client, or patient, and the larger medical institution that effects their care.
This paper provides a scholarly review of the relevant literature and the summarized results of a series of interviews with yogic practitioners to determine the efficacy of this alternative medicine approach to the alleviation of depression.
Abstract This study examines the relationship between Jungian psychotherapy, yoga, and alleviation of depression. Specific questions addressed include: 1. What is the overall incidence of depression in the United States today? 2. What are the factors that contribute to the onset of depressive episodes, and what can be done to mitigate or avoid such onset? 3. Are there cultural and gender considerations that serve to exacerbate depressive episodes? 4. What are the mainstream medical approaches to the treatment of depressive episodes?
From the Paper "Depression is a serious condition which affects millions of people in the United States today. Further, the majority of people in America will experience some form of depression at some point in their lives. People who experience major depressive disorder episodes are more likely to experience future episodes as well. This aspect of depression management is important because the incidence of relapse has been clearly linked to the number of episodes of depression that have been already been experienced (Klerman, Weissmann, Rounsaville, & Chevron, 1999). Clinicians may be overlooking the importance of yoga as both an alternative as well as an adjunct to existing treatment modalities. It is the predicted outcome of this research project that yoga techniques will prove to be an efficacious treatment modality for patients either by themselves in or combination with various psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic approaches."
Abstract A study of William Styron, a recovering alcoholic who slid into a deep and complicated depression. The author tries to diagnose Styron who meets the criteria for a major depressive episode. For the bulk of Styron's battle with depression, he was on medication, Halcion. With a situation as serious as William Styron's he will have to spend a long time working on the causes of his depression that may still be buried.
From the Paper "William Styron's condition began to take over his life by late 1985. He states that it was present for several months, but it did not become apparent how serious it was until this time. It was in 1985 when he first thought that he might die due to his condition (Styron 1990). By December of 1985, Styron was thinking about suicide, but even before that, he could not function socially or in his career. He could not sleep, was disinterested in sex, had slowed speech, had a depressed mood for most or all of the day, was fatigued from lack of sleep, and could not concentrate on regular tasks (American Psychological Association, 1994; Styron 1990). His wife was concerned and encouraged him to seek help, but his friends tried not to bring it up too often (Styron 1990). At this time, and with this type of person ? upper class, "socialite" ? it was not "good manners" for friends to bring up personal problems. (Styron 1990). "
Tags: darkness, depression, dsm, iv, psychology, Styron, visible, William, manners, personal
Abstract Postpartum depression is depression that appears shortly before to shortly after a woman has given birth. It can have negative effects on the woman's marriage and in fact on the entire family. Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious, common, and treatable condition seen frequently in the primary care setting. This paper defines postpartum depression, discusses the causes behind it, details the range of symptoms, its diagnosis, treatment, and ways to help prevent it.
From the Paper "Researchers and doctors know that women develop symptoms of depression about twice as often as men. It is believed that female hormones contribute to this in some way, as mood swings have been tied to variations in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and birth, and the onset of menopause. Some experts also believe that the extra pressures in many women's lives as they juggle both jobs and home responsibilities, single motherhood, or caring for aged parents may contribute. It's very common for new mothers to experience mild and transient feelings of sadness, irritability or moodiness right after giving birth. When these symptoms are short-lived and not severe, they?re often referred to as the ?baby blues,? and considered a normal variation in mood. "Baby blues" pass quickly and cause no significant problem for either the new mother or her family.
Abstract This paper describes the history, causes, and treatment of major depressive disorder, as well as current research. It also looks at who is most often affected by the disorder, different forms of the disorder, how it is diagnosed, the biological and genetic processes behind the disorder, and areas requiring future research.
What Is Major Depressive Disorder
Dysthymia
A History of Depression Diagnosis
Causes of Depression The Biology Behind
The Genetics Behind It
Treatment
What Lies Ahead
From the Paper "One of the fastest growing diseases in the world is, ironically, not an infectious one. Major Depressive Disorder is the leading psychological disorder in the Western world, and still growing?from 1980 to 1990 alone, the number of people diagnosed with major depression tripled, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. People born after 1945 are 10 times more likely to be depressed than those born before 1945. Major depression affects all ethnicities, ages, and socioeconomic classes, and in America, in any given one-year period, almost 10 percent of the adult population, an estimated 18.8 million people, suffer from depression. Roughly 40 million Americans will eventually experience at least one major depressive episode in their lifetime, and half of them will suffer from recurrence."
Abstract This paper discusses how the early diagnosis of postpartum depression is crucial given the negative impacts depression can have on a mother and her interactions with her new infant and, if left undiagnosed, the depression experienced by the mother can equate to long-term behavior problems in the infant as he/she grows up. The research question posed in this paper is "Does early diagnosis and intervention for a mother experiencing postpartum depression, decrease the risk of behavioral or learning difficulties for the new child as he/she is growing up?"
From the Paper "The National Women's Health Information Center advises that postpartum depression is a result of the hormonal changes that occur naturally in a woman after the birth of her child (NWHIC, 2005). Other factors that can contribute towards postpartum depression can include feelings of tiredness, being overwhelmed at the responsibility of looking after a new baby, feelings of loss of identity once becoming a mother and feelings of loss of time as the new baby is so dependent and so very time consuming (NWHIC, 2005)."
Abstract This well-researched paper is a comparative analysis of the symptomatic cluster used by the DSM-IV in the establishment of an Axis I diagnosis of depression and the psychological symptoms associated with nutritional deficiencies. The writer of this in-depth paper examines numerous published studies and literature between 1995-2004 regarding deficiency symptoms of B1, B2, B3, B6, folate, magnesium and zinc and compares the findings with the psychological symptoms found in depression. While low self-esteem and suicidal tendencies were not listed in any of the texts, the writer contends that these were in fact substantiated when analyzing the studies detailed in this paper. This paper delves into the findings that prove magnesium and zinc deficiency may be involved in the psychopathology of suicide.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Nutritional Deficiencies and Depression Nutrition, Culture and Depression Nutrition and Rule-Out Diagnosis on DSM-IV Axis III
Review of Literature
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)
Magnesium (Mg)
Zinc (Zn)
Summary
References
From the Paper "Thiamin is a water-soluble vitamin with limited body storage capacities and must be replenished regularly through the diet. It acts as a coenzyme in the oxidative metabolism of glucose and partakes with niacin and riboflavin in glucose oxidation to yield useful metabolic energy in the form of adenoside-tri-phospate (ATP). The nervous tissue is dependent solely on glucose for energy and as such these tissues are very sensitive to fluctuation in thiamin levels. Thiamin's role as a cofactor in conversion of glucose to sugars may explain why a diet high in carbohydrate could deplete the thiamin reserve. Classic thiamin deficiency, beriberi, is rare, whereas Wernicke-Korskoff Syndrome, a condition often found in alcoholics, is commonly encountered as clinical manifestation of B1 deficiency."
Abstract This paper examines bipolar depression, as the down phase of bipolar disorder. The paper looks at why bipolar depression it is often misdiagnosed as unipolar disorder, and is therefore treated with wrong medications. The paper contends that bipolar depression is more prevalent and dangerous than realized. The paper cites research that indicates that bipolar depression is the most lethal psychiatric disorder, with a high risk of suicide.
From the Paper "Bipolar depression is the depressed phase of bipolar disorder, which is also known as manic-depressive disorder -- a mood disorder which results in drastic mood swings ranging from manic phases to depressive ones. In the United States almost two million people..."
Abstract This paper discusses depression in the elderly population. Particularly, the paper analyzes whether the factors that lead to an increase in or relief from depression in the elderly be used to help the elderly. The paper discusses depression in general and then specifically focuses on the elderly population and the effects of depression on that group.
From the Paper "Depression in the Elderly Introduction Depression is common among elderly adults that almost one-half of all elderly people suffer from it, and it affects quality and length of life, as well as care costs (Loughlin, 2004). Depression can range from mild to major, but the elderly will benefit if they receive treatment quickly. However, treatment works best when certain factors related to either an increase or a decrease of depression are taken into account (Loughlin, 2004; Zalon, 2004). This literature review has the research question: how can the factors that lead to an increase in or relief from depression in the elderly be used to help the elderly?"
Abstract This paper describes and reviews new information about depression presented in an article by David Dobbs entitled "A Depression Switch". According to the paper, although the mental health model of depression has shifted from therapy to biology, this article suggests that the mental health field may even have farther to go in terms of adopting new treatments. One of these new treatments is a psychiatric surgery called deep brain stimulation (D.B.S.) therapy. The paper concludes by encouraging all mental health professionals to become aware of the new findings and treatments for depression.
From the Paper "Depression is hardly a new topic of scrutiny for the popular media. However, an April 2, 2005 article by David Dobbs called "A Depression Switch" in the Sunday Magazine section of The New York Times offers the jarring, even disturbing possibility that the way science has attempted to grapple with the problem of major depression in the past may have been fundamentally misguided. Rather than tracing back to childhood trauma, or even a chemical imbalance, the real root of depression may lie deep within the structure of the human brain."
Abstract This paper examines depression as stemming from the highly stressful, intensely competitive nature of modern society. It points out that the physical, mental, and social state of well-being of millions of people is being harmed because of the destructive aspects of the natural, social, built, and economic spheres in which they live. The paper particularly examines the problems surrounding the increasing use of anti-depressants to treat depression, such as dependence, abuse, the drugs' possible harmful side effects, and exploitation by drug companies. The paper concludes that too many people turn to "wonder drugs" for help when they cannot deal with the emotional and psychological stress induced by society.
From the Paper "In recent years, depression in young adults has been increasingly treated with prescription drug anti-depressants such as Prozac and Paxil. The increasing use of these prescription antidepressant drugs has several implications, for recent studies have shown that more than twenty percent of young adults in the general population have emotional problems and one-third of young adults attending psychiatric clinics suffer from depression. Just as troubling, depression in this age group is greatly under-diagnosed, which presents even more implications."
Abstract Analysis of the Great Depression of 1929-1939. Speculatin on causes as depicted in three books. Lack of government regulations on business, market speculators, Capitalist system. Government's role in overcoming the Depression. Social welfare initiatives. The New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Emergence of black voters & transfer of political loyalty from Republican to Democrat. Contends there is no satisfactory answer to why the Depression lasted as long as it did.
From the Paper "Three Views of the Great Depression in the U.S.
Paul Johnson, in his A History of the American People calls the Depression and its length as "mysterious". He is not the only one to try to figure out what happened and why and how, but what he begins his Depression era chapter with is: "What is puzzling about the events of the decade of 1929-39 is the continuing severity of the market falls and the length and obstinacy of the Depression" (Johnson, 1997, p. 727). While he explains that America, in the Twenties tended to let business run their own arrangements without much, if any, government regulation or impediments. American business was pro5tected by high tariff, instituted by pro-business Republican Presidents. So, what happened? The villain, Johnson implies, is inflation that was allowed to run wild. And, a surprising fact, the 1920s "growing"..."
This paper focuses on two major economic movements that took place in the U.S. during the Depression era between the years 1929-1941 and their impact on the American people and the economy.
Abstract This paper examines author Robert McElvaine's book "The Great Depression: America 1929-1941," which centers on two specific economic movements: Progressivism and the New Deal. Progressivism was, in effect, an expansive ideal about what the U.S. should be to its own citizens and to the impending globalization. The New Deal was a desirable strategy for most Americans to combat the effects of the Depression. This paper details the similarities of both movements which favored the ideas and ideals of American values. The writer also compares the present status of the U.S. government and economy to that of the depression era.
Table of Contents:
Progressivism
The New Deal
Progressivism and the New Deal: Comparisons and Differences
Works Cited
From the Paper "Both movements favored the ideas and ideals of some sort of American values. Just as the progressives movement was founded not only with both moral and economic values as guide posts, and saw World War I as "the last and greatest example of the progressive spirit of sacrifice, so the New Deal began with individuals having to (mostly gladly) sacrifice some of their individualism for government-run and controlled works and policies determined to avoid sinking further into an economic sinkhole. We can also see similarities in the fact that the values and the eventual legislation formed a trickle-down philosophy, from the upper middle and upper classes to benefit the less-fortunate. We have to remember that President Wilson as well as FDR were "patricians"- in the best sense of the word, and their aim was to protect the citizens of this nation from war and from economic disaster, even if it meant a sacrifice and even an attempt to undo the Constitutional balance of power."
Tags: history, economics, franklin, delano, roosevelt, depression, government
Abstract The writer of this well-researched paper details the significance of the Great Depression on Adolf Hitler's rise to power. This paper examines the Kellog pact, which bound the economy of Germany which greatly suffered since America wanted recovery of the loans from Germany which were agreed under the Dewas Plan of 1924. Germany's post-WWI economy was beneficiary of foreign loans, particularly loans from the U.S. and on global trade that was founded on a system of loans and notes of credit. When America's global trade and commerce broke down, it also brought down the economy of Germany. This paper explores the effects of the depression in America on the German people, which resulted in extremism, as frantic inhabitants believed that the politicians had left them in the lurch and they were seeking an alternative to their economic difficulties. This paper details the impact of Hitler during this crucial period. The German citizens who gave their votes in favor of the Nazis were not limited to the jobless. German citizens desired to have a government that was able to grab the organization of banks and companies, to get their funds and distribute it evenly among the poverty stricken people. This in-depth paper discusses the people of Germany who looked forward to Nazism, as the moderate parties were frail, vulnerable and not in agreement about the future of Germany, unlike Hitler, who had a firm vision, which appealed to the citizens.
From the Paper "Hinderburg, in spite of his hatred for Hitler, willingly consented to his deal to be crowned Chancellor and Von Papen as the Vice Chancellor, as the Nazis seemed to be the sole well-supported right-wing party that could safeguard Germany from the assault of this Communist Revolution. On January 1933, Papen once again built a cabinet with Hitler as the Chancellor. Papen and other conservatives planned they could repress Hitler by pinning him down with the tasks of government and they would ride piggyback his remarkable popularity with a sizeable section of the voters. However, they were just not even close as regards Hitler's brutality and brilliance at sniffing the opportune moment to capture power. Hitler, who was in the fray for election, bagged thirteen and half million votes."
