Abstract
The paper explores the definition of crimes against humanity as provided by the Rome Conference, brings the concept into context and compares it with other forms of crimes against civilians, such as war crimes and genocides. The paper examines different acts of deportation and emphasizes the objective element in these crimes, focusing on the conflicts in Bosnia during the 1990s and today's scenarios in Darfur and Sudan.

Outline:
General Considerations on Crimes Against Humanity
Crimes Against Humanity
War Crimes vs. Crimes Against Humanity
Genocide vs. Crimes Against Humanity
Deportation
Deportation During the Bosnian conflict
Deportation in Darfur
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The Rome Conference and the International Criminal Court Statute eliminated this perceived singularity: 160 countries participated in the creation of the final statute. In addition to this, the new document had some new and relevant specifications aimed at defined the outreach for crimes against humanity more clearly. The contribution of such a large number of countries in the process of elaborating the final statute of the ICC gave the final provisions much more legitimacy and authority.
"One of these was the relationship between a state of armed conflict and crimes against humanity. In the previous interpretation, the two were related, mainly because the latter had occurred during the Second World War and because there was no intervention in internal conflicts between the central authority and the civilian population that might have justified dissociating the two categories of crimes."

Tags:war, crimes, genocides, forcible, transfer, Sudan, Bosnia, Darfur

Abstract
This paper explores how the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule of the US Constitution has traditionally been applied in deportation proceedings. It proposes that the exclusionary rule should be applied in situations that involve egregious violation of the Fourth Amendment. This paper also argues that, because deportation proceedings are considered as criminal procedures, aliens in such proceedings are not protected by the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which guards against unreasonable searches and seizures. As a result, many aliens in deportation proceedings have been subject to unfair and unreasonable treatment due to their racial or ethnic background. This paper uses MLA style footnotes but does not include a works cited page.

From the Paper
"The legal rights of aliens in removal proceedings have become increasingly limited, which often results in unfair treatments of the aliens. Ever since the Supreme Court of the United States held in Fong Yue Ting v. United States that deportation is not punishment, and therefore, criminal aliens in removal proceedings are not protected by the criminal procedural safeguards, immigration law has been absorbing the theories, methods and perceptions associated with criminal enforcement while explicitly rejecting the procedural ingredients of criminal adjudication. Since deportation proceedings are considered as criminal procedures, aliens in such proceedings are not protected by the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which guards against unreasonable searches and seizures. As a result, many aliens in deportation proceedings have been subject to unfair and unreasonable treatment due to their racial or ethnic background. For example, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Lopez-Mendoza that the Fourth Amendment's exclusionary rule did not apply to deportation hearings because a deportation proceeding is a purely civil action to determine eligibility to remain in the nation. Although several circuit courts have either held or acknowledged the possibility that egregious violation of the Fourth Amendment should not be allowed in deportation proceedings, the Supreme Court has not recognized the egregious violation exception which allows noncitizens to invoke a Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule in deportation proceedings. This paper will explore how certain ethnic minority aliens in deportation proceedings have been subject to unfair treatment due to their ethnicity and the civil nature of deportation proceedings, and argue that the courts should provide the aliens with Fourth Amendment protection if they were discriminated because of their race or ethnicity. In order to fully navigate the issue of applicability of the Fourth Amendment in deportation proceedings, this paper will examine the history of how the Fourth Amendment has been applied in deportation proceedings. By exploring how some aliens have been treated unfairly due to their ethnic and racial background and how some courts have recognized an "egregious violation exception" of the Fourth Amendment in deportation cases, this paper will argue that the Supreme Court of the United States should grant the Fourth Amendment protection when aliens in deportation proceedings were treated unfairly because of their ethnicity or race. Let us first explore why aliens in deportation proceedings are generally not protected by the Fourth Amendment by analyzing the civil nature of deportation proceeding."

Tags:legal, rights, proceedings, limited, unfair

Abstract
This paper argues that instead of shielding young illegal immigrants who commit serious crimes, San Francisco should deport them. The paper takes a look at San Francisco's sanctuary policy and contends that the interpretation of this policy has been erroneous. The paper asserts that the welfare of the citizens needs to be at the forefront of every policy, and further argues that shielding these felons is a misappropriation of taxpayer money.

Outline:
The City's Sanctuary Policy Factor
Shielding Reinforce Crimes]
Shielding: A Misappropriation of Public Funds

From the Paper
"During the third quarter 2008, San Francisco's sanctuary city policy was subjected to public scrutiny due to the discovery that the Juvenile Probation Department has been shielding illegal immigrants involved in crack dealing. The probation chief flew these people home (to Honduras, Mexico, and El Salvador) - all at taxpayers' expense instead of simply deporting them. Upon the discovery of this action by federal immigration officials, the probation chief sent them to group homes (where after several days they all ran off) - at, again, the expense of San Francisco's tax-paying citizens (Tyler, 2008). Just a month after this news broke out, the news on the murder of a father and his two sons by a gang member, who was shielded from deportation, made it to headlines of newspapers and television news (KTVU.com, 2008)."

Tags:sanctuary, policy, taxpayers, crimes

Abstract
The paper analyzes the incarceration of the foreign criminals before they are returned to their home countries. It mentions the fact that many of their homelands refuse to take them back, and so these offenders cannot be released in the U.S. either. The paper looks at the issues faced by the INS in dealing in a timely fashion with the criminals, since the system has not been created to cope with such a load.

From the Paper
"The issue is not a new one and has plagued the system for some time. On the one hand, there is pressure for the INS to do more to deport criminal aliens; on the other hand, there is pressure to do so in a timely fashion and to avoid jailing too many criminal immigrants in this country. It was reported in 1993 that between 1988 and 1990, 489,000 aliens scheduled to be deported could have been locked up, but the INS at the time had only 6,600 beds, forcing it to release more and more suspects. The General Accounting Office reported that in 1982, 24 percent of those apprehended were detained, while by 1990, only nine percent were held. In the mid-1990s, there were some 62,000 people under deportation proceedings in the New York district, while only about 750 a year were deported. This would mean it would take 80 years just to clear out the existing backlog (Popkin and Friedman 32)."

Tags:asylum, offenses, prison, Cuba, Vietnam, Cambodia, detainee

Abstract
This essay is an appellate brief for a case in which a citizen of the Dominican Republic who is a permanent resident of the United States should be deported for an aggravated felony. This brief addresses the following issues: 1) Whether an individual suffering from a mental illness should be required to exhaust administrative remedies when bringing his claim to the Department of Homeland Security for a deportation hearing, 2) If the individual suffers from a mental illness, whether the DHS is required to provide additional accommodations during the hearings when the person is deemed competent to stand trial. This brief provides a summary of the argument, and finds that the judgment of the Thirteenth Circuit Court of Appeals should be reversed, and this case should be dismissed.

From the Paper
"A. Figueroa Is a Citizen of the Dominican Republic and a Permanent Resident of the United States.
Jose Francisco-Figueroa was born in the Dominican Republic on March 2, 1961 and immigrated to the United States on March 3, 1970. Certified Administrative Record (CAR) 13. All of his immediate family including his siblings and parents reside in the United States and are United States Citizens. CAR 14. Figueroa had a history of mental illness but was still able attend high school until the 11th grade and complete a "college medical assistant" program. CAR 5, 16. Moreover, in the early 1980s, Figueroa obtained work experience as a landscaper, salesman, forklift operator, and a butcher. Id."

Tags:appellate advocacy, exhaustion of administrative remedies, immigration, deportation

Abstract
The paper explores deportation orders made by the Secretary of State on the basis that such deportation is conducive to the public good regarding national security. The paper examines the compatibility of such deportation orders with Articles 3 and 8 of the Europeans Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The paper then focuses on several cases that illustrate the protections afforded under these two articles.

Outline:
Research Question
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3

From the Paper
"In the procedures of the 'Return [of] Irregular Migrants' and as stated by Amnesty International in regards to Human Rights and specifically from the perspective of Articles 3 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) there are issues relating to forced return of migrants upon the basis of the individual being a threat to national security in the UK that results in an overbroad definition of specifically how this is applicable. The Amnesty International work entitled: "Returning 'Irregular' Migrants: The Human Rights Perspective" states in relation to Article 2 of the ECHR that Article (3) b: notion of 'illegal stay' should "be further clarified in order to insert safeguards regarding asylum-seekers being removed under a 'safe third country' procedure or responsibility sharing agreement." (Amnesty International, 2006)"

Tags:asylum, refugees, national, security, mental, illness, human, rights, Amnesty

Abstract
Slavery resulted in the deportation of between eight and 10.5 million people over the course of over 200 years. Countries affected included Gambia, Ghana, Senegal, Benin, Mauritania, Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Cameroon, as these were the locations of European slave forts operated by the Dutch, British, French, and Portuguese. This paper looks at the cultural effects of this trade on the African countries, some of them which may be considered positive. It covers several issues including the introduction of Christianity to Africa, the economic prosperity of countries from which slaves were taken and the rise in literacy in these countries.

From the Paper
"Areas that were involved in the European slave trade eventually prospered, as they developed commercial ties with the west, while those that profited from the traditional Arab slave trade in Eastern Africa declined alongside the Ottoman Empire. The biggest material difference between areas in which the slavery of Africans by Europeans predominated and other areas is that the former areas were early to adopt Christianity, which continues to divide some countries such as Ivory Coast and Nigeria as these coastal Christians clash with inland Muslims. It could be said that slavery caused Africans to develop a negative opinion of whites, but this would be the case only in that such a negative relationship complemented the latter, more pervasive one: colonialization. Whereas the Arabs, Turks, and Egyptians had practiced slavery in Africa for a much longer period of time, the slavery of Africans by whites was best understood as a precedent for the context in which Europeans would engage in relationships with Africans: as a stronger, alien culture with a history of conquest."

Tags:Suret-Canale, colonization, Africanization, Arabs

Abstract
The paper examines an article by Chelyen Davis, "State Looks at Dealing with Immigration," that looks at the illegal immigration scourge confronting the state of Virginia. The paper summarizes the article's key points and assesses the significance of the article to the broader discussion of whether illegal immigrants who break the law should be deported. The paper concludes that deportation will only be a viable option when the country's borders are safely secured.

From the Paper
"To begin with, Chelyen Davis' article entitled, "State looks at dealing with immigration," is a provocative look at the dangers undocumented immigrants pose to American society. Davis begins by looking at how an illegal immigrant, driving drunk and with a prior police record, struck and killed two girls recently in Virginia Beach, sparking widespread outrage and frustration that he had not been reported to the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement service some time earlier. The outcry was sufficiently impassioned that a task force was struck within the state of Virginia to look at how local police and sheriff's offices deal with immigration laws. More than that, concerned officials, under pressure from the general public, have vowed to look closely at what the state can actually do to enforce federal immigration law and also at how illegal aliens impact the state of Virginia."

Tags:border, federal, authorities, Virginia

From the Paper
"In the 1920s, Marcus Moziah Garvey was preaching black pride, racial separation, and the resurrection of a great black empire in Africa (Toppin 302). His doctrines attracted at least a million followers, mainly Northern ghetto blacks, making him the first black leader in America with a mass following.


To understand Garvey's philosophy, it is important to know his personal history. Garvey was born in the town of St. Ann's Bay in Jamaica, British West Indies. Garvey's parents had little formal schooling, but his father was a skilled mason and avid reader. Garvey attended school, but his schooling ended when he was 14 because of the family's financial setbacks. He was then apprenticed to a printer who was his godfather, and he continued his education by reading books from his godfather's library."
Though well-read, Garvey was sensitive about his lack of

Abstract
This paper is about Emma Goldman and her various theories, political, societal and moral. It focuses on her forty years spent as an American, especially the years when she was an active member of the anarchist party. It details her involvement in the assassination of Henry Frick, and her accusal in the assassination of President McKinley. It also discusses how her divergent views involving feminism without suffrage, created isolation among politics that she lived with her entire life. Her involvement in the burgeoning sexual revolution and her persona as a figurehead of the atheists and a violent inciter is also expanded upon.

From the Paper
"Emma Goldman put very little worth upon the idea of government as a protector of the greater society. Emma Goldman rejected the idea that philosophy could ever be political and she spent her time and energy trying to defeat all types of organized government that she so detested. Her radical and uncompromising views on the nature of government left her without a political forum to embrace, and shaped her reaction to and participation in American anarchism."

Tags:anarchism, anarchy, atheism, feminism, incitor, rebellion, suffrage