Abstract
This paper probes Goodman's theory of depiction which is a form of metaphorical exemplification which the philosopher also calls expression. This well-researched and detailed paper examines Goodman's system of determining the relationship between work and emotion which applies broadly to the arts. This paper also focuses on Goodman's approach to nominalism as an ontological position about the existential status of abstract objects as well as his aesthetic program that advances a belief in the intellectual nature of art.

From the Paper
"For Goodman, the nominalist, there is no chance of inherent essence of a label, and so the only explanation for the interplay in a re-assignment involved in metaphor are rules of association which govern the behavior of labels. A sort of conventional nominalism chalks these rules up to "practice," while a stipulative nominalism would determine that the rules are handed down by an unknown source. In any case, the rules are ordered by the conditions in which the label is applied. For example, when confronted with a painting, a decision is made to apply the predicate "inspiring" to the object in question."

Tags:art, theory, nomial, aesthetics, nature, photography, philosophy

Abstract
This essay explores how three influential writers, Geoffrey Chaucer, Ian Flemming and Sheri Tepper, from three different eras have depicted women in their writing. The portrayal of females by each writer is explored separately and then contrasted with that of the other writers. Specific examples and characters from these literary masterpieces are used to support the author's argument. The author provides an analysis of the different ways in which women have been depicted throughout the history of literature

From the Paper
"The representation of women in literature has been the focus of much research conducted by both feminists and literature critics, particularly over the last thirty years. Sheri Tepper's Beauty, Geoffrey Chaucer's The Wife of Bath and Ian Fleming's From Russia with Love, are all examples of escapist fiction in which the attitudes towards women play a key role in the theme of the story. Despite the claim that escapist fiction is isolated from the world in which its author lives, the values of both the author and the society in which he or she lives are reflected in their writing. The Wife of Bath, written in the fourteenth century, represents females as identical member of one group, all possessing the same faults and desires. Fleming, writing in 1957, depicts women differently again, categorizing them into two extreme stereotypes: the dominant, aggressive female and the submissive, naive female."

Tags:bath, beauty, bond, chaucer, depiction, feminisim, feminist, fleming, geoffrey, ian, james, love, russia, sheri, tale, tepper, wife, women

Abstract
This paper discusses how the art of the Mexican, Spanish and Aztec people often depicted animals. It further discusses how the cultures of these people were significantly different from modern society, and it was the Florentine Codex that was considered the authority that clarified this contention. The use of animals therefore within the art that existed during the time was a reflection of the cultures that lived in what was considered New Spain. The paper explains that the Florentine Codex is meticulous at providing examples of how animals existed in every day life for the natives of the region.

From the Paper
The art of the Mexican, Spanish and Aztec people often depicted animals. The cultures of these people were significantly different from modern society, and it was the Florentine Codex that was considered the authority that clarified this contention. The use of animals, therefore, within the art that existed during the time was a reflection of the cultures that lived in what was considered "New Spain". The Florentine Codex is meticulous at providing examples of how animals existed in every day life for the natives of the region. It is also concise in its descriptions of the inclusion of animals in the art of the period. Through the Florentine Codex it is possible to realize that the people of "New Spain" created images of animals as a reflection of their cultural beliefs.

Tags:art, mexico, codex

Abstract
This paper argues that Plath's work is a classic instance of an angry and troubled woman using literature as a means of "getting back" at the men in her life - most notably her husband, Ted Hughes, and her aloof father - who have let her down. The paper specifically discusses how Plath portrays men as oppressors and even, after a fashion, "Nazis", and how she also describes men as lascivious and untrustworthy. From there, the paper looks at how Plath's troubled life led her towards using the novel as a means of articulating her own deep-seated anger towards her father's inability to love her as she wished - and her equally strong resentment towards her husband's faithlessness and apparent self-absorption. The paper highlights how Plath chose to use "The Bell Jar" as a vehicle for chastising all men for the actions of two men.

Tags:sylvia, plath, men

Abstract
This paper analyzes a film that is filmed through fast paced action sequences, which describe a clean and prosperous city. The paper discusses the way that by analyzing the social and political turmoil of the late fifties and early sixties in Paris, France, these films represent a the clash between counter culture and the larger society norms at large in the city.

From the Paper
"Film Studies: The Depiction of Paris of in the Films: 400 Blows, Cleo from 5-7, and Breathless In this film study the role of Paris in the cinematography will be analyzed within the films; 400 Blows (1959), Cleo from 5-7 (1961), and Breathless (1960). In essence, Paris is a city that is filmed in the rushing changes of a society that reflects a burgeoning metropolis in the modern era. In the film: 400 Blows, Truffaut is able to reflect his own experiences in the rough life of underworld through his directorial filming technique."

Tags:paris, film, french

Abstract
This paper looks at male depiction in Sylvia Plath's, "The Bell Jar." It argues that Plath's work is a classic instance of an angry and troubled woman using literature as a means of "getting back" at the men in her life - most notably her husband and her father - who have let her down. The paper specifically discusses how Plath portrays men as oppressors.

From the Paper
"To close, the preceding several pages have captured how Sylvia Plath's novel, The Bell Jar, is an unforgettable look at how the confessional genre of novel-writing can be used both as a form of therapy and as an excuse for depicting other groups in society in a fashion that may not really be consistent with the actual nature of things. But more even than all that, Sylvia Plath's depiction of men in her 1963 book is also a great example of how a writer can reveal a great deal about him or herself even as he or she pretends to write about somebody else."

Tags:dominate, genre, depiction

Abstract
This paper compares the sexual and mystical depictions of Eros found in "Pygmalion" to the more charitable and affectionate depiction found in "The Four Loves." The paper also discusses the contrast in motivation in the two works. It suggests that Pygmalion's primary motivation for action is platonic and sexual yearning. Lewis' motivation is charity. Finally, the romantic love of today is compared to the romantic love depicted by Ovid and Lewis.

From the Paper
"Eros as Platonic yearning refers to the yearning for beauty. Ovid depicts this in Pygmalion who irrationally remains unmarried because he is critical of the faults he sees in women. He cannot find enough redeeming qualities in any woman to face spending his life with her. He then carves an ivory statue of a woman. This statue is so beautifully and perfectly made that Pygmalion falls in love with it. This is love based purely upon beauty, since the woman is not made of flesh and blood and can offer nothing else."

Tags:statue, beauty, desire, Venus, life, friendship, affection, erotic, love

Abstract
This paper looks at this piece of literature and draws parallels to modern day examples of victims as well as heroes and those who are in the wrong.

From the Paper
"Because of very recent events, victims and heroes seem to be presenting themselves in a much different light. The specific events of September 11, 2001 were a tragedy that brought both victims and heroes to the attention of the American public. In fact there seems to be three types of people who reveal themselves in situations like these. These three types, are the victim, the hero, and the wrong-doer. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe s poem Faust displays these three clearly. The three types can be seen with Margaret as the victim, Faust as the villain and the hero who shows himself in the end."

Tags:11th, faust, goethe, heroes, september, van, victims, villians

Abstract
This paper examines Rodin's "The Gates of Hell", the "Palette of King Narmer", Auguste Preault's "Slaughter" and Edward Keinholz's "The State Hospital", in terms of what they convey of suffering, the human condition, the origin and results of suffering, across cultures and periods. Through this paper, one realizes that suffering as depicted in sculpture has different meanings, according to theistic or other culture and how the individual is anticipated to respond to it.

From the Paper
"A theme of human suffering has appeared, many times, in sculpture, and as this paper conveys, in remarkably different periods. Examining Rodin's 'The Gates of Hell', 'the Palette of King Narmer', August Preault's 'Slaughter', and 'The State Hospital' by Edward Keinholz is not as curious an exercise as it may, at first, seem. Emily Vey Duke argued that, "art is for empathy, and empathy... for the reduction of suffering". (Suffering, 2005, 8) However, the very different works discussed in this paper indicate something different, even if some similarity is found in the way that suffering is their foremost, memorable message."

Tags:suffering, culturalmeaning, examples

Abstract
This paper looks at the stereotypical roles depicted by advertising, particularly focusing on the portrayal of women, but also looking at advertisers' general use of American values, norms, and institutions to influence the consumer.

From the Paper
"The oppression of females in advertising in our society is a complex collection of institutions, status, roles, values, and norms, and the best way to understand and learn about them is through the use of cultural artifacts. These can be anything from music to art to literature, or as in the example of this discussion, the modern day creation of advertisement in mass media. As Homo Sapiens moved from the hunter - gatherer way of life to industrial society, it was necessary to construct a framework for living so that such a concentrated number of people could exist together. This framework has come to consist of a myriad of expectations based on values and norms in the form of roles status and institutions. Desirable behavior is sought by people throughout the country based on how one is brought up and the expectations one is bombarded with on a daily basis. These expectations are reflected in every part of our culture and are used by people so as to know how to act in any given situation. The main examples are the family, education, health and medicine, religion, and the law."

Tags:advertising, women, ad, media, values