Abstract
This paper examines the largest public works project of its time, the Federal Highway Act of 1956. The paper looks at the the historical events that led up to President Eisenhower's signing of the Act. It then goes on to discuss the positive impact that it would have on the U.S. economy, looking at such topics as employment, land development, travel, retail competition and lower consumer prices and freight prices. The paper then examines the negative impact the Act would have on the economy looking at such areas as mass transit, mass migration, travel and air pollution. The final are that the paper deals with is the cultural impact. The author feels that based upon their analysis of the Act, it had a fundamentally positive affect in shaping America over the past fifty years.

From the Paper
"The construction of this system has provided Americans with access to valuable land, which encouraged construction and development of real estate including residential, industrial and commercial. Residential properties created as a result of the interstate system most often comes in the form of single-family homes. All over the country residential areas run alongside interstate highways. The system has created a variety of commercial development including roadside businesses, such as hotels and restaurants. The interstate system also aided in the development of industrial properties including nuclear power plants."

Tags:automobile, roads, interstate, commerce, department, construction, land, development, travel, retail, competition, prices, consumer, freight, transit, mass, migration, pollution, air, cultural, impact, environment, shopping, retail, mobility

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the Management Information System industry. It shows that although this area of management is not in any way new it has taken on increasing importance. The paper shows that to a great extent, this field has spawned new industries and gigantic corporations and MIS has created a new breed of managers on organizational charts such as Director of MIS; Manager of Information System; Manager of Corporate systems and other similar titles.

From the Paper
"According to Occupational Outlook Handbook, the average starting salary in 2001 for a high-level information technology manager and MIS graduate ranged from $92,250 to $152,500. According to a 2002 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, starting salary offer for those with an MBA or Technical Undergraduate Degree with 1 year or less experience averaged $61,196 annually. While for those with a Master's Degree in management information system and business data processing averaged $57,225 [Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002]."

Tags:corporations, career, internet, U.S., Commerce, Department

Abstract
This paper describes an approach for managing and controlling development activities for Visa's new system, Visa Commerce. The paper sets out a plan for monitoring and controlling all development activities, for dealing with problems that may arise as a result of technological changes, and for organizing worldwide development activities of Visa's IT Department.

From the Paper
"To manage and control the activities for Visa Commerce, an open communication should be available between each member of the development team. If possible, the development team must work as a group in one location. This is important specifically to the I.T. development team of the system since they are the core players in the success of Visa Commerce system. The team that provides the requirements, on the other hand, can be from different locations. However, it is still essential to have a main team, that handles all the project requirements, to work with the system developers. Such team should serve as the communication bridge between global users of the system and the system developers."

Tags:development, team, communication, different, locations, project, requirements

Abstract
This paper provides a broad depiction of the development of e-commerce, including several techniques to successfully implement such a program. The paper focuses specifically on methods of marketing and development. The paper concludes with a discussion on computer mediated environments (CME), and how companies can use this software to grow their business on the web.

Table of Contents:
Preface
Chapter 1:E-Commerce, Broadly Examined
Chapter 2: An E-Commerce Solution For Businesses
Chapter 3: Computer-Mediated Environments
References

From the Paper
"Making business information available is one of the most important ways to serve the customers. But if one looks at serving the customer, one will find even more ways to use WWW technology. How about making forms available to pre-qualify for loans, or have one's staff do a search for that classic jazz record one's customer is looking for, without tying up one's staff on the phone to take down the information? Allow the customer to punch in sizes and check it against a database that tells him what color of jacket is available in one's store? All this can be done, simply and quickly, on the WWW."

Tags:Federal, Express, Western, Union, money, transfer, Department, of, Defense, advertising, product, service

Abstract
This paper seeks to address whether access to relatively new telecommunications technologies such as the Internet and broadband should be covered by a redefinition of universal service-advanced universal service. This paper examines the concept of universal service from a historical perspective to evaluate its current regulatory status. It examines the needs and barriers to implementing advanced universal service, explains broadband technologies, looks at initiatives to help narrow the digital divide, explores policy objectives and finally makes recommendations for policy makers for basic and advanced universal service. This paper finds that universal service policies should continue to ensure access to basic Internet and that policy makers should continue to closely monitor the deployment of advanced telecommunications technologies to ensure equitable access by all citizens. It does not, however, recommend that advanced universal service be deployed at this time.

Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Overview
Methodology
History of Universal Service
Initial Executive, Legislative, and Regulatory Environment in 1934
Deregulation and Universal Service Fund in 1996
Bill Introduction
Conference Committee
Passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996
Section 254: Revision of Universal Service
Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service
Public Interest Advocates
Section 706: Advanced Telecommunications Incentives
Need for Universal Service
Information Age
Economic Benefits
Digital Divide
21st Century Job Skills
Empowerment
Access as a Right
Broadband Technology Descriptions
Broadband
Cable TV Networks
Digital Subscribe Line: xDSL
Fiber Access Networks: FTTx
Wireless Access Networks
Applications
Internet Access
Video-Conferencing
Video on Demand
Near Video on Demand
Digital Television
Barriers to Advanced Universal Service
Opposing Arguments
Executive, Legislative and Regulatory Climates
Monopoly vs Competitive Environment
Emerging Policy Arenas
Current Initiatives
Public
Next Generation Internet
The President's National Information Infrastructure Advisory Council
Department of Education
Department of Commerce
National Science Foundation
Department of Agriculture
Universal Service Administrative Corporation
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Private
OpenNET Coalition
AT&T
IBM
Partnerships
Presidential Advisory Committee
The Benton Foundation
Family Technology Resource Centers
Policy Objectives
Access
Standards
Competition
Content
Positive Outcomes
Negative Outcomes
Options
Option A
Option B
Option C
Recommendation
References

From the Paper
"Section 254 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 not only reaffirms the central importance of universal service in telecommunications, but it has vastly expanded the concept. The FCC is charged with assuring that all rates for universal service are just, reasonable, and affordable, not just the rates for interstate service. The word "affordable" had not been used before this legislation, but the 1996 Act introduces the concept of affordability directly and explicitly into national policy. The 1996 Act expands the services to which the universal service concept applies and institutes a formal process for expanding the definition of universal service over time. Although access to the network for high-cost areas and low-income consumers has been supported for years, the 1996 Act explicitly requires this policy and requires that it be implemented with specific and predictable mechanisms, in the form of contributions from all providers of telecommunications services to support universal service. A whole new range of institutions has been identified as having a role in universal service policy."

Tags:administration, communications, digital, science, telecommunications

Abstract
This paper examines the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, which is administered through a complex set of processes under the management of the U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. It looks at how it was set up as an opportunity to examine an organization critically and identify strengths and opportunities in order to improve the company's overall quality. In particular, it discusses how serving on the Baldrige Award committee can be a rewarding experience in someone?s career. Through the experience, people will be able to strengthen their ability to assess an organization, receive valuable training, and develop analytical and consensus building skills that can be applied to their own organization, as well as many others.

Outline
Introduction: How Did It Start
Criteria for Performance
Administration of the MBNQA
Board of Overseers
Board of Examiners
Judges
Senior Examiner
Examiner
The Selection Criteria
Criteria Expertise
Depth of Experience
Specialized Expertise
Examiner Skills
Final Selection of Members
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"This is the first of the three distinct groups. There are only a total of nine judges that oversee the entire process of administering the award. They must also help with the selecting examiners, review the scored applications, selecting the organizations to visit, and reviewing the results of the visit (Wadworth, p.109). Once that process is completed, they can select the organization to recommend for the Malcolm Baldrige Award. The judges are involved in the oversight of the entire process, but they do not actually get involved with the process until the many hours of work by the examiners are completed. Then it is left up to the U.S. Secretary of Commerce to make the final decision for the award after further background evaluations of the recommended organizations have been completed."

Tags:audit, standards, career, organization, judges

Abstract
This paper relates that, despite the variety of social security and welfare programs were introduced to support the poorer and unemployed population, poverty persisted in the affluent society of the U.S. The author points out that poverty in America has a diverse view from the rest of the world as indicated by statistics of U.S. Department of Commerce (2001), which indicated that a typical American defined as poor by the government has a car, air conditioning, a refrigerator, a stove, a clothes washer and dryer and a microwave, far from the popular images of dire poverty conveyed by the press, liberal activists and politicians. The paper concludes that the Social Security is the U.S. government's greatest success story; by creating more jobs, improving educational facilities, eliminating corruption and by making optimum utilization of social security programs, the U.S. can virtually eliminate remaining poverty from the American society.

Table of Contents
Factor Responsible for Increase in Poverty
Poverty in United States of America
Diverse Definitions of Poverty in United States
Social Security Program
Methods of Reducing Poverty
Conclusion
Table 1: Ownership of Property and Consumer Goods among Poor Family-Units

From the Paper
"The NPR, the Kaiser Family Foundation, and Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government conducted a joint survey, which revealed that Americans aren't thinking a lot about the poor these days. However, when they are asked about it directly, most Americans think that poverty is still a problem in this country, even in these generally prosperous times. In fact, a majority of Americans think poverty is not just a problem but a big problem. But they define it in a different way, 64% Americans say that a family of f our with an income of $20,000 is poor, whereas 42% say that a family of four earning $25,000 is poor. It shows great political divisions in the country on the subject of poverty."

Tags:affluent, ownership, images, jobs, corruption

Abstract
This paper explains that, until the 1940s, Latin America was an economic "free zone" for the U.S., zealously guarded by the Monroe Doctrine, which was established in 1823, at a time when most Latin American nations were first tasting the freedom of their own statehood. The author points out that the determination of the U.S. to control commerce than the completion of the Panama Canal and the seizure of Panamanian lands to form a U.S. Canal Zone is the single most event to demonstrate American exploitation. The paper relates that "Dollar Diplomacy" still exists today; but, the first-third of this century saw a far more one-sided, brazen and opportunistic means of finding legal ways to get economic advantages because American businessmen, in combination with the State Department, looked upon Latin Americans as not trustworthy, not competent and certainly not the equal of the "democratic" Americans.

From the Paper
"Central America became the domain of agricultural enterprises, such as United Fruit and Standard Fruit Company. They literally "owned" and "ran" Nicaragua and Guatemala. Despite uprisings- the most serious occurred in 1930, where" a dozen Standard Fruit employees were killed, including eight Americans,...and the company begged for American intervention." A naval ship was sent to the scene, but the rebels had already gone. As Uncle Sam has positioned himself as the bringer of democracy to Latin America, so the American companies have followed the diplomats (or even preceded them) in order to have "the whip hand in negotiations with local governments, and the resulting foreign investments have brought fewer and fewer benefits to the host country.""

Tags:dollar-diplomacy, monroe, roosevelt, agricultural

Abstract
This paper analyzes three different types of web sites: a business-to-business site, a government site and nonprofit organization site. The paper analyzes the different focus of each website based on each site's purpose.

From the Paper
"Today's Internet encompasses a wide variety of functions. It provides information, shopping opportunities, the ability to obtain a college degree, ways to meet people and the ability to entertain oneself for hours at a time. Government and educational institutions formed the original Web community but today's community is diverse and includes companies and nonprofit organizations as well as government entities. This research considers three Web sites, one focusing on business-to-business users, one a government site and one a nonprofit organization, and how each site uses the..."

Tags:web sites, salvation army, boeing, department of commerce

Abstract
The explores ways to market a book "Taking Charge With Back To Basics The Secret to Rebuilding the Economy one Family at a Time" by exploring the different areas and aspects of marketing. It shows how the current economic situation in the United States is the perfect consumer market for the book. The paper explores issues such as target markets, test studies, pricing and promotion of the product. It also provides an example of an advertisement for the book.

From the Paper
"The income of those who are targeted to purchase the book will be between $20,000 and $35,000 annually. This targeted income bracket allows the book to focus on a narrow segment of the population. There are problems specific to each income range and this book will focus on those who are most apt to struggle just for the purpose of survival.
This product will motivate certain buyers to reach for it. The motivators for the purchases of this product include the desire to become financially solvent and be able to relax about the future. Additional motivators will be the desire to set an example for children as well as be able to provide for them in a more secure manner than is currently possible."

Tags:retirement, funds, financial, American, Journal, of, Economics, Commerce, Department