Abstract This paper covers the following six topics: 1. identity determined from density. 2. changes of speed and motion of molecules with state change. 3. theory of structure of atom. 4. periodic table vs alphabetical listing of elements. 5. mass nos, moles. 6. Henry's law.
From the Paper "Density can be used to identify a substance. It could be used to determine if a sample of gold-colored metal is in fact gold. Archimedes used the concept of density to identify substances. Density is a physical property of a substance which describes the degree of compactness of the substance, i.e., how close together the atoms are packed. The density of a substance is the ratio of an object's mass to its volume."
Tags:density, atomic theory, changes of state, periodic table, moles, Henry's law
Abstract A physician office wants to install bone density equipment but is not certain about types of machines to purchase and their price. This report therefore focuses on the available products and expert opinions in connection with that equipment. Cost of the bone density procedures and machines have also been briefly mentioned so that a physician would be able to estimate the possible costs involved and expected increase in revenues. The author of the paper uses graphs and photographs to illustrate certain points.
From the Paper "Norland manufactures some of the best products available for bone density measurement. The machines that any physician office would require for this procedure are easily available through this company but let us first mention what machines would be needed for this purpose. It has been noticed that mostly the machines required for this purpose. There are two types of procedures through which bone density can be measured. The first one being the DEXA method, which uses x-rays to measure bone density. X ray method is fast and painless and is partly covered by insurance. The other procedure is carried out through CT scan. Both these procedures would study the bone mineral density of patient's body and then compare it with a healthy person's bone density to find out if there is any risk of osteoporosis to the person."
Tags: DEXA, radiology, osteometer, meditech, osteoporosis, FDA
Compares the three major geographic regions by climate, topography, waterways, etc. Also discusses geographical problems the country is faced with, like population density and agriculture.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, 2001, $ 41.95
Abstract In this paper the 3 major regions of India are analyzed geographically, looking at the weather patterns, topographical regions, agriculture and climate. The impact of geography on the people of India is also looked at, primarily by looking at the geographic problems in the nation They include population density and a heavy dependence on few industries.
From the Paper "When studying the land that makes up India, it is important to realize the diversity that abounds in the different regions of the nation. There are three main sections that India can be split into: the Himalayas, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and the Peninsula. The Himalayan Mountain range is present in India along the northern border, and especially in the northwest corner of the country. There are numerous peaks of various sizes, but the most notable are Mount Nanda Devi and the Godwin-Austen, which lies in disputed territory. There is also an area known as the Lesser Himalayas, which serves as a transition area between the mountainous regions of the north and the central plains. The Himalayas are a key component in the weather dynamics of all of Southern Asia, and India especially depends on them. India has 4 major seasons: winter in December until February; summer from March until May; monsoons from the southwest in June until September; and monsoons from the northeast in October and November."
Abstract Exercise affects bone density in children and adolescents. According to recent information from the government's first comprehensive study of sports injuries, 2.6 million children and young adults playing sports end up in the emergency room each year at a cost of $500 million.
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses osteoporosis, a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue that most often results in enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk. The paper further discusses the positive impact of exercise on women suffering from osteoporosis.
From the Paper "Ernst's (1998) review of 21 controlled studies on the subject of osteoporosis and exercise concludes that. "Collectively, however, these studies leave little doubt that regular exercise can delay or halt bone loss in women." Specifically, he reports that exercises not involving any loading are not effective, or considerably less effective, than weight-bearing exercises. The optimal exercise regimen should thus avoid further bone loss and reduce injury risks. Weight-bearing exercises, as weight-lifting, jumping and running, appear best suited for improving bone mass. However, they can carry a risk of injury: patients experienced a higher than average incidence of vertebral fractures if they executed exercises with their spines flexed."
Tags: bone, exercise, mineral, postmenopausal, fractures, women, study
Abstract Overpopulation has been a highly contested topic for centuries. Varied opinions are voiced such as, when there is overpopulation, natural resources are depleted as a result of the need to sustain the rapid growth. Still others opine that it is not as much as overpopulation but population density relative to the availability of resources. The writer discusses that it is not much really a question of overpopulation but rather population density vs. available resources and population vs. consumption of resources. The United States government, as the remaining superpower, should lead the fight against the negative effects of overpopulation. The writer concludes that the U.S. should curtail its super consumer culture and temper exploitation of natural resources by providing means of replenishing what was taken from nature.
From the Paper "Whatever arguments there are on overpopulation, humans should be cognizant of the fact that population density should not be always the primary blamed factor but rather the actions done relative to population growth. Humans cannot simply lord over any and all resources without thinking that these are finite entities that need processes or plans to replenish. Emerging countries industrialization is not paying attention to environmental issues because of the feeding demands of their ever-growing populations. Misuse or depletion of the Earth's treasures to meet those needs, for example unsustainable logging, poor farming practices, and overfishing, threatens human life and health around the world. If these trends continue, humans might find each other fighting over basic resources such as food and water - and probably continue blaming overpopulation instead of the manner by which resources have been abused."
A paper which studies the effects of the Superfund Neurotoxin Methylazoxymethanol (MAM) on brain dendritic spine density in long hooded Evans Rats Rattus norvegicus.
Abstract The paper shows that in the study of structural development in the brain there have been several proposed biomarkers for quantifying brain plasticity. These include but are not limited to cortical thickness, dendritic length and branching, expression of neuronal proteins, and the presence of DNA adducts. The paper discusses the theory that a measure of brain plasticity emerging late in embryonic development will be a very sensitive biomarker for detecting subtle damage suffered by brain cells during earlier stages of brain development not detectable by other means. The paper shows that to test this, the effects of a neurotoxin on the late developing dendritic spines were studied. A significant decrease in spine density was observed as the neurotoxin, methylazoxymethanol, increased. The author of the paper shows how the implications are widespread in the study of neuro-degenerative disease.
From the Paper "Fifty years ago, Donald Hebb demonstrated that the conditions under which laboratory rats were housed could significantly affect their performance in a variety of complex spatial tasks later in life (1). The complex environment rearing paradigm has been valuable in assessing plasticity of a variety of brain components including cerebral cortical microvasculature, astrocyetic morphology, dentritic branching patterns, synaptic number, and synaptic structure are all affected by complex environment rearing (2). It has been suggested that multiple synaptic contacts (spines) may play a role in the spread of the additive effect of learning known as potentiation, among neighboring unstimulated neurons. A lack of these spines and their connection with boutons of neighboring neurons could then result in a decrease in the capacity for learning. Some recent work has indicated that the presence of multiple synaptic contacts may be altered by experience. Most of this research has focused on structural changes in the hippocampus. Dendrtic spines show great variability in structure and connectivity, both within and across brain structures, including 10-fold differences in length and diameter as well as variations in the number of branches and spines per dendrite."
Abstract This paper provides an insight into brass, a useful alloy of two metals, copper and zinc which has been used for cultural uses and ornamentation since the 13th century BC. It examines how the porosity, or the ratio of the volume of interstices of a material to the volume of its mass, can be reduced in order for brasses of all compositions to be worked or hardened to form wires, fittings or ornaments with the most utilitarian strength, elasticity or ductility features.
Outline
Introduction
Brass
A Thousand Years of Brass-Making
Phase Diagram for All Brasses
Density of Brass Varieties
Porosity in Brass
Metal Porosity--in its Place
Manufacturing Methods to Reduce Porosity
Post-Manufacturing Methods that May Reduce Porosity
Unavoidable Internal Change Mechanisms Possibly Affecting Porosity
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper "As with many metals and alloys, brass is often worked after its formation, not merely for shaping into the desired form, but also to alter for improvement one or more of its physical properties: Strength or hardness, ductility or elasticity, as examples. The methods are generally lumped as a number of "hardening" types, although their purposes rarely include the reduction of porosity, per se. Some are carried out at room temperature (called "cold work"); others are performed at a variety of elevated temperatures, each having its own intended effect (called "hot working")(14:7-9)."
This paper discusses the issues of building multistory buildings on areas of landfill, areas of dumped discarded items such as debris and garbage, using Battery Park City, New York City as an example.
Abstract This paper reports that one way that builders are finding available land is by using places previously thought unsafe or unsuitable to build on, such as landfill sites. This paper explains that landfill sites can safely be used to build high-rise buildings, provided the density of the landfill, the size of the foundation pieces and the deepness of the foundation pilings are taken into consideration. The author points out that there have been no reported problems from the settling of the landfill site on which Battery Park City was built.
From the Paper "First, it is important to understand what landfills are and why they are here. Landfills are areas where the city or other municipality has dumped discarded items such as debris and garbage. The city often dumps large items there, as well, and eventually the landfill reaches its capacity. Landfills are important because debris and garbage has to go somewhere, but many people remain concerned that landfills are dangerous, and that hazardous materials are being dumped into landfills, which could harm people in the future. When someone decides to build on a landfill site, as the one in Battery Park City, the question of stability comes up. After all, they are essentially building on garbage and debris, which seems likely to shift and move as it settles."
Abstract This paper examines how the "Milk Got, Hmmm"? dairy ads featuring Yoda from Star Wars have been widely publicized in magazines, on billboards, and widely spread around the Internet. It looks at how the purpose of this ad is to encourage people to drink milk, based on the health claims made within the text and also based on the appeal of the character of Yoda. It also discusses how the health claims that it makes have been largely debated and how there may, in fact, be false statements ,since there is a great deal of scientific evidence actually pointing to milk as a cause of bone density loss.
From the Paper "This advertisement attempts to appeal to the logical consumer by stating claims that milk will be beneficial to the drinker's health. It is only reasonable to assume that people will be attracted to a product that will give them better health and a longer life, and this is exactly the claim that the text of this ad makes. As opposed to explaining that it is a mastery of use of The Force and his dedication to Jedi studies that has prolonged his life, the Yoda in this ad states that it was in fact milk that allowed him to live for nearly a millennium and remain strong. ?When younger are you, strong bones milk builds, yes. But when adults, slow rate of bone density loss, it does.? seems like a very logical reason to drink milk. Unfortunately, this claim may not be backed by actual fact."
Abstract This paper explains the importance of calcium in a child's diet and takes a look at the calcium intake and needs of children and adolescents. The paper summarizes a study on fracture rates vs. milk consumption, on adolescent bone mineral density and on calcium in vegan diets and then looks at dietary factors which affect calcium intake, absorption and calcium loss.
From the Paper "Calcium intake in children may be insufficient for their needs, as their bones are growing and a study by Goulding et al showed that children who avoided drinking cow's milk for prolonged periods and did not consume calcium-rich food substitutes had low bone mineral densities. Low bone density combined with a high body weight increases the risk of bone fractures during growth when children are more prone to such fractures. Optimal bone growth cannot take place without sufficient calcium intake and in the Western countries dairy products are..."
Tags: calcium, bone mineral density, osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteogenesis
Abstract This paper addresses the Dundas-Spadina Neighbourhood Community's response to the 2004 hydro blackout, in an EPPlan geared to helping Canadian Chinese and other elders. It looks at how in 2004, this sector proved the most endangered and also the most independent and indifferent to significant health risks. An interventionist, volunteer effort is described in relation to official commentary on the crisis, and media coverage, plus notes on cultural inclusions.
From the Paper "To Whom It May Concern: This submission refers to the Dundas-Spadina Neighbourhood Committee's intended Emergency Preparedness Plan (EPP), for situations of power Blackout as experienced in the Greater Toronto Area during the summer of 2003. The area to which the DSNC refers is known to most Torontonians, and remains small enough that an informal, largely local, response can be effective. Please note that the EPP is evolving with the greatest onus on workers within the Neighbourhood Committee. Its central focus is the area's elderly Canadian Chinese population."
Abstract The paper argues that the rights of the individual are most likely to deteriorate in societies that are plagued by excessively high birthrates and by high population density. The paper explains the utilitarian reasoning behind this principle as well as the simple fact that something of which there is a lot is going to be of lesser per capita value than something of which there is very little. The paper shows how over-population logically brings about a diminution in individual rights.
From the Paper "It is sometimes asserted that the rights of the "common" - the community or the collective - will eventually impinge upon the right of the individual as the population in already-overcrowded nations and globally continues to spiral upward. This sort of statement can be interpreted in many ways and undoubtedly will be interpreted in many ways by people coming from different socio-economic and socio-political backgrounds. Be that as it may, this writer chooses to interpret the initial sentence in this paragraph as follows: as populations grow more massive, the competition for finite resources among individuals becomes more intense."
This paper discusses the term and the concept of urban and looks at how the urban setting directly impacts the social relations that are conducted within it.
Abstract In this article the writer looks at the meaning of the term urban and discusses the extent that the urban setting shapes the social life which occurs within it. The writer notes that these issues are closely interrelated. This paper argues, the term "urban" must be understood as a sociological concept whose characteristics fundamentally define the social relations that occur within the urban space. The writer concludes that models of human social behaviour, such as civility, are developed in urban settings as a means of coping with the stresses of population densities as well as a cultural production that is deeply intertwined with economic and emotional relationships of humans as groups and as individuals.
From the Paper "The relationship between the urban setting and the social life that occurs within it is thus complex but clear. The population densities and uses of space that physically characterize urban settings lead to a range of impacts upon social relations that, in many cases as in the cultural realm, seem indirect and would likely not be predicted. To use a metaphor, within a physical setting human population densities increase until a "critical mass" is attained, at which point "urbanity" comes into existence with an explosion of social and cultural forms that are distinct to urban life.
"Consider, for example, the arguments of some urban sociologists that the urban setting has led to a radical revisioning of fundamental human social interactions."
Abstract This paper discusses possible definitions for the term "urban" as it is used in urban studies. The paper particularly focuses on the term in relation to Toronto. The paper shows how Canada has tried to solve the debate of the definition of "urban," by creating definitions based on population size and population density. It discusses the pros and cons of such a definition and provides examples to illustrate the points made.
From the Paper "The perfect example of this argument is the Dundas Square
in Toronto. This public space was built in response to economic, political and social relationships that had developed in that area of Toronto. As a result a physical space was constructed that was a symbolic representation of these relationships. After the space was built new social, economic and political relationships were established in and around this space. This included new businesses, a different use of the space itself and a number of other activities that did not occur in this area before Dundas Square was built."
