Abstract This paper uses the DemocraticAudit.com website in order to to audit democracy in Russia. The paper assesses whether the principles of democracy outlined by the site are being honored and administered in Russia as it emerges from its totalitarian past. These principles are identified in four blocks: Citizenship, Law and Rights; Representative and Accountable Government; Civil Society and Popular Participation; and Democracy beyond the State.
Abstract Through a detailed analysis of 3 key topics from the democratic assessment framework in application to China, this paper attempts to understand how China is today a country still far removed from the promise of democracy. The paper looks at how important the issues of collective identity/citizenship, the rule of law, and economic rights are to the future of China and recognizes that it is difficult to come to a conclusion since China is still fundamentally an authoritarian state in which power is monopolized by the political-economic elite.
Outline:
Introduction
Nationhood and Citizenship
The Rule of Law and Access to Justice
Economic and Social Rights
Conclusion
From the Paper "It must be acknowledged that this development of an authoritarian economic state was essential to the survival of China's ruling elite in the wake of the global collapse of communism in the early 1990s (Huang 54). In this analysis, it is was primarily through the ruling political elite's reaching out to the emerging business classes and co-opting them that allowed the Chinese system to survive the collapse of communism as an ideological system. However, it must be acknowledged that this has occurred at a great cost as one of the consequences of the development of this new elite has been a marked increase in corruption that parallels economic dislocation for much of the population (Fuller 152)."
Abstract This paper briefly explores the pros and cons of rapidly democratizing Hong Kong despite the marked reluctance of the Chinese government to see this occur. The paper indicates that there are obvious advantages to rapid democratic reform, but also reveals the dangers that lie in pushing for too much, too soon. Finally, the paper concludes that the present "Two Systems" approach in China is ultimately unworkable.
From the Paper "The matter of democratic reform in Hong Kong has caused much comment for a very long period of time. Despite popular demands for immediate democratic reform, many powerful individuals in the upper stratosphere of government - both in mainland China and in Hong Kong - have resisted calls for change. This paper will examine the arguments for and against immediate democratic reform, as well as taking a closer look at the individuals who are pushing for reform and those who are opposing it."
Abstract This paper explores Lawrence F. Kaplan's article ?Trade Barrier: Why Trade won't bring Democracy to China.? Issues affecting the democratization of China are examined including a lack of wide interest in political change, Chinese property rights and fear of persecution.
From the Paper "It is widely believed that economic liberty follows political freedom. And the one reason why United States has not been doing anything concrete to hasten the democratization process in China is because it firmly believes in this notion. Almost every policy that United States has made so far in connection with China incorporates this vague idea and the results have been close to negligent if not downright negative. United States maintains that once China starts trading freely with the rest of the world, it will automatically be forced to bring some political changes and that would lead to democracy. But it is easier said than done. For reasons best known to U.S. policymakers, this idea is consistently being reiterated in every congressional speech including the ones delivered by President Bush."
Abstract This paper provides information on Web use in the computer industry across two countries - Australia and China. The writer explains that these two places have a different economy, customer purchasing behaviour and culture in the computer industry, in order to identify how online marketing strategies affects IT organization performance.
Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Conceptulization
Methodology
Findings and Discussion
Managerial Implications
Future Research
Conclusions
From the Paper "The Internet has already changed the face of communication in the most dramatic way. No previous technology has expanded as quickly or as globally as the Internet, there are nearly 350 million Internet users world-wide (Harrison-Walker, 2002). With online branding and the growth of online consumers, online marketing activities are growing and companies increased their expenditures for Internet content design, development, and traffic generation over the past years (Art, 2003). Computer industry is to be analyzed for two reasons; first, it is an extremely important industry both for online and offline. There have been important work industrial organizations analyzing the competition conditions in the computer industry (Bresnahan and Greenstein, 1999). Second, computer goods are also the single largest category of retail goods sold online in countries (Boston consulting group, 1998)."
Abstract This paper examines how China has been changing economically while trying to hold on to as much of the Communist system as possible, a delicate balancing act that raises the suspicions of much of the world while also creating a good deal of internal uncertainty. The paper points out that this is part of a modernization effort being carried forth not only by those within China or by her trading partners, but also by Chinese living abroad who wish to increase business for the home country or to develop China in a wide variety of fields, including the scientific, financial, artistic, tourism, and other fields. The paper maintains that part of this effort involves China joining the World Trade Organization (WTO). Both the possibility of China joining and the organization itself were the subjects of massive protests in this era of increasing globalization and remain so. The paper concludes that China's attempt to gain benefits while retaining autonomy in certain matters is a balancing act that cannot be maintained for long without political change.
Outline:
Introduction
The WTO
China and the WTO
Theoretical Implications
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Chinese take the view that America is only harboring ill feelings about the emergence of a stronger and more prosperous China, and they believe that Washington's policy toward Taiwan is designed to obstruct China's reunification. They say that the Americans want to stop Chinese arms sales that are merely for commercial purposes while at the same time they are selling more sophisticated fighters and missiles to the unyielding Taiwanese. They also believe that the Americans use the human rights issue as a weapon to interfere in China's domestic affairs and undermine the Chinese government and note that the U.S. government created obstacles to China's entry into the WTO with the intention to weaken China economically, which has an effect domestically and internationally at the same time: "As the Chinese are sustaining their economic growth and rapidly improving their standard of living, their national pride is certain to arise" (Jisi 45)."
Abstract This paper explains that the United States has been plagued by questions of its policy toward the Peoples Republic of China and Taiwan, formally known as the Republic of China. The author outlines the history of this area after the Chinese civil war and of the U. S. policy throughout the early part of the cold war and after President Nixon's visit to China and the Shanghai Communiques in which both nations pledged to work toward the full normalization of diplomatic relations. The author recommends that the U.S. policy should continue as presented in these joint communiques and that Taiwan should rejoin China as a special administrative region similar to Hong Kong.
From the Paper "Politically, the situation isn't as clear cut, hence the reason why it remains an issue. Simply put, the Peoples Republic of China have communist system, meanwhile Taiwan and the United States have a democratic system. This is the reason why throughout the cold war we gave our support to Taiwan, because of the domino theory and a belief that communist was complete evil. Under the domino theory if we had not supported Taiwan then they most certainly would have been taken over by China and we wouldn't have our capitalist "base" right next to one of our biggest enemies of the early cold war."
Tags: communiques democratic soviets military, sole legal government
Abstract The paper discusses how both Mongolia and China have Communist legacies and how, after the end of the Cold War, the situation in both countries evolved towards a type of socialism that adapted to an extent to the current realities of political and economic globalization. The paper compares the political situation in both countries and explains that the Mongolian state has been forced to attempt to democratize, while China has the luxury to maintain its political structure intact and to still advance technologically and become one of the most important economies in the world. The paper concludes that China is an example of the way in which socialism can contribute to modernity.
From the Paper "The history of Asia can be considered to be one of the most controversial, dynamic, and interesting segments of the history of our civilization. This is largely due to the fact that the region experienced along the centuries several influences in terms of political, economic, and social aspects. However, one of the most important ideas related to the evolution of the area is the communist influence which developed as part of the political environment in the region."
Abstract In this article, the writer explains that the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) statutory title is conferred on accountants qualified by passing the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination. The writer points out that the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) are a set of ten auditing standards developed in 1947 by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), referring to general standards, standards of field work and standards of reporting. The writer discusses that the general auditing standards state that the person or persons performing the audit must have adequate technical training and proficiency as an auditor. In addition, the writer notes that the auditor must keep at all times an independent mental attitude; and finally, professional care must be exercised when planning and performing the audit and when preparing the report.
From the Paper "Other requirements needed to be fulfilled for a license as a CPA are stated in Section 7404, Article 149, Title 8 of New York's Education Law: in the first place, an application must be filed with the department; then, after the candidate's education and experience have been found satisfactory, a written examination must be passed; also, the fees issue must not be forgotten, as a two hundred twenty dollars fee must be paid to the department for admission to a department conducted examination and a one hundred fifteen dollars fee for each reexamination for an initial license, and also a two hundred ten dollars fee for each triennial registration period."
Abstract Consumer behavior is influenced by many factors: cultural heritage, perceived value of goods or services, economics, and interpersonal issues. In the current global economy, it is inevitable that East and West meet in the arena of consumer goods and services. Because of the size of their populations, the United States and the two Chinas, the People's Republic and Taiwan, could easily emerge as major markets for each other's goods and services. For any company to be successful in a cross-cultural marketing effort, however, it is essential to pay attention not only to similarities, but to differences, and then to market accordingly. In order to develop a few marketing precepts for creating goods, perhaps with variations in the goods themselves or in the marketing material, this paper looks, in depth, at the cultures of all three nations. The paper then examines what various researchers, experts, and government/trade officials have been saying about markets in the China and Taiwan.
From the Paper "In China, where incomes have been rising, it is necessary to price items so they are affordable to enough people to become popular; in Taiwan, there would be less price sensitivity and, in fact, the Taiwanese are used to paying heftily for many necessities, such as living space, and would be far less price sensitive than the Chinese. In fact, because they have had a growing market economy for some time, they are very likely susceptible to the same upscale, higher-priced marketing concepts as Americans."
Abstract This paper discusses the approach one would take to prepare, compose and present a full marketing audit. For each given section of the marketing audit the following aspects are covered: types of data and information, analysis, start and finish dates and a list of challenges that might affect the execution of the audit. The result of this paper is to facilitate a full marketing audit.
From the Paper "The executive summary should encompass the broad conclusions of the research, or in this case, the marketing audit, as well as the recommendations resulting from the final analysis. The interested executive who wishes to more fully understand how the conclusions were reached and to further justify the rationale behind the recommendations may take the time to review the research material contained within the entire report. The executive summary should be a synopsis of the conclusions and recommendations and not a point by point analysis (Tips, 2005, p.23). Creating an engaging and informative executive summary ensures that top management considers the marketing audit a quality product supported by solid research."
Abstract This paper deals with the analysis of the auditing procedures. It looks at the issue of auditing of the audit company during the first stages and then follows the process through out the completion of the audit.
Abstract In this article the writer notes that over the past two decades, a number of changes took place that greatly altered the business world. The writer points out that some of these changes were external, such as ever-increasing globalization, growing competition and fast-paced technological innovations. However, some of the changes were internal. The writer relates that at the beginning of the millennium, for example, huge cases of company fraud rocked the structures of many organizations and that, as a result, the entire auditing field was put on trial. The writer maintains that Enron and similar financial disasters made many companies think and then think again about how to enhance their own internal audit functions. In order to find out more about auditing in present times, the writer interviewed, Robert Norwick, the internal auditor of a local mid-sized family-owned business.
Outline:
Background
Internal Audit Position
Need for Internal Auditors
Future Growth
Average Current Compensation of Internal Auditors
Certification
Organizations/Resources
From the Paper "Norwick works for a farsighted company that recognizes the value of prevention. They also realized that if they ever wanted to go public or acquired a public company, they would be accountable by legislation. Instead of using external auditors, they decided to expand their internal department. It hired him a couple of years ago after an extensive search to find the right individual for the new internal audit position. They put together a cross-functional search committee, including the human resources director and CFO, to get varied input. They also looked at additional skills beyond the traditional ones normally required for internal auditors. For example, they wanted someone who was just as comfortable in front of the desk talking with people as well as behind the desk crunching numbers."
Briefly looks at the differences between auditing for a non profit organization and auditing for a business and then focusses on the auditing process for a non profit organization.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, 2006, $ 80.95
Abstract The accounting function is central to the conduct of business for profit-making organizations and non-profit organizations alike, though clearly with a different focus for each. In both cases, the purpose of accounting is to compare the money coming in and the money going out and to do so following clear accounting rules set down by the profession and by legislators. This paper discusses auditing and the non profit organization.
Abstract This paper discusses the poverty in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and its implications. The paper particularly focuses on urban poverty compared to rural poverty and the general feeling among the people in PRC regarding the two. It then looks at the political repercussions of the poverty in the PRC and the repression of dissent with regards to the poor.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Two Principal Opinions
Timeless, Ominous Signs
Urban Poverty
'Poverty Eradication' in the PRC
Political Repercussions of Poverty
Repression of Dissent and the Poor
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper "Dissent is alive and well in the contemporary PRC, much done to break up public displays of dissent, in very old methods of deterrence rooted in policing, courts and the prison system, presented to the literate public as ensuring safety when, in fact, assuring regime safety. Chinese to benefit from liberalization are rarely inclined to question what is occurring in the countryside, content to see the urban poor kept at bay. Many might regard the situation differently, as observed by foreign journalists, certainly, if able to recognize the potential threat of millions alienated completely from the economically advanced society, some able to draw parallels between the present and centuries of other Chinese misrule to perpetuate such disparities. As the topic of Chinese poverty indicates, democratization is not likely, any day soon, in the People's Republic of China. Indeed, policies and approaches of the state have systematically pushed millions of citizens beyond the existing political system, far from the ideals of inclusion and participation that might suggest a possible shift towards democratic institutions."
