Abstract Cigarettesmoking is the single most preventable cause of premature death. Men who smoke are most at risk of death from lung cancer. The author argues that smokers are in great danger of dangerous health effects from smoking and discusses the various impacts caused by smoking.
From the Paper 'Causing more than 400,000 deaths each year, tobacco usage is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Additionally, the direct medical costs amount more than $50 billion per year. More people are harmed and killed by smoking every year than they die of alcohol, drug abuse, AIDS, murders, car crashes, fires, and suicides. Nationally, more than 5 million years of potential life are lost each year as a result of smoking. Every day, nearly 3,000 young people under the age of 18 become regular smokers. Approximately 80% of adult smokers start smoking before the age of 18. Furthermore, approximately five million children presently living will die prematurely because of the decision to smoke cigarettes at adolescence."
Abstract This paper identifies the extent to which cigarettesmoking is responsible for cancer and the types of cancers caused by smoking. The paper examines the main cancer-causing ingredients in cigarettesmoke and explains how they cause cancer.
Outline:
Abstract
How Far is CigaretteSmoking Responsible for Causing Cancer
Types of Cancer Caused by CigaretteSmoking Cancer-causing Ingredients in CigaretteSmoke The Cancer-Causing Mechanism
From the Paper "A major WHO Cancer Report in 2003 identifies tobacco consumption as "the most important avoidable cancer risk" worldwide ("Global Cancer Rates" 2003). According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute , "cigarette smoking alone is directly responsible for approximately 30 percent of all cancer deaths annually in the United States" ("Cigarette Smoking and Cancer," 2004). Since active smoking is a purely voluntary act, these statistics make cigarette smoking the single most preventable cause of death in the United States. Statistics on Cancer in other developed countries are no different with approximately a third of all cancer deaths in the UK being attributable to smoking in the year 2000 ("Fact sheet No. 4" 2005). Although the rising smoking trend in the developed world, including the United States, has reversed in recent decades due to increased awareness about the harmful effects of smoking, it is increasing in the developing world by 3.4% per year ("Tobacco and the Developing World," 2007). "
Abstract This paper first examines an article that aims to determine the exact relationship between carcinogens and GSTs, and how the risk of lung cancer may be associated with genetic variations of metabolic enzymes such as GSTs. The paper describes the procedural steps to the experiment and then discusses the results of the experiment, which imply that metabolic enzymes are not disrupted by carcinogenic materials introduced to the body through cigarettesmoking. The paper then discusses an article that specifically explores the effects of environmental or second hand smoke to non smokers. Finally, the paper examines a case study involving the relation of GSTM1 Polymorphism and smoking in a French population.
From the Paper There are many tobacco carcinogens that have been proven to be activated through metabolizing enzymes. These enzymes, although universally present within our bodies do not have a set presence within our body. Genetic variation tied with S-transferases classes have been well documented and thus the purpose of this study will be to see what the exact relationship carcinogens have with the GSTs and how the risk of lung cancer may be associated with genetic variation of metabolic enzymes such as GSTs. Although many studies have been made on the link between GST polymorphism and lung cancer, few have had a comprehensive look at the demographic distribution of lung cancer. Separately published reports show that lung cancer risks are proportionally higher among Asians because they have squamous cell and small cell carcinomas.
Tags:cigarettesmoking, health, medical studies, cancer
Abstract This paper presents an overview of the short-term and long-term effects of cigarettesmoking, including effects on children and the effects of second-hand smoke.
From the Paper "There are many effects of cigarette smoking on the actual smoker. They include lung cancer and other cancers, cardiovascular malfunctions, strokes, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Cigarette smoking may even lead to changes in the smoker's appearance such as early wrinkling and yellowing of their teeth."
Abstract The paper stresses on the harmful effects of tobacco smoking including the major diseases and disorders associated with it. It discusses how cigarettes are harmful to the smoker himself and also impose a drain on the economy that far outweighs the benefit they provide. It examines the chemical makeup of the leading cause of death in the United States and analyzes the large sums of health care costs and productivity losses related to smoking. It also looks at the legal stance of smoking and how no law in the United States of America punishes smokers for causing the death of another through second hand smoke although some states have taken steps to restrict smoking in public places.
From the Paper "How is a cigarette harmful? A typical cigarette contains four thousand chemicals, two hundred of which are known poisons, and forty-three carcinogens, or substances that cause cancer. Some of the poisons in cigarette smoke include acetone, the chemical used in nail-polish remover, nicotine, an extremely addictive chemical found in insecticide, benzene, a petrol additive, ammonia, a chemical used in toilet cleaners, and arsenic, the main ingredient in rat poison ("Harmful Chemicals" n. pag.). When a cigarette is lit, the tobacco catches on fire and produces a hot, noxious smoke, filled with such poisons, that is inhaled by the smoker. This smoke fills the lungs and deprives the brain of oxygen, and the burning temperature of the smoke causes damage to cells in the lungs and other places, opening the door for cancer to set in. Naturally, the poisons in the smoke have an adverse effect on the health of the smoker. Lung cancer, emphysema, coronary heart disease, stroke, and larynx cancer are a few of the numerous illnesses caused by cigarette smoking (Howell 26-27)."
Abstract The paper details about the cigarettesmoking health effects in men. It shows how cigarettesmoking is the single most preventable cause of premature death in the United States and gives the facts and figure (data & tables), for proof. It also examines the effects on fertility in men and different diseases caused by smoking.
From the Paper "Causing more than 400,000 deaths each year, tobacco usage is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Additionally, the direct medical costs amount more than $50 billion per year. More people are harmed and killed by smoking every year than they die of alcohol, drug abuse, AIDS, murders, car crashes, fires, and suicides. Nationally, more than 5 million years of potential life are lost each year as a result of smoking. Every day, nearly 3,000 young people under the age of 18 become regular smokers. Approximately 80% of adult smokers start smoking before the age of 18. Furthermore, approximately five million children presently living will die prematurely because of the decision to smoke cigarettes at adolescence."
An in-depth analysis of the case of McCabe vs. British America Tobacco Australia Services Limited where the defendant claimed that cigarettesmoking was responsible for her lung cancer.
Abstract The original argument was that cigarettes caused Ms. McCabe's cancer because she was not aware of the health risks involved in smokingcigarettes. The appeal argument stated that the destruction of documents interfered with a fair trial. This paper explores in detail if the destruction of documents by the tobacco company, in order to hide information concerning the health risks of cigarettesmoking interfered with a fair trial.
From the Paper "The entire concept behind the documentation retention policy is the reason in question as why the documents were destroyed. The courts have decided that the tobacco company was in their legal right in destroying the documents. But although they have been destroyed lawfully, the intention behind the documents may have interfered with justice. Were the documents destroyed to create more space, to be more cost and time efficient; or were they destroyed because they contained valuable evidence that related cigarette smoking to lung cancer? "
Abstract This paper examines the issue of second-hand smoke exposure and how it violates the rights of non-smokers. Through this examination, the paper shows some of the potential health hazards to non-smokers, and discusses what anti-smoking groups are doing to safeguard the rights of non-smokers.
From the Paper "A billboard sponsored by the California Department of Health Services shows a man with a cigarette in his mouth asking a woman, "Mind if I smoke"? She responds, "Care if I die"? (CDHS 5/97). Although the ad seems to be amusing, its message is very serious. As the Department points out, second-hand smoke is not only a health hazard to smokers, it poses health problems to those who share the same environment with those who smoke. This assumption has been proven in countless studies. In recent weeks, the media has presented the findings of researchers from Harvard, UC San Francisco, and the Center for Disease Control that conclusively determine that cigarette smoking poses health threats for non-smokers that are almost as great as for those who smoke. Anti-smoking groups theorize that non-smokers experience an increase in heart disease, respiratory problems, and high blood pressure because of their exposure to secondhand smoke. The argument that presents itself is that smoking is not just a bad habit that is a health hazard to smokers; secondhand tobacco smoke impacts the lives of non-smokers, too."
Abstract This paper studies the issues related to smoking in public places. The paper argues that smoking should be restricted in public places for three main reasons. First, secondhand smoke is a known danger to health. Second, smoking impedes many social activities. Finally, it looks at the economic effects of smoking, from the economic costs of lost working hours to taxpayer dollars in Medicare.
From the Paper "The health dangers are even more pronounced for children. Health experts have attributed the rising rates of lower respiratory tract infection among babies and infants to secondhand smoke exposure. Every year, the EPA estimates that between 150,000 to 300,000 respiratory infections among infants below 18 months are directly attributable to secondhand smoke. In addition, at least one million children with asthma stand to be adversely affected by any exposure to cigarette smoke."
Abstract This paper discusses the negative effect of cigarettesmoking on health including the immediate, long-term and/or irreversible effects and the symptoms experienced by smokers. It also looks at variations in the health consequences and symptoms involved in quitting smoking.
From the Paper "The list of adverse effects from smoking continues to grow with each passing year. According to the World Health Organization the effects of smoking are devastating to health. This paper presents a brief review ..."
Abstract This paper looks at effective strategies for eliminating smoking within the elderly who are shown to be the least likely to quit smoking despite the tremendous health problems that it imposes. The paper examines group therapy, intensive behavioral therapy, the use of cessation literature and reliance on family networks. The paper claims that it is essential that the medical profession increase promotion of programs and literature to encourage smoking cessation.
From the Paper "The conventional wisdom that cigarette smoking severely affects the health of individuals has permeated American society. However, there has been no rapid decline in cigarette smoking within the past five years despite tremendous efforts by the national media and government to curb smoking. This problem is especially prevalent among elders, who are shown to be the least likely to quit smoking despite the tremendous health problems that it imposes. Of the top sixteen causes for death among the elderly, eight are related to smoking."
Abstract In the paper, supply and demand are examined as separate components and how consumer conceptions of wants, needs and desires can be and often are, manipulated to keep the petroleum industry from being fully governed by normal market forces. The paper explains that nevertheless, the petroleum industry is often used to illustrate the characteristics of supply and demand.
From the Paper "One of the most important economic theories in relation to the oil industry, oil as a commodity and oil use is the theory of supply and demand. Simply put, as world markets are pressed to supply higher utilization rates in existing markets and by the addition of newer consumption markets such as China to the overall petroleum market, the price of oil inevitably increases. The petroleum industry is not like other product industries where if a product is selling well then new factories are built to supply the additional demand. In the petroleum industry, it takes years to source and develop oil supplies and the central commodity is a finite product as it is. The world's supply of oil only gets smaller with the passage of time."
Abstract This report and debate was written as an English project. It focuses on why, as consumers, we place the blame for cigarettesmoking solely on the distributors. This paper is meant as a defense for the Tobacco Industry. If you feel it would be helpful to learn more statistical information on smoking as well as a comparison between the arguments, it is provided in this report. Links are also provided so that you may find additional information directly from the organizations.
Abstract This paper explains the economics of supply and demand, as well as examines those factors that can cause a shift in supply and demand. Supply is the amount of goods producers are willing and able to sell at a given price. Demand is the amount of a good that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price. Factors influencing supply and demand include the price of the good and the income of the consumer.
From the Paper "Supply and demand are at the heart of how free market economies work. Under normal conditions, the price of any product is determined by two factors, the demands for the product and the available supply. The selling price serves as a mechanism to inform consumers and the producers of the relative scarcity of the product. This will encourage the merchant to adjust how much they sell it for and the level of demand by the consumers. When the market for an item is cleared of excess supply or demand equilibrium is achieved. Therefore when demand exceeds supply the prices will rise. This will cause increased profits and will motivate sellers to increase their supply. Buyers will continue to drawn into the market until demand is fully satisfied. "
Abstract This paper analyzes issues connected to tobacco use in which the author has focused on microeconomic principles surrounding demand and supply. After analyzing the cigarette market and economic growth the paper creates a logical and coherent model that explores the issue of cigarette consumption. The author has included graphs and diagrams to support the discussion.
From the Paper "The analysis below presents issue surrounding tobacco use. Everyday I see people smoking cigarettes, and sometimes wonder about using economic analysis to explain this habit. Some may argue that it's a social issue and as such its analysis should fall within the realm of other social sciences rather than economics. Nevertheless, after perusing the chapters of the text, I have been able to use the concept/tools from the economics text to analyze this issue. I have presented the findings below. The analysis focuses on microeconomic principles surrounding demand and supply, and focuses on smaller individual units, since tobacco use is best analyzed within that realm, rather than the broader aggregates that macroeconomics would explore (Miller 3).
"Economics refers to how best to use limited resources to satisfy unlimited once, and centers on the issue of scarcity. That is, because there are limited resources, individual have to make choices, by making choices, there are trade-offs, the cost of the next best alternative after a choice is made, is called the opportunity cost of that particular action (Miller 2)."
