Abstract
One of the functions of the government is to maintain stability in the economy and create an environment conducive for economic growth. The paper discusses the differing roles of the government from supply side and demand side perspective. In supply side economics, the government may reduce tax rates to create incentives for households to save and for business to invest. In demand side economics, the government may increase its expenditure level. The paper shows how both have the effect of increasing national output. The writer states that government expenditure, however, depends on revenues, the level of which is determined by the tax policy in place.

From the Paper
"Supply side economics adheres to the idea that cuts in tax rates will lead to increase in potential GNP (Taylor, 1995, p. 549) Supply side economists claim that tax cuts have incentive effects on savings, investment and labor supply. (Dornbusch & Fischer, 1990, p. 697) Lower tax rates mean less tax on capital gains or asset earnings and this encourages people to save. A rise in savings increases the supply of financial capital or credit leading to a decrease in interest rates, the price of capital. This stimulates investment thereby creating jobs. At the same time, lower tax rates mean higher after-tax income or disposable income for workers, so reductions in tax rates encourage them to work more. This results to an increase in labor supply. Together with the rise in investments, this leads to an increase in production activities in the country boosting the national output and eventually expanding the tax base. "

Tags:tax, output, national, expenditure, investments, incentive, stability, growth, reagan

Abstract
This paper presents a management proposal to refurbish the existing Side Bar in Sydney, Australia, into a 'Supper Club' so as to respond to the demand of the target market. The paper attempts to gain an insight of what the target market wants out of a Supper Club in terms of type of food served, services, interior design, ambiance and brand awareness. The paper discusses the in-depth interviews that were conducted as a basis to research the ways Side Bar is able to launch such a Supper Club.

Table of Contents
I. Executive Summary
II. Introduction
III. Background
IV. Research Objectives
V. Methodology
VI. Findings
VII. Conclusion & Recommendations
VIII. References
IX. Appendices
Proposal
Discussion Guide
Transcripts & Data Analysis

From the Paper
"Side Bar is a bar located at Wakeup! Accomodation for backpackers. Management of Side Bar realizes it is not gaining enough customers to earn sufficient profit in order to cover expenses of daily operations. They acknowledge the fact that Sydney is lacking places providing people with supper and to unwind with close friends after midnight. This phenomenon has led the management to foresee that an opportunity for such a business exists and may have the potential to attract more of the general public. In doing so, management proposes to refurbish the existing Side Bar into a Supper Club so as to respond to the demand of our target market. This report attempts to gain an insight of what the target market wants out of a Supper Club in terms of type of food served, services, interior design, ambience and brand awareness. Thus, in-depth interviews were conducted as a basis to research the ways Side Bar is able to launch such a Supper Club."

Tags:restaurant, supper, hang, out

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the two classifications of US airlines; legacy carriers with hub-and-spoke systems and newer low-cost airlines with point-to-point models. According to the paper, with only moderate changes in growth and spending predicted, legacy airlines are in big trouble. The paper reviews the problems that legacy airlines are facing.

Outline:
Introduction
Supply-Side Problems
Demand-Side Problems
Solution and Recommendations
Conclusions

From the Paper
"In addition to the influence of economic conditions, the airline industry is characterized by other very complex demand dynamics, depending on travel distance, type of traveler, and domestic and international flights, to name a few of the many factors that determine the degree of price elasticity or inelasticity (Air travel demand elasticities: Concepts, issues and measurement). For long-haul international business travel, demand is not sensitive to fare changes because there are few close substitutes. On the other hand, long-haul domestic business travelers have much higher elasticities than international business travelers. Telecommunications has become more acceptable as a substitute in domestic markets due to common culture, laws, contracts, etc. International leisure travelers are more likely to either postpone their trips in response to higher fares or seek locations that are not as expensive. Currently, the dollar is weak against many international currencies, serving to make many destinations unappealing price- sensitive leisure travel."

Tags:weak, demand, prices, customers, fares, travel, destination, increased, competition

Abstract
This paper explains that both short stories, Nikolai Karamzin's"Poor Liza" and Yordan Yovkov's "Shibil", focus on romantic and idyllic love and yet suggest that love has a material and monetary value. The author points out that, in "Poor Liza", the economy of love subverts Karamzin's ostensibly sentimental worldview. The paper also relates that, in Yobkov's "Shibil", the protagonist's fortune does not suffice to buy Rada's love and his own freedom. The author states that society survives based on supply and demand, but there is always one side that is going to take advantage of the other. The paper concludes that Karamzin and Yovkov suggest that readers keep in mind that love is a temptation; however, without love, there is the no purpose in life.

From the Paper
"The narrative structure in "Poor Liza" imitates Liza and Erast's economic dependency by the comparison of Erast to "hungry Moscow" and Liza to the "bountiful Russian Empire." The story's structure revolves around the development of supply and demand, where love is the item being demanded and supplied. As seen in the beginning paragraphs of "Poor Liza", Liza's comparison to the Russian Empire emphasizes her role as a supplier with a abundant amount of goods: "the most bountiful parts of the Russian Empire ... suppl[ies] hungry Moscow with grain."

Tags:supply demand narrative merchant, class status

Abstract
This paper covers all the aspects of developing a business, called "The Dark Side Coffee Shop" to cater to the needs of students at Denver University. The paper examines everything related to the start-up of the business, including competition, market analysis and profitability.

Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Legal Structure and Ownership
Mission Statement
Industry
Competition
Direct Competition
Indirect Competition
Target Market
Needs, Wants and Motives
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
Demand Analysis
Anticipated Sales
Objectives and Goals
Logistics
Pricing Strategy
Marketing Communications Image
Marketing Message
Packaging
Advertising
Advertising Media
Promotion
Publicity Activities and Public Relations
Customer Relations and Customer Service
Personal Selling
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Threats to our business would be Stella's for the atmosphere and Starbucks for the name. Because of our hours being later, from 4 pm to 2 am, we also are threatened by businesses that sell alcoholic beverages. We are trying to target those customers who do not drink alcohol. Those who do drink alcohol have the option of going downtown to the local bars, or if they want to stay close to campus, they can go to the Border, or the Stadium. Another threat could be other coffee shops trying to steal our ideas, thereby creating competition that is even more direct. It is because of this that we must establish a strong market, and customer loyalty, ensuring that these customers will come back, despite our competition."

Tags:campus, pricing, advertising

Abstract
According to recent reports, supplying enough energy on a reliable basis at prices that will not cripple the global economic growth has become a challenge with consequences that are difficult to predict. The paper shows that, although this will provide new opportunities for oil and gas companies, pipelines, generators, utilities and others in the energy business, it also carries serious risks. The paper shows that the demand for energy is growing, not only in the developed economies of Europe, Japan and North American, but in developing countries as well. In fact, the fastest demand growth is in China and other emerging markets, thus from one side of the globe to the other, societies are needing and demanding more fuel. The paper examines how the world is able to deal with increased energy demands in the 21st century.

From the Paper
"There is no avoiding the fact that the success of globalization is underscored by dramatic increases in consumption, and with increased consumption comes environmental degradation (Marber pp). Current and projected damage to the environment can impede economic progress, and climatic changes attributed to greenhouse gas emissions and pressure on natural resources have become serious problems (Marber pp). Resource scarcity is an issue the world will have to confront as two to three billion more people consume like middle class Americans over the next fifty years (Marber pp)."

Tags:environment, consumption, mining, nuclear, navigation

Abstract
This paper explains that Keynesian economics would not be so optimistic regarding Bush's dividend tax cut proposal primarily because of their assumption that investment spending is driven more by expectations of future profits that are difficult to forecast. The author believes that the Bush tax plan essentially agrees with Keynes regarding the important role of consumer demand in stimulating the economy. The paper points out that Keynes and Bush radically differ on which category of consumers should receive the benefits of the tax cut: Bush is clearly placing more money in the hands of the wealthy.

From the Paper
"Keynes disagreed with supply-side methods for promoting vast degrees of income inequality. Instead, shifting income from high savers to high spenders, Keynes argued, would increase investment since firms would have more reason to add increased production capacity. Keynesians advocate using "automatic stabilizers" to counteract alleged instability in the economy. Keynesians argue that progressive income taxes and welfare payments counter variations in aggregate demand. Progressive income taxes and Welfare transfer income from upper income households to lower income households. Since upper income households save more of their income and low-income households consume more of their income, these practices keep aggregate saving low and aggregate consumption high."

Tags:dividend, investment, forecast, consumer, inequality

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the Internet's growth and adoption continues to completely transform business models and permanently change how both people and organizations communicate, transact, serve and collaborate with one another. The writer points out that as the Internet has now become a platform that enables electronic commerce, there has been an exponential rise in all forms of security breaches and theft of both data and funds over the Internet. The writer discusses that the continual ratcheting up in terms of sophistication and expertise on the criminal side of this equation demands greater and greater focus from many global government agencies globally and a concerted strategy of cooperation between the worlds' leading companies in software, Internet and electronics communications security.

Table of Contents:
A Brief History of Internet and E-mail Security
Vulnerability of Systems
Hackers: Who They Are and Why They Do It
Analysis of Security Concerns
Phishing
Viruses
Worms
Pop-ups
Drive-by Downloads
Malware
Trojan Viruses
Identify Theft
Credit Card Security
Dangerous Locations on the Internet
Origination of Security Problems
Protection Strategies
Ad-ware
Encryption
Firewalls
Passwords
Spyware Removers
Internet Company Strategies for Protection
Solutions to Internet Security Challenges
Summary and Conclusions

From the Paper
"In addressing security concerns either on a system or network it's critical to realize that no security measures or products will completely secure a network and alleviate the risks of vulnerability. What both individuals and organizations must do is balance the need for security and minimizing vulnerabilities on the one hand while ensuring a high level of system performance on the other. Too much of a focus on security and alleviating vulnerabilities in systems leads to difficult-to-use interfaces, an over-abundance of passwords, and sluggish system and network performance due to the many security controls in place. At much higher levels of security there is an accompanying higher level of inconvenience for users, further reducing job satisfaction and productivity. When there are too many system security measures in place often users look to circumvent them, making both systems and networks even more vulnerable. What needs to specifically be accomplished is a balance between high levels of security on the one hand, and enough flexibility to allow users to complete tasks on their systems and the network on the other."

Tags:virus, information, confidential, data

Abstract
This paper examines the economic motives to the passage of free trade agreements in which trade barriers have been reduced and the demand for low wage labor has increased. As a result, many domestic jobs have been sent overseas while American workers have been displaced. This paper delves into both sides of the labor dispute in which workers argue that the practice of outsourcing is unethical while companies claim the practice is both economical and vital to compete in the global market. This paper examines various solutions to solve the ongoing conflict including implementing a reform system offered by Senator Kerry and detailed in this report. This paper also contains a chart which compares the labor wages in India and America.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Story of a Displaced Worker
American Companies that Use Overseas Labor
The Growth of Free Trade and the Affects on Domestic Employment
The Economic Impact of Global Outsourcing
The Practicalities of Outsourcing to Positions Overseas
How Global Outsourcing Affects Various Parties
Societal Impact
Proposed Solutions
References

From the Paper
"Foreign workers benefit from global outsourcing because they enjoy economic prosperity. For example, since Indian firms only interview at the top 40 universities, a 2003 report by the Indian Technology Trade Association predicted falling demand for professional services by as many as 235,000. However, global outsourcing contracts from companies like the United States have led to the mass hiring of recent Indian college graduates. Their salary is twenty to thirty percent higher than prevailing wages. Such industries that have grown tremendously over the years include: intellectual technology, research and development, telecom, banking, diagnostic, pharmaceuticals, and automotive. Since more disposable income has been created, retail has also grown tremendously. Retail stores such as Tommy Hilfiger and Wal-Mart are expected to open a number of chains within the next several years. These stores will employ more Indians and increase consumer spending."

Tags:business, finance, globalization, labor, foreign, wages, india, trade, economy, tax

Abstract
The paper defines and discusses two policies used to reduce urban unemployment, namely the demand-side and the supply-side policies and the problems associated with them. In conclusion, the writer states that the workings of an urban community are complex and that to seek a single equation that solves the problem of urban unemployment is an enormously difficult task that involves a great deal of wise economics and forecasting.

From the Paper
"Immergluck discusses the results for why a high proportion of blacks for a zone increases unemployment rates. This he attributes to three primary factors that include employment discrimination, a lack of job networks, and unmeasured skill or educational differences. He cites a study by Turner (1991) that indicates blacks continue to be victims of employment discrimination. A 1987 study by Wilson argues that "the increasing concentration of poverty in, and the exodus of middle-class blacks from black zones have left many blacks with few personal connections to working adults" (Immergluck 20). Immergluck reasons that the social isolation of many highly segregated, lower-income black zones leads to a disconnection from job networks, especially for lower-skilled residents (Immergluck 20). A 1990,1991 study by Orfield argues that educational segregation and differences in schooling between white students who reside mostly in the suburbs and black students of the central city have led to the large scale differences in the achievements between black and white students. Immergluck's finding that race as a large factor in employment may have been rooted in educational differences which is even more responsible for the affects of race on employment than discrimination or access to job networks. Those graduating from inner city schools may not have received as well an education as those in predominantly white suburban schools. That education is a key determinant in neighbourhood employment rates is corroborated by a thesis used by Immergluck of Kasarda in a 1993 study which states "the low skills of many urban residents explain a good deal of employment problems in an increasingly technological economy" (Immergluck 20). This would help to explain why skill mismatch creates more of the urban neighbourhood employment problem than spatial mismatch. Drawing from the very modest effects of increasing the number of jobs to labour force ratio, Immergluck concludes that "efforts that seek solely to increase the aggregate number of jobs very near high-unemployment neighbourhoods are not likely to improve resident employment rates in these areas substantially" (Immergluck 21). The focus instead should be on creating jobs similar to the occupation levels of local residents, and in urban areas with high unemployment, this focus should be on increasing numbers of lower-skilled jobs. Lower-skilled jobs pay less than moderate-skilled jobs, but moderate-skilled jobs are accessible only to a limited number of the unemployed (Immergluck 21)."

Tags:supply-side, demand-side, poverty, Immergluck