This paper is a complete research project including an extensive literature review that analyzes demand-driven supply networks (DDSN) in an increasingly globalized marketplace.
Abstract This paper explains that demand-driven supply network (DDSN) is an IT strategy that uses a system of technologies and processes to sense demand and react to it in real time, across a network of linked customers, suppliers and employees. The author uses both a case analysis methodology and quantitative surveys. The paper states that the hypothesis of the study is that, because physical supply chains in a global economy operate at the speed of ocean-going ships, U.S. manufacturers should re-engineer their supply networks to remove bottlenecks from the system and match the speed of innovation that operates in a flat world by adopting appropriate demand-drive supply networking techniques. The paper includes many charts, figures and tables and the survey questionnaires.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Rationale
Overview of the Study
Literature Review
Background and Overview
The Flat-Round Dichotomy
Supply Chain Tactics for a Round World
Different Approaches Used to Deliver Round-World Returns
Level One: Business Process Improvement
Level Two: Business Process Redesign
Demand-Driven Supply Networks
Four-Stage Maturity Model Helps to Plot Long-Term Track
DDSN Implementation
Sensing and Consolidating Demand DDSN Methods
Alignment is Key
Existing Supply Chain Initiatives and Techniques that Contribute/Mirror Demand-Driven Supply Network Approaches
Efficient Consumer Response (ECR)
Time-Based Competition (TBC)
Product Development
Strategic Importance
Product Life-Cycle Times are Getting Shorter
Product Development Considerations
Cross-Functional Teams
Strategies for Cross-Functional Team Management
Concurrent Engineering
Japanese Paradox
Supply Network Strategy
Just in Time (JIT), Just in Time II (JIT II) and Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI)
Case Vignette - Pure Vendor Managed Inventory in Action.
Agility in the Supply System, Agile Manufacturing, Strategically Flexible Production or Proximity Manufacturing
Case Vignette - Agile Manufacturing
Virtual Operations Strategy
Strategic Outsourcing
Case Vignette - Strategic Outsourcing
World-Class Manufacturing (WCM)
Lean Production and Lean Thinking
Strategic Postponement
Case Vignette - Strategic Postponement.
Logistics Strategy
Strategic Purchasing or Sourcing, Strategic Procurement, Network Sourcing, Materials Management
Case Vignette - Strategic Purchasing and Sourcing
LL Bean Replenishment Schedule
Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR)
Case Vignette - CPFR at Levi Strauss
Methodology
Data Analysis
Part I: Case Studies
Case Example No. 1: Rexam
Supply Chain Strategies
Case Example No 2. Dell Computer Corp
Dell Geographic Business Segments
Action Strategy
Supply Chain Control
Strategy Applications
Case Study No. 3: Wrangler Jeans
Action Strategy
Selecting Distributors
Most Common Selection Criteria for Developing a Strategic Relationship
Evaluating Distributors
Case Example. Owens & Minor Inc.
Action Strategy
Innovations in Supply-Chain Strategies
Case Examples. United Technologies Corp.
McAfee's Strategy
Results
Action Steps
Defining a Global Perspective
Product Design
Online Survey Results
Survey No. 1. Survey of Distributors
Section One: Distributor Overview
Number of Employees
Annual sales revenues (MM$)
Supply Chain Management Techniques Used in Past
Supply Chain Management Techniques Now Using
Most Valuable Initiative in Streamlining Supply Chain
Key to Likert-Scaled Questions
Familiar with Demand-Driven Supply Network Techniques
Company Currently Uses Demand-Driven Supply Network Techniques
Section Three: Open-Ended Comments.
Survey No. 2. Survey of Manufacturers
Section One: Manufacturer Overview
Number of Employees
Annual sales revenues (MM$)
Past Initiative
Current Initiative
Most Valuable Initiative
Familiarity with Demand-Driven Supply Network Techniques
Company Currently Uses Demand-Driven Supply Network Techniques
Section Three: Open-Ended Comments.
Conclusion
Results
Discussion
Recommendations
Explore Technologies That Deliver Demand
From the Paper "Therefore, one of the most important elements in CPFR is the forging of proactive links between partners or allies at different stages of the supply pipeline. These need to be both strategic and tactical and require proper management as one of the resources of the organization. An excellent example of this in action is to be found in the approach that Levi Strauss and Company take with its main suppliers and customers. According to Lowson, since the mid-1980s, the firm has constantly been trying to establish closer working links in the supply in a coordinated pipeline with the aid of its 'Levilink'..."
This paper illustrates the foundation of economics, the concept of demand and supply, by examining the milk production and wheat industries in United States.
Abstract This paper explains that both demand and supply represent the two ends of a transaction in the economic market thereby illustrating consumer behavior and supplier or manufacturer behavior respectively and, because of this, there is a strong connection between the two variables. The author points out that a change in price never shifts the demand curve for that particular good because the factors that influence a shift in the demand curve are determined by an increase or decrease in the consumer good, a change in the consumer preference or a change in the prices of substitute goods. The paper relates that a shift in the demand curve to the left will lower the equilibrium price and a shift to the right will increase it; however, a shift in the aggregate supply curve to the left will increase the equilibrium price and a shift to the right will lower it and, if such shifts do occur, then the consumer and supplier will probably rethink their decision making process.
From the Paper "Milk is definitely one of those basic commodities that has an impact and drives the American economy. It is the reason for the existence of a dairy product industry offering quite an array of other related products. The World Bank has identified a set of driving forces that are considered to have an important influence on the development of the livestock sector world-wide over the next two decades. These important factors are growing demand for meat and milk, shifting consumer perspectives, changing functions of livestock, structural changes, and evolving international and national socioeconomic frameworks. Due to these points, milk, as an economic commodity can be used to estimate and to show a constant rise in demand thereby affecting the overall economy in quite a few ways."
Abstract This paper aims to illustrate how effective companies are becoming in transforming their supply chains to be more demand driven, while at the same time accomplishing sustainability objectives. It discusses the business factors that contribute to greater levels of demand-driven supply network performance while at the same time accomplishing sustainability objectives. The paper focuses on the business area of transportation.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
The Return on Investment (ROI) of Redefining Purchasing Criteria and Suppliers' Roles
Optimizing Material Handling for Sustainability and a Lean Supply Chain
Consolidating Storage Locations for more Efficient MRO Operations
Benefits of seeking out Material Yield Optimization in the Supply Chain
Product Take-Back and Recycling Strategies
Summary
From the Paper "The movement of products through a supply chain including the logistics and material handling often has significant potential for cost reduction and the attainment of sustainability objectives. Packaging is an area where suppliers and buyers have worked to create opportunities for cost reduction and the attainment of CSR and sustainability objectives as well. From the traditional brown boxes to the custom-molded packaging that uses highly engineering molds to sustain shock and vibration, material handling is often seen as an essential high cost for minimizing product loss. With so much of a given products' cost represented by packaging and the fact that the majority of it is wasted after the product is delivered, many companies who have completed studies in this area did not realize the extent of their packaging was only used once and then discarded. Studies completed also show that the greater the re-use and accurate forecasting of packaging materials, the higher the level of profitability attained supply-chain wide (Zhu, Sarkis, Lai, 2008)."
Abstract This paper considers the notions of supply and demand. The writer discusses firstly what factors determine the market price of a product and then applies this to the automobile industry. The writer notes the economic situation facing that industry, sales trends and trends in market share to show what determines the price and the volume of sales. Further, the writer looks at how the industry might alter to increase sales, with recommendations for greater innovation for American automakers.
From the Paper "The price charged for products is influenced by a number of factors, beginning with the actual cost of production and then including issues of supply and demand, the economic environment, regulatory issues, and so on. These various forces apply whether the product is a small item or something more substantial, like an automobile. The cost of automobiles is determined by factors both tangible and intangible. Competitive factors also play a role, with the threat from foreign automakers being a major issue in the automobile industry over the past several decades. A consideration of the factors affecting market price lead to a consideration of the state of the automobile industry and its profit picture over the last several years. As noted, the first factor involved in setting a price is the cost of the materials that go into the product and the cost of the labor involved in putting those materials together."
Abstract A discussion of the demand and supply of water market as well as the inefficiencies of water market as natural monopoly. This paper emphasises on methods to regulate natural monopoly and explains the few ways in which government should regulate natural monopoly. It discusses two distinct types of government policy, marginal cost pricing and average cost pricing. It also identifies the benefits and costs of each pricing method.
From the Paper "Water is one of the most precious natural resources. Human beings are now becoming increasingly aware of the importance of water to their survival and its limited supply, especially in such a dry continent as Australia. Water market is not static as both exogenous (outside the market) and endogenous (inside the market) effects tend to result in shifts and movements of both the demand and supply curves (Materano and Atkinson: 1996). There are many factors that influence the quantity demanded and quantity supplied in the water market, not only the prices. Supply and demand are the forces that make market economics work. The basic model of supply and demand is the workhorse of microeconomics (Pindyck and Rubinfeld: 1989) because they determine the quantity of each good produced."
Tags: monopoly, natural, supply, demand, resource, cost, price, production
Abstract The tradeshow industry is going through a bad patch. This paper relates the demand and supply scenario in the tradeshow industry illustrated with the example of Key3Media.
Abstract In this article, the writer explains that the general concept of supply and demand is that these two notions are essential in correctly allocating resources in a market economy and in correctly forming the price for a certain commodity, where the supply and demand for a commodity meet. In order to refer to both these notions, one needs to closer investigate the law of demand and the law of supply as essential theoretical frameworks in determining the concepts of demand and supply. The writer discusses that when the price cannot be formed at a certain level because a high or low supply or demand, the market will automatically readjust in order to be able to facilitate the new level at which price will be formed. This is one of the great impacts of demand and supply, the fact that they can regulate without a third force intervening.
From the Paper "The way the price is formed depends on the reaction of the suppliers. On one hand, they can decide that this is an excellent opportunity to increase their own revenues and volume of sales by providing more turkeys on the market and by generating higher sales, given that the demand has increased to a certain level. However, it may be the case that no more turkeys can be supplied on the market, which would lead to the price forming higher than at the beginning. The reason for this is that demand will remain at a high level, but also at a level where it cannot be entirely satisfied by the existing supply on the market. Because of the scarcity, people are going to have to pay more in order to satisfy their need.
"The rise in the price of crude oil comes following a similar rationality. At this point, crude oil seems to be a scarce resource. Indeed, estimates regarding existing consumption and global reserves have shown that crude oil may be exhausted by 2050."
Abstract This paper explains the economics of supply and demand, as well as examines those factors that can cause a shift in supply and demand. Supply is the amount of goods producers are willing and able to sell at a given price. Demand is the amount of a good that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price. Factors influencing supply and demand include the price of the good and the income of the consumer.
From the Paper "Supply and demand are at the heart of how free market economies work. Under normal conditions, the price of any product is determined by two factors, the demands for the product and the available supply. The selling price serves as a mechanism to inform consumers and the producers of the relative scarcity of the product. This will encourage the merchant to adjust how much they sell it for and the level of demand by the consumers. When the market for an item is cleared of excess supply or demand equilibrium is achieved. Therefore when demand exceeds supply the prices will rise. This will cause increased profits and will motivate sellers to increase their supply. Buyers will continue to drawn into the market until demand is fully satisfied. "
Abstract This paper discusses supply and demand in the United States. Specifically, this paper addresses six questions that are based on aggregate supply, aggregate demand, equilibrium of supply and demand, real gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment, and full employment concepts. This paper also includes a graph of a AD/AS diagram, which is demonstrative of United States economic indicators in the 4th quarter of 2004.
From the Paper "This paper discusses and demonstrates supply and demand curves that represent U.S. economy in 2004. All data and information is taken from statistics provided in class as well as lecture notes. Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in an economy, whereas aggregate supply is the total supply of goods and services in an economy. By defining the aggregate supply curve in terms of the price level and output or income, we can analyze the effects of other variables, such as the interest rate, on aggregate supply. An AD/AS Model represents aggregate supply and aggregate demand, an approach used to evaluate the effects of economic policy decisions."
Abstract This paper examines the concept of supply and demand by giving clear definitions and examples. Basic economic terminology is presented and is further illustrated with concrete examples. The paper uses the demand for physicians in the US to describe supply and demand, with practical ideas of how to increase supply.
From the Paper "The rate of supply and demand may vary depending on the trend in the environment. One instance is when the people in one community are so keen in holding or keeping some supplies for their own future personal use. While the people are keeping their stocks on hold, there will surely be dramatic changes in both the supply and demand, as well on the price of the commodities (Lee, 1992)."
Abstract The paper looks at an article entitled "Going Crazy for Ethanol" by S. Pearlstein and explores economic issues associated with the supply and demand of a gasoline substitute, ethanol. The paper provides a synopsis of the article in relation to economic theory and explains why changes have occurred in the supply, demand and price of ethanol. The paper examines the invisible hand theory that is proposed to facilitate the equilibrium of price and demand. The paper concludes that understanding how economic conditions affect the marketplace provides managers with vital tools necessary for making effective business decisions.
Outline:
Abstract
Economic Issue
Economic Influences
Supply and Demand The Invisible Hand Theory
Conclusion
From the Paper "Pearlstein, the author of the article, reports that the price for ethanol has reached an all time high of $2.90 per gallon which is twice as high as a year ago. With the manufacturing cost around $1.25 per gallon, the operating margin exceeds 50%. Ethanol is a colorless, volatile alcohol derived from the fermentation of grains and sugars or by the hydration of ethylene. Ethanol can serve as an environmentally friendly substitute for gasoline. Many oil companies are exploring options for production of ethanol to mix it with gasoline to reduce costs. Data indicate that adding ethanol to gasoline would reduce current prices at the pump by 30 cents per gallon (Donaldson, 2006 12)."
Abstract The paper reviews the definition of "economics", the concepts of supply and demand, and the functioning of supply and demand in the air passenger industry in 2003. It looks at the effect of 9/ll on the industry.
From the Paper "If one searched diligently one could find dozens of definitions of the word economics or of the concept of economics The most widely accepted and used definition of economics as an ..."
Abstract This paper discusses the supply and demand simulation for an Economics for Business course. The simulation utilizes the example of the apartment industry in the fictional city of Atlantis. Chiefly, the supply, demand, and equilibrium within the 2 bedroom housing market are examined in relation to the market. The simulation is further complicated by the introduction of a price ceiling to demonstrate how market forces can be artificially manipulated.
From the Paper "The simulation uses the example of a fictional city, Atlantis, to demonstrate the impact of market forces in the 2 bedroom housing market. In the housing market there are many forces that affect supply and demand; some natural, some artificial. The supply and demand of 2 bedroom units in Atlantis is affected by both natural and artificial forces. The natural forces affecting supply and demand in the simulation were the natural influx of people into the city which, those people needing affordable housing caused a greater demand of 2 bedroom units and a temporary shortage until supply caught up with demand. Another natural force affecting supply and demand is housing preference. In Atlantis the example was given that the local population, regardless of price of 2 bedroom units, began to prefer single-unit, free-standing houses."
Abstract In the paper, supply and demand are examined as separate components and how consumer conceptions of wants, needs and desires can be and often are, manipulated to keep the petroleum industry from being fully governed by normal market forces. The paper explains that nevertheless, the petroleum industry is often used to illustrate the characteristics of supply and demand.
From the Paper "One of the most important economic theories in relation to the oil industry, oil as a commodity and oil use is the theory of supply and demand. Simply put, as world markets are pressed to supply higher utilization rates in existing markets and by the addition of newer consumption markets such as China to the overall petroleum market, the price of oil inevitably increases. The petroleum industry is not like other product industries where if a product is selling well then new factories are built to supply the additional demand. In the petroleum industry, it takes years to source and develop oil supplies and the central commodity is a finite product as it is. The world's supply of oil only gets smaller with the passage of time."
Abstract This paper explains that the most important factor that causes a shift in the demand curve is the customers? preference or taste. Other factors that influence shifts in the demand curve are the customers? income or the prices for substitute and complementary goods. The author stresses that a change in price never shifts the demand curve for a particular good. The paper relates that a shift to the left in the aggregate demand curve will lower the equilibrium price, and a shift to the right will increase it; conversely, a shift to the left in the aggregate supply curve will increase the equilibrium price, and a shift to the right will lower it.
From the Paper "If we chose to examine how the theoretical concepts of demand and supply apply in a private club for magicians, where dinner and drinks are served, there are several different aspects to be taken into consideration. First of all, examine the owner's position and how changes and shifts in the supply and demand curves affect his decision making. Let's take a look, in the beginning, at the workforce. Basically, this is formed of freelance magicians, that are employed on a one show basis (although there may be the case that they are hired for a certain number of shows), and the waiters and waitresses, here including bartenders and auxiliary workforce."
