Abstract This paper describes how coverture delineated men's place in society from women's place in society. The paper also explains that coverture was a form of social control over gender, rather than an efficient manner in which to organize society. The paper does show, however, that although coverture was patronizing and discriminatory, women in practice were able to use the doctrine to protect themselves, and even as a tool of social empowerment or revenge against their husbands.
From the Paper "Coverture is the legal concept that man and wife are one, and that a woman's property becomes the property of her husband, upon their union, with some exceptions. Upon its surface, it seems to be a blatant way of controlling women as legal persons, however, it might be more apt to say that its origins in ancient times are linked to the concept that women are not adult 'persons' at all, but rather function as chattel or children. "The legal precedents for discrimination against women date back to the beginnings of Western law itself" ("Up from Coverture," Time Magazine, 1972, p.1)."
Abstract The purpose of this research is to conduct a feasibility study for the establishment of a private investigation bureau in Barstow, California, a small town in California's Mojave Desert that sits just at the entrance to the Mojave National Preserve. Specifically, the study focuses on the selected site and analyzes it for sales potential using a demographic analysis of the area's general features and characteristics. The research begins with a literature review designed to provide context to the study by providing relevant information on the general nature of private investigation work; the daily routines of private investigators; the basic characteristics and skills needed by successful private investigators; the characteristics of clients and client groups using the services of private investigators; the types of services offered by private investigators; the general income and earnings of private investigators; the education and training of private investigators; the licensing requirements of private investigators; the general features of the private investigation firm and the expected changes in the field that will take place in the twenty-first century. The literature review is followed by a delineation and discussion of methods used in the collection of feasibility data. Following the delineation of methods, the next section of the study provides an analysis of collected data and interpretation of its meaning in determining the extent to which it may be feasible to open a private investigation bureau in Barstow. The final section of the thesis presents a summary of the major findings and conclusions of the research.
Paper Headings:
Executive Summary
Introduction
Literature Review
General Nature of the Work
Daily Routines
Characteristics of Successful Private Investigators
Client Characteristics
Types of Investigations Conducted by Private Investigation Bureaus
Location of Persons
Locating Assets
Background Investigation
Surveillance Investigation
Internal Business Theft and Sub-Rosa Investigations
Traffic Collision Investigations
Fire/Arson Investigations
Business Credit Investigations
Federal/Criminal Investigations
State and Federal Records Investigation
Education Verification
Employment Verification
Medical Licenses Verification
Income and Earnings
Training and Education
Licensing and Insurance
The Private Investigation Firm
Private Investigation in the Twenty-First Century
Methodology
Data Analysis
Economic Feasibility
Competition
Labor Force
Supplementary Considerations
Summary
Works Cited
From the Paper "According to Travers (1997), private investigation is a growing field with the employment of private detectives and investigators being expected to grow much faster than the average for all occupations throughout the year 2005. In addition, Travers reports that job turnover will create many additional job openings, particularly among investigators who are wage and salary workers. Nevertheless, competition is expected to continually increase for the available openings because private detective and private investigator careers are attractive to many.
Travers (1997) also states that the increased demand for private detectives and investigators will be generated by increases in the size of the population, increased economic activity, and global and domestic competition. These forces are expected to produce increases in crime, litigation, and the need for confidential information of all kinds. As crime continues to increase, more firms will hire or contract for the service of private detectives."
Identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access for lower-income Americans and visible minorities and the more affluent members of America's majority.
Abstract As the American population continues to become more diverse racially, members of visible minority groups within the population become more prominent. Simultaneously, with the increase in diversity, income distribution in the American economy has become more distorted. While economic growth in the United States has surged over the past decade, the income gap has widened; not only between the richest and poorest Americans, but also between moderate-income and low-income Americans. Members of visible minorities in the population tend to be represented disproportionately in the low-income and poverty classifications in the United States. While there is an abundance of implications of this state of affairs, one of the more crucial ones is access to health care. Individual and household financial capacity, the scarcity of employer-paid health insurance among small businesses, cultural differences based in social psychology and other factors frequently act as impediments to health care access for low-income individuals and households among visible minority population groups in the contemporary United States. This problem and these issues are investigated in this study. The study identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States, on the one hand, and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population, on the other hand. The initial chapter of this study delineates the problem investigated. Specific research questions are formulated and stated to provide greater focus for the investigation.
Social psychological theory and applied social psychology literature are reviewed in the second chapter. Literature relevant to the functioning of low-income and visible minority population groups in the United States within a social psychological context are reviewed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter is devoted to a review of literature relevant to both the health care system in the United States and the experiences of low-income and visible minority population groups in relation to health care access and health care delivery in the United States. An assessment of the problem investigated, performed within the structure of the research questions, is presented in the final (fifth) chapter. Conclusions drawn from the study findings are stated and recommendations for further research are made. The summary conclusions reached through the conduct of this study relate both to health care access and health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities. With respect to health care access, the summary conclusion reached is that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. In relation to health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities, the summary conclusion reached is that extensive education is required for both low-income persons and members of visible minorities, on the one hand, and health care providers, on the other hand. Low-income persons and members of visible minorities require education on the benefits and function of health care services, while health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem Delineation Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care
Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and the Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Analysis of Health Care Delivery Systems
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Health Care
Bioethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem Discussion, Recommendations for Further Research
Appendices
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper "Social Cognitive Theory [self-efficacy] emphasizes the role of expectancies, self-efficacy, peer normative influences, and social competency skills as key components affecting adolescents? behaviors (DiClemente, Lodico, Grinstead, Harper, Rickman, Evans, & Coates, 1996). The applicability of models based on social psychological principles for understanding African-Americans? decision-making and sexual behavior has been questioned because most such models tend to be individually-focused and do not take into account the social context in which the behavior is embedded (Cochran & Mays, 1993). Social cognitive theory, however, explicitly integrates behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors as reciprocally interactive. Thus, given the hypothesized multi-factorial nature of sexual decision making and the potential impact of the high-risk social environment of the study population, approaches based on social cognitive theory are thought to be particularly relevant for understanding the myriad factors that may affect African-Americans? sexual behavior."
Abstract This paper attempts to look for similarities in the large body of literature on transformational leadership and arrive at a notion of the transformational leader that can be generally applied to most any setting. The author of the paper hopes that this examination will help to organize the general body of research in the area, providing managers with a more cohesive general model. The review begins with a brief delineation of the initial model of transformational leadership proposed by Burns (1978)and expanded upon by Bass (1986). It then goes on to examine more contemporary articulations of this type of leadership. The review ends by delineating a basic definition of transformational leadership that is applicable to most settings. The paper includes a comprehensive list of all the literature on the topic.
From the Paper "Burns (1978) characterized transformational leadership as dynamic in the sense that leaders threw themselves into a relationship with followers who feel 'elevated' by it and often become more active themselves, thereby creating new cadres of leaders. In general, then, transformational leaders interacted within a webwork of evolving interrelationships in which they continuously evoked motivational responses from followers and modified their behavior when they met responsiveness or resistance---- a ceaseless process of flow and
counterflow."
Abstract This paper begins by discussing the nature of the disorder and then examines topics like PTSD's symptoms, treatment, nursing diagnosis and nursing on delineating the underlying assumptions and concepts that shape practices in relation to PTSD. In addition, the specific procedures and methods used are also delineated in relation to the underlying concepts and assumptions.
From the Paper "Over the last several decades, a great many books and journal articles have been written about Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSD) in soldiers and veterans (e.g., Chalsma, 1998; Joseph, Williams & Rule, 1997; Zima, 2000). However, Cuervo-Rubio (2001) points out that it was not until 1980 that the American Psychiatric Association began to formally identify and acknowledge this disorder. At this time, Cuervo-Rubio states, the APA had a limited view of what could cause PTSD as well as a limited conceptualization of the disorder. In this regard, the APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) defined the condition as developing from an experience that anyone would find traumatic, leaving no room for individual perception or experience of an event."
Abstract This thesis discusses the role of food in world famines and delineates how the occurrence of famine has changed with time. Special emphasis is given to various precipitating factors- such as the specific role of certain foods and crops, weather, insects, pollution, ergotism, plague, politics and government- and how they contributed to each instance of famine. For the purpose of clarity, this subject is presented chronologically, first in respect to Ancient Egypt and then to Medieval Europe. Religious, mythical, as well as scientific based causative factors are delineated throughout this chronological narrative.
Introduction
Body of Paper
Egyptian Famines
European Famines
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "Famine, or drastic food shortage, has plagued man since time immemorial, causing violent hunger, starvation, disease, and death. Wikipidia.com defines famine as "a phenomenon in which a large percentage of a region or country is undernourished and death by starvation becomes increasingly common" (Wikipidia, 2005). When famine does not kill, it overwhelms its hunger stricken survivors. Survivors, in their desperate attempts to acquire food, have been known to resort to robbing, killing, infanticide, and even cannibalism. Historically, when ancient man had no scientific explanation as to famine's cause, he searched for answers by turning to and seeking solace in myths, folklore, and spirituality. In time, famine made its way into the myths and folklore of various cultures. For example, the ancient Greeks believed that famine was one of the three evils, along with war and pestilence, contained within Pandora's Box, and unleashed onto mankind, once opened (Rodney, 2002). This dreaded phenomenon has been so prevalent throughout history, one need not search far in order to find numerous references to it in literature. Most notably, perhaps, famine is represented in the New Testament as one of the "Four Horseman of the Apocalypse." Thus, while ancient man may not have understood famine's causative factors, he certainly felt the general havoc, death, and destruction left in its wake."
Abstract The essay discusses Lord Goring who is socially "idle", yet ideal in terms of philosophy. Moreover, it describes Goring as the most interesting and outstanding persona in the play, his ambivalent behavior, and the change he goes through during the play, and why he could be considered Wilde's alter ego. The paper ends raising the question of whether or not Wilde has lost grip on this character. Did Wilde manipulate Goring's behavior in order to obtain the desired ending of the play?
Abstract This research paper discusses the failure of LAUSD to meet the needs to special ed students. The paper delineates various types of learning disorders, the problems with teaching learning disabled students, and offers solutions to the systems? failure to address problems.
From the Paper "Although public schools claim that they are making every effort to adequately educate children with learning disabilities, research of theories by educators and child psychologists suggests that students who are mentally challenged or with learning disabilities are not receiving an appropriate and effective education. Several suggestions by educational experts are: separate classrooms, a new and expanded curriculum, more on-site occupational therapy, and special programs for building esteem and recognizing the achievements of learning disabled students. "
Abstract This paper examines the three plays, "Master Harold and the Boys", "A Doll's House", and "Los Vendidos" and delineates how the communication of the theme of human oppression is achieved in each of the plays.
From the Paper "The authors exemplify the human spirit's ability to transcend domination and injustice caused by racial and sexist bigotry. They personify this theme in their stage characters in order to show how their characters overcome the societal constraints of male chauvinism, of racism, and of class bigotry. "
Abstract This paper compares two novels with similar background: "Kiss of the Fur Queen" by Tomson Highway and "Traplines" by Eden Robinson and shows how two writers approach their story's characters from common and contrasting perspectives.
From the paper:
"Both stories center on sibling relationships, particularly brothers. The only thing shared by the brothers in both stories is sibling jealousy, although in very much different levels of intensity. In Highway's story, Champion feels threatened by the birth of a baby brother. But Highway quite craftily delineates that jealousy through rich imageries"
Abstract This paper examines the conversion of Native Americans during the colonial period, primarily in the 16th and 17th centuries. The author delineates the conversion methods of the Spanish, the French, and the English, as well as the resistance movements on the part of the Native Americans. The essence of the paper lies in analyzing the effects of conversion, and how the groups interacted with each other.
From the Paper "It is not often that one thinks of any European nation as uncultured or backward, but it takes only a single look towards the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the conquest of North America to see that perhaps the conquered were more forward moving, at least spiritually, than their conquerors. Though thought to be savage and primitive, the natives of North America had long since developed coherent religious systems, as intricate as those of the Europeans - even bearing similarities to them. Christianity and its various forms, however, proved to be a much less understanding opponent to the Native Americans, who hardly expected to be opposed in the first place. Along with the "discovery" of the New World came an onslaught of attempts towards conversion."
The following paper compares two seminal works in the study of Utopia, Aldous Huxley's 'Brave New World' and Charlotte Perkin Gilman's 'Herland', which show societies that theorize about nature in radically different ways.
Abstract The following paper explores the dividing factor between these two novels which comes to be seen not as a division between good, natural cultures and bad, unnatural cultures, but rather as a division between societies that rule by technology rather than by divine intervention and human understanding.
From the Paper "The study of Utopia, an ideal "no-where place," is the study of what a society must look like to create and maintains happiness for humankind. Many books have been written on the subject, and will continue to be written as long as mankind is barred from paradise. One of the themes that seems to be repeated throughout utopian literature is the process of overcoming natural evil, and the evil of nature."
Abstract The paper describes the general features of the adaptive immune system (especially in relation to innate immunity) in vertebrates, delineates the processes that took place for this complex system to evolve and the reasons behind its evolution.
From the Paper "Microscopic organisms are the most ubiquitous form of life throughout the biosphere. Many of them are parasitic and cause disease. To protect themselves against invasion by pathogens and even cells from an organism of the same species, all animals possess the means to systematically distinguish and eliminate non-self. Based on the diversity, flexibility and specificity of recognition and effector mechanisms, however, the complexity of this system varies across metazoan phyla. From relatively simple histocompatibility reactions mediated by interleukin-like proteins in sponges, to sophisticated interplay of the innate and adaptive immunity in jawed vertebrates, the increased intricacy of the immune response is positively correlated with such features as: complex morphology, increased size and lifespan as well as K-selected reproductive strategy. Thus, the fact that vertebrates exhibit all of the aforementioned characteristics may be the key reason why they are the only group of animals with an adaptive immunity."
Abstract "The Bill of Rights, the most celebrated part of the United States Constitution, almost seems like an afterthought. The Constitution, which spelled out the form of the national government and delineated the responsibilities of each branch, was ratified in 1788.
From the Paper "The Bill of Rights, the most celebrated part of the United States Constitution, almost seems like an afterthought. The Constitution, which spelled out the form of the national government and delineated the responsibilities of each branch, was ratified in 1788. Three years later Congress added 10 amendments (the Bill of Rights) that guaranteed individual liberties. This paper will summarize why those amendments were included, and analyze whether the Bill of Rights altered the Constitution or merely strengthened it.
The 1780s were a time of triumph and turmoil in America. The decisive American victory at Yorktown in 1781 guaranteed the nation s independence, confirmed two years later by a peace treaty with England that recognized the new nation. The fledgling nation s government, however, was in disarray. The ..."
Abstract C.I.F. contracts refer to cost, insurance and freight for the international sales of goods where the seller accepts responsibility for arranging insurance. The cost of the insurance is charged in the invoice itself and is prepared by the seller. This paper examines the impact of a C.I.F. contract on determining prices, the exchanging of property and risks and methods outlined under this type of contract. The paper concludes that C.I.F. contracts provide a usable agreement for international trade between different countries and clearly delineates the responsibilities of both the buyer and seller.
From the Paper "C.I.F. contracts like any other contract outline the defined role that the buyer and seller play in exchanging money for goods. The key here is that this instrument if used for the international sale of goods and is an effort to make the process easier. It is only one of several incoterms that deal with such matters as which party is responsible for the transport of goods, who pays the insurance and who pays custom fees, etc.
There is an element of risk on both parts from the moment the shipment leaves one port until it reaches its final destination. Having clear documentation in the form of a C.I.F. contract has established standards for efficiently moving goods between countries."
