Abstract
The debate over the causation of congenital anomalies is discussed in this paper, as well as various preventative measures that have been implemented over time to help reduce the neonatal death rate. Medical practices and scientific approaches towards human birth deformities are well explored and cited throughout the paper.

Abstract
This essay examines the symptoms of Cherubism, a disease with unusual growths within the jaw and swelling of the face. It also discusses the causes, origins, treatment and future of this disease.

From the Paper
"The facial changes are brought about by overgrowth of fibrous tissue around the jaw bones. The disease starts to appear in the 3rd or 4th year of life and continues to grow until the person affected reaches the age of 15-20. Typically, the disease occurs early, when the afflicted person's primary teeth fall out and are supposed to be replaced by mature teeth. Instead, after the primary teeth fall out, the bone cells do not do their proper job, causing masses of soft tissue to develop in the jaw area. The disease, however, has been known to recede during adolescence. The size of the jaw stabilizes and progressively becomes smaller. In moderate cases, the deformity disappears altogether. Cherubism is a disease that has been around for a long time, yet little is known about the rare disease. Advancements in the study of cherubism are progressing slowly, yet consistently."

Tags:facial, changes, vary, considerably, person, mild, severely, disfiguring, effect, jaw, area, entire, face

Abstract
This paper explains that, like most modern authors of horror, Gaston Leroux professed Edgar Allan Poe to be his prime influence. The author points out that "Phantom of the Opera", which was first published as a serial in a newspaper in 1910 and negatively reviewed by the "New York Times", has been made into eighteen motion pictures, nine theater stagings and over a dozen works of novels and short stories were based on Leroux's creation. The author compares the changes in horror novels from Leroux's day to contemporary horror literature such as Susan Kay's "Phantom" (1990), in which Kay's aim is to evoke sympathy instead of Leroux's primary purpose to horrify the reader and Thomas Harris' "Silence of the Lambs" (1988) and its sequel "Hannibal" (2000), which are more psychological rather than purely physical as the physical horror of Erik's deformity.

From the Paper
"Gaston Leroux studied law primarily to please his father. However, he never gave up his real dream: being a writer. Thus he began his writing career as a poet, publishing his work in local newspapers. This led to his position as dramatic critic in L'Echo de Paris. He then became a courtroom reporter, where his background in law served him well, and eventually became a worldwide correspondent. Leroux was an excellent reporter and traveled the world visiting countries such as Sweden, Finland, Egypt and Korea to find stories. The talent he cultivated in this way is evident in Phantom of the Opera, which is written in the style of a report. Although some did not find this appealing, the style of the novel is one of its assets."

Tags:reporter, weber, physical, websites, review

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the genetic condition of sickle cell anemia, a life-long condition that causes defective red blood cells, which form sickle cell shapes upon becoming deoxygenated, rather than maintaining the usual disc shape. The writer explains that the deformity in shape prevents the red cells from moving easily through the blood vessels as normal cells would. The sickle-shaped cells tend to form clumps in the blood vessels and prevent the healthy cells from getting through. The writer discusses symptoms and diagnosis of the disorder as well as a possible therapy that mainly focuses on relieving the symptoms associated with the condition.

Outline:
Introduction
Genetics
Mechanism
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Therapy

From the Paper
"The main problems which will put the patient at risk in sickle cell disease are the sickle cell crises. These are an issue not only to the severe pain which they cause but also due to the damage which the blockage of blood vessels can cause when they occur in or around an organ. Pulmonary complications are a particular problem for sufferers of sickle cell disease, which are caused in this manner. Bacterial infections are also a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in sickle cell sufferers as the function of the spleen is usually either compromised or entirely absent. Splenic sequestration is one of the most serious complications of sickle cell disease, in which the spleen swells and causes a significant drop in hemoglobin levels."

Tags:infection, disorder, blood, condition

Abstract
This paper will discuss the article "Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction: Indications and Sequelae" by Mark Evans. By revealing the findings of multifetal reduction, we can see how this helps to prevent deformity in multifetal births.

Abstract
This paper defines the Turner Syndrome as the absence or deformity of the X chromosome. It investigates the treatments available to individuals suffering from the syndrome. The paper explores the resources and support groups available for parents of children who are diagnosed with the disorder.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Identification
Characteristics
Treatment
Resources and Support for Parents
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"It is estimated that Turner Syndrome occurs in 1 out of every 2500 live female births, making it one of the most common chromosomal disorders in the world. In the United States alone 800 new cases are discovered every year and an estimated 80,000 women battle with the disorder. ("Resources and Research: FAQ's," n.d.) The central purpose of this discussion is to identify and characterize the aforementioned condition using information gathered from the Turner Syndrome Society and The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. We will also investigate the treatments that are offered to individuals that suffer with the disorder including growth hormones and reproductive technologies. Finally, we will explore what resources and support groups are available for parents of children that are diagnosed with Turner Syndrome."

Tags:female, chromosome, treatment, support, group, birth, defect, infant

Abstract
The following paper examines what scoliosis, a condition causing the spine to curve with a "rotational deformity", means psychologically and physically. The writer looks at what parts of the population are more prone to this condition, whether it is hereditary, painful and finally whether it has a cure.

From the Paper
"Probably not one of us can honestly say that our mothers didn't tell us that at least once in our growing-up yearsand more likely, she said it more than once a day! Fortunately, for most of us, standing up straight is relatively easy. It's a matter of remembering to pull our shoulders a bit back, tuck our tummies in a little, raise our chins and keep our shoulders level. But for some of us, "standing up straight" isn't quite that easy. We can do all the shoulder-pulling and chin-raising we like, seemingly to no avail. One hip may be higher than the other; one side of our rib cage may be lower. Or we may have difficulty straightening out at all, feeling like we're fighting our own bodies just to do so. The reality is, some of us are fighting our own bodies for our bodies have an unusual amount of "curve" where they normally should be "straight." Eventually, we may end up at a doctor's office to find out why, and there, we learn a new vocabulary word: scoliosis."

Tags:standing, up, straight, curved, spine, nonstructural, marfan, idiopathic

From the Paper
" The purpose of this research is to discuss a fragment of a statue of Akhenaten.
What has remained of this portrait is the nose and the mouth. The work is from Tell el Amarna and is dated from 1379 to 1362 B.C. The fragment is of limestone and is probably one of the thirty statues that the king, also known as Amenhotep IV, built for the Aten temple at Karnak, or it was at least carved at about the same time (Lloyd 177).
Statues which are more complete works of this type exist and all have the same thick, protruding lips and round noses. These statues give us a better idea of what the pharaoh looked like. He had an elongated, gaunt face. His limbs were slender but his stomach and hips were wide. Portraits of him were almost caricatures because of the expressionistic exaggeration of form(...)"

Tags:MIDDLE, EAST, EGYPT

From the Paper
"Introduction
Sex chromosomes are susceptible to a number of aberrations. These are associated with a wide variety of problems, particularly in the areas of sexual development. So far, more than 70 irregularities of the sex chromosomes have been identified. The purpose of this paper is to discuss two of these abnormal genetic conditions: (1) Klinefelter's Syndrome; and (2) Turner's Syndrome. Each condition is discussed in terms of genetic structure, historical background, etiology and treatment considerations.

Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY)
In 1942, Klinefelter, Reifenstein and Albright described nine men who shared an odd set of characteristics. These included, among other things, shrunken testes, breast development.."

Abstract
This paper mainly discusses in- vitro fertilization and surrogate pregnancies that are contracted, in which case the surrogate mother is usually a contracted person, with no link to the donors. In the case of contracted surrogate pregnancies, there is no way to judge the health of the surrogate mother and no regulation to see that the medical fraternity does not use the persons who are infected by diseases that could be passed to the infant. This paper affirms that laws must therefore be passed in such a manner that voluntary surrogate mothers are screened, identified and certified in such a manner that the resultant infant is not traumatized by diseases. The donors must be similarly screened. Furthermore, this paper looks at the idea of commercialization, within surrogate pregnancies. Namely it discusses the free market and the prostitution model. While some surrogate mothers do agree for altruistic reasons, where there is a demand, there will be a commercial supply. Since such children are at risk of being abandoned and neglected by the surrogate mother as well as by the donors, it is considered to be the duty of the state to enact laws to make sure that the donors, the surrogate mother and the genetic material are all fine to prevent deformities. In cases where such deformities do occur, the law must make the donor parents responsible for the child. Also, this paper asserts that there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood.

Outline:
Introduction
The Definition of Surrogate Motherhood
Adoption, Surrogate Motherhood - The Contrasts and Commonalities
The Arguments Favoring Regulation and Ban
The Arguments Against the Ban
Legal Problems
The Legal Controls Ought to be Set
Current Global Situation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is well if the resultant child is perfect what is the case if the child is born with deformities? What if it is liability? The management and care of such babies have legal moral and ethical implications. What is the relationship between the woman and the child in such cases at childbirth? For example the simple case of a low weight baby and in the case of mentally and physically challenged babies born to surrogate mothers, what will be the position and who shoulders the painful task? In the United States the Federal Government intervenes. In the UK the problem is ignored or the issue is glossed over. (Lee; Morgan, 1990) Judges have been sentencing mothers for not caring for the children in the womb. There have been cases of sentences handed down to mothers who consumed drugs and passed it on to the baby in the womb. Fetal neglect is now culpable. This shows that the state is concerned more and more with the unborn child and its welfare. The issue of in vitro fertilization and the knowledge of in genital illnesses are changing the perceptions of the society and the prevailing values are being modified. (Blank, 1992)
"The commoditization of sexuality has brought in the prospect of baby selling and prostitution. Poor women and even affluent ones are not above selling babies in the black market. The baby for sale has all its features added up to its price. The better suited ones getting the better price. The participants tend to market the baby in the fashion of a commodity and that is where the question of the babies with deformities and their fate steps in. There is likely to be more feticide and infanticide. The issue of 'Baby selling' drags down humanity considerations. (Warren, 1991) Originally surrogate mother hood was not a baby selling proposition. Yet today it has assumed the features of baby selling. Just as prohibition of payment exists for adoption, there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood. The courts sometimes have applied the baby sale acts to bar surrogate motherhood."

Tags:commericial, contracts, payments, prevention, deformities, adoption