Abstract
The debate over the causation of congenital anomalies is discussed in this paper, as well as various preventative measures that have been implemented over time to help reduce the neonatal death rate. Medical practices and scientific approaches towards human birth deformities are well explored and cited throughout the paper.

From the Paper
" The purpose of this research is to discuss a fragment of a statue of Akhenaten.
What has remained of this portrait is the nose and the mouth. The work is from Tell el Amarna and is dated from 1379 to 1362 B.C. The fragment is of limestone and is probably one of the thirty statues that the king, also known as Amenhotep IV, built for the Aten temple at Karnak, or it was at least carved at about the same time (Lloyd 177).
Statues which are more complete works of this type exist and all have the same thick, protruding lips and round noses. These statues give us a better idea of what the pharaoh looked like. He had an elongated, gaunt face. His limbs were slender but his stomach and hips were wide. Portraits of him were almost caricatures because of the expressionistic exaggeration of form(...)"

Tags:MIDDLE, EAST, EGYPT

From the Paper
"Introduction
Sex chromosomes are susceptible to a number of aberrations. These are associated with a wide variety of problems, particularly in the areas of sexual development. So far, more than 70 irregularities of the sex chromosomes have been identified. The purpose of this paper is to discuss two of these abnormal genetic conditions: (1) Klinefelter's Syndrome; and (2) Turner's Syndrome. Each condition is discussed in terms of genetic structure, historical background, etiology and treatment considerations.

Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY)
In 1942, Klinefelter, Reifenstein and Albright described nine men who shared an odd set of characteristics. These included, among other things, shrunken testes, breast development.."

Abstract
This paper mainly discusses in- vitro fertilization and surrogate pregnancies that are contracted, in which case the surrogate mother is usually a contracted person, with no link to the donors. In the case of contracted surrogate pregnancies, there is no way to judge the health of the surrogate mother and no regulation to see that the medical fraternity does not use the persons who are infected by diseases that could be passed to the infant. This paper affirms that laws must therefore be passed in such a manner that voluntary surrogate mothers are screened, identified and certified in such a manner that the resultant infant is not traumatized by diseases. The donors must be similarly screened. Furthermore, this paper looks at the idea of commercialization, within surrogate pregnancies. Namely it discusses the free market and the prostitution model. While some surrogate mothers do agree for altruistic reasons, where there is a demand, there will be a commercial supply. Since such children are at risk of being abandoned and neglected by the surrogate mother as well as by the donors, it is considered to be the duty of the state to enact laws to make sure that the donors, the surrogate mother and the genetic material are all fine to prevent deformities. In cases where such deformities do occur, the law must make the donor parents responsible for the child. Also, this paper asserts that there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood.

Outline:
Introduction
The Definition of Surrogate Motherhood
Adoption, Surrogate Motherhood - The Contrasts and Commonalities
The Arguments Favoring Regulation and Ban
The Arguments Against the Ban
Legal Problems
The Legal Controls Ought to be Set
Current Global Situation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is well if the resultant child is perfect what is the case if the child is born with deformities? What if it is liability? The management and care of such babies have legal moral and ethical implications. What is the relationship between the woman and the child in such cases at childbirth? For example the simple case of a low weight baby and in the case of mentally and physically challenged babies born to surrogate mothers, what will be the position and who shoulders the painful task? In the United States the Federal Government intervenes. In the UK the problem is ignored or the issue is glossed over. (Lee; Morgan, 1990) Judges have been sentencing mothers for not caring for the children in the womb. There have been cases of sentences handed down to mothers who consumed drugs and passed it on to the baby in the womb. Fetal neglect is now culpable. This shows that the state is concerned more and more with the unborn child and its welfare. The issue of in vitro fertilization and the knowledge of in genital illnesses are changing the perceptions of the society and the prevailing values are being modified. (Blank, 1992)
"The commoditization of sexuality has brought in the prospect of baby selling and prostitution. Poor women and even affluent ones are not above selling babies in the black market. The baby for sale has all its features added up to its price. The better suited ones getting the better price. The participants tend to market the baby in the fashion of a commodity and that is where the question of the babies with deformities and their fate steps in. There is likely to be more feticide and infanticide. The issue of 'Baby selling' drags down humanity considerations. (Warren, 1991) Originally surrogate mother hood was not a baby selling proposition. Yet today it has assumed the features of baby selling. Just as prohibition of payment exists for adoption, there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood. The courts sometimes have applied the baby sale acts to bar surrogate motherhood."

Tags:commericial, contracts, payments, prevention, deformities, adoption

Abstract
This paper is a critique of Bernard Pomerance's play, "Elephant Man", based on the life of Joseph Merrick, a young man who suffered from a bone disease that caused his bones to grow abnormally and resulted in extreme deformities in his body, more popularly known as the Elephant Man. The paper considers the play from three viewpoints: hip hop, religious leadership, and gender. The author first draws a parallel between Merrick being an outcast because of his looks, and that of a hip hop artist initially being seen as social outcast, then views Merrick as a Christ figure in the play as he is faced with both internal and external conflict in his religious education, and finally discusses the gender relations Merrick encounters.

Outline:
Viewpoint 1: Hip Hop
Viewpoint 2: Religious Leader
Viewpoint 3: Gender Relations

From the Paper
"In the first respect, Bishop How sees in Merrick the roots of Christianity and is moved to take him under his wing. Like all true religious figures, Merrick is faced with both internal and external conflict in his religious education. He, for example faces the hostility of Gomm when the latter debates the merits of science versus religion with Bishop How. Merrick is also faced with fundamental religious negativity by his mentor, Treves. Treves for example relates to Merrick a story regarding the afterlife: a patient who died and was subsequently revived told Treves that the afterlife was not spectacular at all, but rather the contrary."

Tags:deformities

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that it is common knowledge that many people find it desirable to undergo surgery for facelifts and other kinds of "corrective" surgery. However, the writer points out that what is not perhaps as well known is that many people have "cosmetic" surgery for reasons that go well beyond vanity. Some have plastic surgery to eliminate severe facial deformities; some go under the knife to deal with the erosion of their self-esteem, while others get plastic surgery to repair a bothersome physical feature. This paper takes the position that while there are definitely risks involved in plastic surgery proceedings, in most cases the potential good that came come from the surgery is well worth the medical risk. And further, the writer maintains that the science of corrective surgery has reached the point where the risks are minimized and the results are very worth the risks. Still, it is very important for the patient to do his or her homework prior to going into cosmetic surgery. The material presented in this paper explains why advance research is vital.

From the Paper
"There have been instances in which people undergoing plastic surgery have been injured or killed. Two women died in New York in the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital after undergoing plastic surgery in 2003, Shute explains; the hospital was fined $20,000 for "egregious violations" of safety procedures because of those deaths. In Florida there were eight deaths of plastic surgery patients over an 18-month period in 2003-2004; as a result, Shute continues, the health officials in Florida imposed a three-month ban on surgeries that combine liposuction and tummy tucks. What happens during cosmetic surgery that can cause death? According to this article people can and do get infections, especially when they go abroad to places like the Dominican Republic or Mexico for "cut-rate" surgery; in some foreign countries the attention to sterile, clean surgical conditions is perhaps not as great as it should be."

Tags:physician, patient, hospital, surgeon

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that medical science has shown that the use of drugs by a woman who is pregnant has a profound effect upon the fetus both during pregnancy and after the birth of the child. The writer then explains that the objective of this work is to research prenatal development of the fetus and the effects that the mother's use of cocaine has upon the fetus. The writer maintains that cocaine-exposed infants prior to their birth are more likely to be low birth weight, shorter in length, have behavioral problems, be born much earlier than normal, as well as experience structural abnormalities and to have respiratory problems and complications related to heart deformities. The writer concludes that cocaine use during pregnancy by the pregnant woman creates a significant risk for the fetus.

Outline:
Introduction
Reproductive Risks of Cocaine
Teratogens
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Hepper states that three major principles guide the development of the fetus which are: (1) development proceeds in a cephalocaudal direction, or from head to foot; (2) development proceeds from the basic to the more specialized; and (3) development proceeds in order of importance. The most critical time for exposure during the embryonic period or the period of "organogenesis" as this is the period when the formation of the main organs of the body begins. Exposure during the fetal period, which is from around nine weeks from the conception cause delay and impairments in the fetus' growth. It is interesting to note that ..."

Tags:pregnancy, substance, abusers, complications

Abstract
This paper explains that Boris Karloff, one of the most notable names in 20th century, cinematic horror, is best known for bringing Mary Shelly's "Frankenstein" monster to life in the 1931 black-and-white horror film by Universal Studios. The author points out that Karloff did not consider "type casting" to be a curse and thought himself fortunate that audiences and studios had recognized and appreciated his talent for certain parts. The paper lists other major films: "The Mask of Fu Manchu," which required extensive make-up and heavy dialogue; "The Raven," with Bela Lugosi playing another villain with serious deformities; "The Bride of Frankenstein," considered to be the best of the Frankenstein series; and "Son of Frankenstein," the final Frankenstein film starring Karloff as the Monster, although he would actually make appearances in later Frankenstein films.

From the Paper
"Boris Karloff was not the given name of the famous actor. Born in London, England, his given name was actually far more British than stage-friendly; William Henry Pratt was born on November 23, 1887. He was the youngest of eight children, and it was actually his older brothers that would raise him. His father actually died when he was a young infant. Karloff's father had been a public official in India, and the family expected that the child would follow a similar path and take the place of the father in the family. One of his older brothers, the longest surviving Sir John Pratt, was himself a diplomat. For his early school days, he attended Merchant Taylor's School at Uppingham, a prestigious institution. For higher education, he would attend London University, where he specialized in Chinese customs in the Consular Service program."

Tags:frankenstein, pratt, universal, type, monster

Abstract
This paper looks at how 144,000 total hip arthroplasties are performed annually in the United States and how, of these, approximately 100,000 are due to osteoarthritis of the hip joint. It examines how candidates for total hip replacements most commonly present with pain and often with reduced range of motion and how a total hip arthroplasty is performed only when all other possible methods of treatment have failed. It shows how the main cause for choosing this treatment option is osteoarthritis, the degeneration of articular cartilage in the joint, and how other causes include rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, post traumatic arthritis, and congenital deformities.

Outline
Clinical Applications
Anatomy
Procedure
Problems
Image-Guided Robotic Approach

From the Paper
"The intraoperative problems associated with total hip arthroplasty are thrombophlebitis (a blood clot in the large veins of the leg), infection, nerve injury, vascular injury, cement reaction/fat embolus, and fracture/canal perforation3,4. During the surgery, the most difficult step is obtaining proper alignment and positioning of the acetabular cup. This is important because it will affect the range of motion and the loading of the joint, as well as directly affecting the life of the implant. A cup protector must be utilized to protect the acetabular cup from scratches from bone, instruments, and debris. It is also imperative to sufficiently ream the femoral canal and to apply an even cement mantle. Additional problems commonly seen postoperatively include stem subsidence, dislocation, aseptic loosening, wear that can lead to systemic effects, weakening of surrounding bone (bone resorption), instability, and fracture."

Tags:acetabular, acetabulum, bone, femoral, joint

Abstract
This paper discusses thalidomide, giving an introduction to the drug, its history, its inventor, what it is currently used to treat, symptoms of the drug, side effects from its use (incl. fetal deformities) and treatments that are currently in research.