Abstract This paper mainly discusses in- vitro fertilization and surrogate pregnancies that are contracted, in which case the surrogate mother is usually a contracted person, with no link to the donors. In the case of contracted surrogate pregnancies, there is no way to judge the health of the surrogate mother and no regulation to see that the medical fraternity does not use the persons who are infected by diseases that could be passed to the infant. This paper affirms that laws must therefore be passed in such a manner that voluntary surrogate mothers are screened, identified and certified in such a manner that the resultant infant is not traumatized by diseases. The donors must be similarly screened. Furthermore, this paper looks at the idea of commercialization, within surrogate pregnancies. Namely it discusses the free market and the prostitution model. While some surrogate mothers do agree for altruistic reasons, where there is a demand, there will be a commercial supply. Since such children are at risk of being abandoned and neglected by the surrogate mother as well as by the donors, it is considered to be the duty of the state to enact laws to make sure that the donors, the surrogate mother and the genetic material are all fine to prevent deformities. In cases where such deformities do occur, the law must make the donor parents responsible for the child. Also, this paper asserts that there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood.
Outline:
Introduction
The Definition of Surrogate Motherhood
Adoption, Surrogate Motherhood - The Contrasts and Commonalities
The Arguments Favoring Regulation and Ban
The Arguments Against the Ban
Legal Problems
The Legal Controls Ought to be Set
Current Global Situation
Conclusion
From the Paper "It is well if the resultant child is perfect what is the case if the child is born with deformities? What if it is liability? The management and care of such babies have legal moral and ethical implications. What is the relationship between the woman and the child in such cases at childbirth? For example the simple case of a low weight baby and in the case of mentally and physically challenged babies born to surrogate mothers, what will be the position and who shoulders the painful task? In the United States the Federal Government intervenes. In the UK the problem is ignored or the issue is glossed over. (Lee; Morgan, 1990) Judges have been sentencing mothers for not caring for the children in the womb. There have been cases of sentences handed down to mothers who consumed drugs and passed it on to the baby in the womb. Fetal neglect is now culpable. This shows that the state is concerned more and more with the unborn child and its welfare. The issue of in vitro fertilization and the knowledge of in genital illnesses are changing the perceptions of the society and the prevailing values are being modified. (Blank, 1992)
"The commoditization of sexuality has brought in the prospect of baby selling and prostitution. Poor women and even affluent ones are not above selling babies in the black market. The baby for sale has all its features added up to its price. The better suited ones getting the better price. The participants tend to market the baby in the fashion of a commodity and that is where the question of the babies with deformities and their fate steps in. There is likely to be more feticide and infanticide. The issue of 'Baby selling' drags down humanity considerations. (Warren, 1991) Originally surrogate mother hood was not a baby selling proposition. Yet today it has assumed the features of baby selling. Just as prohibition of payment exists for adoption, there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood. The courts sometimes have applied the baby sale acts to bar surrogate motherhood."
Abstract The debate over the causation of congenital anomalies is discussed in this paper, as well as various preventative measures that have been implemented over time to help reduce the neonatal death rate. Medical practices and scientific approaches towards human birth deformities are well explored and cited throughout the paper.
This paper is an extensive discussion of pedagogic grammar, written and spoken discourse for English language, as applied to ESL English language learning.
Abstract This paper explains that pedagogic grammar is grammar that provides useful descriptions of language forms and their function for pedagogical purposes, which can be organized and sequenced in textbook form to provide systematic teaching and learning as a descriptive and explanatory complement to other language learning activities. The author points out that implications drawn from learner-centered grammar instruction are that these extensive grammar rules and explanations should be presented in such a manner as to approximate the learner's hypothesis-formative process as far as possible. The paper concludes that the deformalization of pedagogical grammars may be through the avoidance of the jargon or keeping this jargon to a minimum to avoid elaborate or complicated analyses.
Table of Contents
Objective
Introduction
Psycholinguistics - Theoretical Framework
Descriptive - Prescriptive Grammar
Pedagogic Grammar
Communicative Competence in English-Language/Grammar
Linguistic
Two Cognitive Principles
Form-based: The Structuralist Theory
Form Selection
Concepts and Factors for Consideration in Analysis
Setting
Ends: Transnational, Interactional and Performative
Speech Events: Speech, Discourse or Speech
Learner-Centered Grammar Instruction Facts
Purpose of Analysis
Implications and Conclusion
From the Paper "Pedagogical grammar within the English language is based historically on over 400 years of grammar the first of these being in 1580 by William Bullokar followed by the work of John Wallis in 1653 who studied English grammar not on the basis of the models in Latin grammar but within its own frame of reference. Due to the fact that most of the grammar was based on the Latin models there existed a heavy influence in the view of the expert in relation to the English language in the nature of and the terms for the descriptions."
Abstract This paper is a critique of Bernard Pomerance's play, "Elephant Man", based on the life of Joseph Merrick, a young man who suffered from a bone disease that caused his bones to grow abnormally and resulted in extreme deformities in his body, more popularly known as the Elephant Man. The paper considers the play from three viewpoints: hip hop, religious leadership, and gender. The author first draws a parallel between Merrick being an outcast because of his looks, and that of a hip hop artist initially being seen as social outcast, then views Merrick as a Christ figure in the play as he is faced with both internal and external conflict in his religious education, and finally discusses the gender relations Merrick encounters.
Outline:
Viewpoint 1: Hip Hop
Viewpoint 2: Religious Leader
Viewpoint 3: Gender Relations
From the Paper "In the first respect, Bishop How sees in Merrick the roots of Christianity and is moved to take him under his wing. Like all true religious figures, Merrick is faced with both internal and external conflict in his religious education. He, for example faces the hostility of Gomm when the latter debates the merits of science versus religion with Bishop How. Merrick is also faced with fundamental religious negativity by his mentor, Treves. Treves for example relates to Merrick a story regarding the afterlife: a patient who died and was subsequently revived told Treves that the afterlife was not spectacular at all, but rather the contrary."
Abstract The paper introduces archaeology, and explains that the concept of dating is central to the science of archaeology. Two broad categories of dating, relative and absolute, are introduced, and four major specific types of dating are presented to the reader; stratigraphy, dendrochronology, obsidian hydration dating, and radiocarbon dating. Each of the four methods are discussed in great detail, each with a closing paragraph devoted to the underlying problems with that particular method. For example, the section on stratigraphy begins with a brief history of the method itself, and introduces such concepts as the law of superposition, temporal sequences of data within stratified deposits, context evaluation, and determining age through the relative position of superimposed artifacts. The negatives of stratigraphy are then discussed, and include deformation, overlapping and reverse stratigraphy, and the method is evaluated on the whole. This format is then applied to the other three types of dating discussed. Finally, a concluding paragraph states that although the four types of dating discussed are infinitely valuable to archaeologists all over the world, there are still problems associated with each that need to be accounted for when using them to address the age of fossilized remains and other artifacts.
From the Paper "Archaeology is the study of past human cultures, and archaeologists must uncover and interpret material remains in order to reconstruct past ways of life. To understand the purposes of these remains, Archaeologists have the task of constructing a chronology of prehistory, using various dating methods. ?Without knowing the age of materials, little can be said about the activity that made them part of the site (David L. Webster, Susan Toby Evans & William T. Sanders, 1993: 128).? Dating is defined as the placement in time of events relative to one another or to any established scale of temporal measurement (Jeffrey S. Dean, 1981: 375). Dating methods used by Archaeologist incorporate the scientific method and have the advantages of objectification, application to isolated cultural sequences, and an expanded span of human prehistory for which an absolute chronology can be built (Keith Brannigan, 1974: 100-101). Scientific methods of dating are invaluable for the prehistoric periods and have revolutionized the archaeologists? ideas about the absolute chronology of the prehistoric culture sequence (Brannigan, 1974: 101), yet each of these scientific methods has many difficulties. Dating techniques fall into two categories"relative and absolute"and include the following: seriation, ceramic dating, potassium argon dating, thermoluminescence dating, archaeomagnetic dating, fission track dating, stratigraphy, dendrochronology, obsidian hydration dating, and radiocarbon dating. This paper will discuss the latter four methods, with an emphasis on the shortcomings of each."
Abstract This essay discusses these two stories as a pair of ancient myths written into yesterday's newspaper which are meant to plausibly present us with the rise and fall of freakish demigods at the hand of a mundane world. In both stories, the protagonists are portrayed as freaks of nature, in accordance with the gothic stereotype.
From the Paper This essay discusses these two stories as a pair of ancient myths written into yesterday's newspaper which are meant to plausibly present us with the rise and fall of freakish demigods at the hand of a mundane world.In both stories, the protagonists are portrayed as freaks of nature, in accordance with the gothic stereotype.
The following paper discusses Cherubism, a rare, hereditary disease characterized by enlargement of the jaw bones (maxilla and mandible) on both sides of the face (bilateral) and a deformity in the setting of the eye sockets.
Abstract This essay examines the symptoms of Cherubism, a disease with unusual growths within the jaw and swelling of the face. It also discusses the causes, origins, treatment and future of this disease.
From the Paper ?The facial changes are brought about by overgrowth of fibrous tissue around the jaw bones. The disease starts to appear in the 3rd or 4th year of life and continues to grow until the person affected reaches the age of 15-20. Typically, the disease occurs early, when the afflicted person's primary teeth fall out and are supposed to be replaced by mature teeth. Instead, after the primary teeth fall out, the bone cells do not do their proper job, causing masses of soft tissue to develop in the jaw area. The disease, however, has been known to recede during adolescence. The size of the jaw stabilizes and progressively becomes smaller. In moderate cases, the deformity disappears altogether. Cherubism is a disease that has been around for a long time, yet little is known about the rare disease. Advancements in the study of cherubism are progressing slowly, yet consistently.?
Abstract The following paper examines what scoliosis, a condition causing the spine to curve with a "rotational deformity", means psychologically and physically. The writer looks at what parts of the population are more prone to this condition, whether it is hereditary, painful and finally whether it has a cure.
From the Paper "Probably not one of us can honestly say that our mothers didn't tell us that at least once in our growing-up years"and more likely, she said it more than once a day! Fortunately, for most of us, standing up straight is relatively easy. It's a matter of remembering to pull our shoulders a bit back, tuck our tummies in a little, raise our chins and keep our shoulders level. But for some of us, "standing up straight" isn't quite that easy. We can do all the shoulder-pulling and chin-raising we like, seemingly to no avail. One hip may be higher than the other; one side of our rib cage may be lower. Or we may have difficulty straightening out at all, feeling like we're fighting our own bodies just to do so. The reality is, some of us are fighting our own bodies?for our bodies have an unusual amount of "curve" where they normally should be "straight." Eventually, we may end up at a doctor's office to find out why, and there, we learn a new vocabulary word: scoliosis.?
Abstract This paper defines the Turner Syndrome as the absence or deformity of the X chromosome. It investigates the treatments available to individuals suffering from the syndrome. The paper explores the resources and support groups available for parents of children who are diagnosed with the disorder.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Identification
Characteristics
Treatment
Resources and Support for Parents
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "It is estimated that Turner Syndrome occurs in 1 out of every 2500 live female births, making it one of the most common chromosomal disorders in the world. In the United States alone 800 new cases are discovered every year and an estimated 80,000 women battle with the disorder. ("Resources and Research: FAQ"s,? n.d.) The central purpose of this discussion is to identify and characterize the aforementioned condition using information gathered from the Turner Syndrome Society and The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. We will also investigate the treatments that are offered to individuals that suffer with the disorder including growth hormones and reproductive technologies. Finally, we will explore what resources and support groups are available for parents of children that are diagnosed with Turner Syndrome."
From the Paper "Introduction
Sex chromosomes are susceptible to a number of aberrations. These are associated with a wide variety of problems, particularly in the areas of sexual development. So far, more than 70 irregularities of the sex chromosomes have been identified. The purpose of this paper is to discuss two of these abnormal genetic conditions: (1) Klinefelter's Syndrome; and (2) Turner's Syndrome. Each condition is discussed in terms of genetic structure, historical background, etiology and treatment considerations.
Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY)
In 1942, Klinefelter, Reifenstein and Albright described nine men who shared an odd set of characteristics. These included, among other things, shrunken testes, breast development.."
This paper analyzes a fragment of ancient Egyptian portrayal of king (14th Cent. B.C.) looking at style, deformities, humanism, perspective; prevailing social, political & spiritual conditions of his kingdom.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 3 sources, 1986, $ 79.95
From the Paper " The purpose of this research is to discuss a fragment of a statue of Akhenaten.
What has remained of this portrait is the nose and the mouth. The work is from Tell el Amarna and is dated from 1379 to 1362 B.C. The fragment is of limestone and is probably one of the thirty statues that the king, also known as Amenhotep IV, built for the Aten temple at Karnak, or it was at least carved at about the same time (Lloyd 177).
Statues which are more complete works of this type exist and all have the same thick, protruding lips and round noses. These statues give us a better idea of what the pharaoh looked like. He had an elongated, gaunt face. His limbs were slender but his stomach and hips were wide. Portraits of him were almost caricatures because of the expressionistic exaggeration of form(...)"
Abstract The author states that in "Women under Attack", the viewers are subjected to some of the most horrific subject matter that any woman can witness, rape. The paper discusses that the rape of women, children, the land, each other, all are forms of basic primal dominance by men who are horribly deformed inside but wield a power that is used to brutally destroy any resistance, no matter how logical, to them. The author believes that movies like "Women Under Attack" show us what the culture does, what it is doing but not what the culture should be doing.
From the Paper "I experienced a truly mixed reaction to the film. There is the detached disgust that documentaries allow you to feel. There is the disturbing reality that such a subject should be presented to the world in a journalistic manner rather than in a great tidal wave of rioting and destruction of all things male. And, there is the feeling of a tight fear that a woman does not have to be Bosnian to have her rights stripped from her and her life torn apart by the ultimate violation of her body and person."
Abstract Examines author's novel BELOVED. Brief biography of Morrison's life. Her use of folkloristic techniques in the novel. Theme of moral destruction brought on by slavery. Slave & former-slave relationships. Mother-child relationship. Centers on character of Seth. Horrific impact of slavery as deforming former slaves & denying humanity of Blacks.
From the Paper "In her novel Beloved, Toni Morrison looks back to the era after the end of the Civil War and tells the story of Sethe, a woman who had been a slave and who escaped with her four children from a Kentucky plantation in 1855. She is a woman understandably affected by her past, and her memory of that time is bound with her belief that her dead daughter, Beloved, haunts the house in which she lives with her youngest daughter, Denver. Beloved is actually a real woman Sethe believes is her daughter reincarnated, though it is suggested rather that Beloved came on a slave ship with her mother and saw her mother throw herself overboard. Morrison's characters often have to find a way to live freely in the world after the experience of slavery, an experience that denied the humanity of black people and that continues to affect black Americans long after the end of the..."
Abstract This paper examines how in her novel "Beloved" Toni Morrison looks back to the era after the end of the Civil War and tells the story of Sethe, a woman who had been a slave and who escaped with her four children from a Kentucky plantation in 1855. It analyzes how the novel shows the nature of slavery in a harsh light, with characters who may view it differently but who all have come to see its evils as they react to the "peculiar institution" they encountered either as white observers or black sufferers. It looks at how Morrison finds ways to show how both groups are victims of the institution, though certainly whites who owned slaves or who tolerated slavery are more victimizers than victims. It evaluates how Morrison creates characters who are not all good or all bad and who even in their evil are human beings. It shows how they have been deformed in their development by the distortions imposed on them by the society in which they live, specifically by the white society that has created a certain image for whites and blacks and which has also given value judgments to these images, with white being good and beautiful and black being lowly and flawed.
From the Paper "In this novel, Morrison considers the moral taint of slavery, connected here with the mother-daughter relationship. Morrison does not simply show how bad slavery is as an imposition on blacks by whites. She considers more complex ills that derive from subsequent relations between slaves and former slaves. The mother-child relationship carries echoes of abandonment and suicide because of the past of these two women and because of the separation slavery often forced on families. Sethe and her daughter are isolated from the black community because of memories of their earlier slavery."
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze the book "The Tin Drum" by Gunter Grass. Specifically, the paper focuses on two particular chapters. Firstly, Chapter 27 (Inspection of Concrete, or Barbaric, Mystical, Bored), and Chapter 28 (The Imitation of Christ). Gunter Grass' "The Tin Drum" is an historic look at a Polish family with a young son stunted by an accident. Oskar turns out to be a performing midget, who is ludicrous and yet endearing. The writer claims that the themes of the book are complex and the style is demanding, but it is a rewarding read that causes the reader to think, to feel, and to sometimes agree with the author's clearly defined themes.
From the Paper "Chapter 27 of "The Tin Drum" is entitled "Inspection of Concrete, or Barbaric, Mystical, Bored," and in it, Oskar's theatre troop inspects several German concrete bunkers along the Atlantic Wall. During their visit, the groups inspects the fine concrete of the bunkers, (inlaid with shells from the nearby beaches), and discovers one of the soldiers was an artist before the war. The artist, named Lankes, titles one of his "Oblique Formations" (pillboxes) "Barbaric, Mystical, Bored" (Grass 337), and the troupe leader Bebra replies, "You have given our century its name" (Grass 337). Grass uses the pillboxes as an art form to signify the sheer waste of war."
