Abstract This paper depicts the economy of Panama presently providing a background of the Panama Canal and the effect of the American pullout on the economic conditions.
Abstract The paper speaks about the engineering marvel of the Panama Canal which was the culmination of one of modern history's great negotiating processes. The paper describes how America deliberated with the French and the Columbians to secure the rights to complete the project.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Introduction to the Problem
Identify and Define the Problem
Types of Interest
Alternative Solutions
Common Goals and Objectives
Commitment to Work Together
Building Trust
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Americans also had to build trust with the workers who would ultimately dig the canal. Many workers for the French dig had died from the poor conditions, and the Americans needed to avoid a repeat in order to keep work moving. Unfortunately, the project got off to a poor start in 1904, when project leader John Findlay Wallace duplicated many of the French mistakes ("TR's legacy," No date). Conditions were unsanitary, the food supply was terrible, and disease began to spread again, prompting many workers to leave the project. When Wallace was replaced by John Stevens, Stevens' first priorities were to build better facilities for workers, improve sanitation efforts on the project, and to make sure the workers were well fed. These steps built trust with the disenfranchised workers, and historians widely believe that the canal would not have been completed without Stevens' intervention."
Abstract This paper discusses how deforestation is affecting Orangutans' habitat and how without urgent actions to combat the deforestation, their extinction is imminent. The author examines the orangutan's habitat, deforestation in Indonesia, the current status of Orangutan habitat and gives various recommendations to solve the problem.
From the Paper "The rainforests, thriving in the tropical humid rain lines of the earth, is a heaven on earth for millions of species of flora and fauna of the world. The frequent raindrops through the year and warm climate around the equator have made variety of living species in the wildlife grow as swiftly as possible. The outsized canopy of hundreds-year-old bulky trees becomes the safe home of assortment of vegetation and animals to breed and make the invaluable treasures of the world.
As time passes by, human activities encroach deeper into the wood. The high demand of logs, papers and other wood products had increased; and human grasp into the forests to cut them off to fulfill the national economic calls. The rainforest no longer becomes a sanctuary for the populations of animal and plants inside."
Abstract This paper discusses the tropical deforestation issue through an eco-feminist approach, which suggests that there is a connection between the oppression of women and the oppression of the rain forests through deforestation. The writer discusses that indicators are used to demonstrate the impact that rain forest deforestation has on the environment including greenhouse gases and erosion of the atmosphere.
From the Paper "Environmental issues affect every life form on Earth from the smallest organism to the human race. A single disruption in the Earth's balance may lead to the permanent and complete destruction of the atmosphere. What is most critical at this point is to find alternatives to deforestation, especially due to the alarming rates of tress being cut. Should this rate continue to rise, the likelihood of unfavorable side effects is promising. Tropical deforestation is threatening the health of the human race through global climate changes and potential extinction of rare plants and species."
Abstract This paper uses pie charts and a photo of deforestation in Brazil to demonstrate the impact of tropical deforestation. The author points out that the rain forests help in regulating the world's climate and atmosphere. The paper relates that, with fewer rain forests, less carbon dioxide is being absorbed, which means that more heat from the sun stays locked up in the atmosphere causing the devastating greenhouse effects.
From the Paper "Tropical rain forests contribute to global climate regulation, oxygen and carbon dioxide production, the protection of soil erosion, and are the home to millions of species. Deforestation of tropical rain forests has contributed to global climate changes, in particular global warming and green house effects in the atmosphere. Tropical rain forests are being burned and cleared due to the increasing demand for farmland, industrialization and urbanization, infrastructure improvements (i.e. roads), and wood products (i.e. home building)."
Abstract This paper explains that, because the forests of central America's western Pacific plains were cleared long ago for export crops and subsistence agriculture, the deforestation which has taken place in the last 50 years has been most severe in the lowland tropical moist forests of the Atlantic, or the Caribbean side of central America. The author points out that Panama has a wide range of environmental protection policies in place which are designed to address the impact of human habitation and land-use techniques and to emphasize environmental education and extension programs. The paper concludes that, because of the competition from multi-national businesses, which are not concerned about the environment, "green" businesses must develop effective business models to survive the rigors of the marketplace as well as the extremes of nature, which effect commercial forestation businesses. Many tables and charts. Annotated bibliography.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Deforestation and Agricultural Expansion
Background and Overview
Distribution of Panama's Forest Lands and Rates of Deforestation Land Use Changes
Causes of Deforestation Consequences of Deforestation Impact on Agriculture and Supply
Climate Changes
Human Health
Forest Management in Panama Signs of Progress
The Economic Value of Forest Benefits and Services
Deforestation and Property Rights
Findings and Discussion
Panama's Environment and the Components of its Eco-System
Economical and Social Consequences of Deforestation in Panama The Climate Affected by the Loss of Forests
Forest Policies and the Existing Instruments to Conserve the Forest Areas
Ecological Viability of a Business in the Production Process, Beneficiary and Commercialization
Business Contribution
From the Paper "As a result of the enactment of a land tenure system in 1962, some small farmers in Panama have managed to acquire some land; nevertheless, by late in the 20th century fewer than one-third of all farms were owned by the people working them. The most common agricultural products include sugarcane, bananas, rice, plantains, corn (maize), and oranges, and the commercial cultivation of these and other crops increased considerably during the 20th century. Livestock raising (cattle, pigs, and poultry) is an important and long-established economic activity, and beef and hides are exported. The country's largest cattle-raising farms are in the southwestern savannas-in Chiriqui, Los Santos, and Veraguas provinces. The provinces of Panama, Los Santos, Chiriqui, and Veraguas raise the most pigs, whereas Panama, Cocle, and Colon are the largest centres for poultry and egg production."
Tags: biodiversity, vanilla, climate, health, rights
Abstract The paper looks at statistics on the extent of deforestation and identifies the broad and narrow definitions of deforestation. The paper then considers the pros and cons of microeconomic and regional studies and cross-national studies as methods of studying the tropical deforestation process. The paper goes on to explore the causes of deforestation, namely forest size, population growth, economic and debt service growth, agricultural growth, road development and level of democracy. The paper asserts that the solutions for deforestation problems of the global tropical forests must become the responsibility of every nation, since forests impact life on Earth for every single individual.
Outline:
Extent of Tropical Deforestation Definition of Tropical Deforestation Level of Tropical Deforestation Study
Causes of Deforestation Deforestation Solutions and Forestry Management Strategies
From the Paper "Tropical forests are valued for the direct economic benefits and for the host of intangible benefits bestowed upon society. These forests have a special role in the conservation of biodiversity. It is well known that tropical forests, which occupy a mere 13.54 percent of total land area (FAO, 1997), contain around 70 percent of all species (WRI, 1996). Many of these species are threatened with extinction (Myers, 1988). Tropical rain forests have as high as 700 tree species per hectares (ha.) compared to 1 to 5 tree species in boreal forests (Botkin & Talbot, 1992). The rich biodiversity of tropical forests is a source of genetic material for genetic engineering. Also, around 500 million people, including 150 million indigenous people, live in or at the edge of the tropical forests (Roper and Roberts, 1999). Most of them are fully dependent on the forests not only for their livelihood, but also for their cultural and spiritual traditions."
Abstract This paper discusses Panama, a Central American republic, whose unique geographic location on the narrow strip of land connecting two continents (North and South America) and separating two oceans (the Pacific and Atlantic) has played a defining role in the country's history and the lives of its people. It looks at how apart from the importance of its location that gave rise to the famous Panama Canal connecting the two great oceans, the country lives in the shadow of the neighboring United States and much of its recent history and politics has been influenced by and intertwined with that of the U.S. It shows how despite these odds, the Panamanians have struggled to take charge of their own destiny by developing its own unique culture, system of government and an economy that did not depend solely on the canal.
Outline
Retrospective History of Panama Contemporary Political History
Economic History
Social History
Conclusion
From the Paper "Panama was "discovered" by the European/ Spanish explorers in the early sixteenth century who made it a part of the Spanish Empire, naming it the South Sea. A large number of the native Panamanian people were either killed by the colonists, died through the spread of foreign diseases against which they had no immunity or fled to remote regions of the country. Panama became an important crossroad and marketplace of the Spanish empire in the Americas. The silver, gold, spices, and other goods looted from various parts of South America were shipped to Panama City (built on the Pacific coast), carried across the strip of land (called the Isthmus) for onward journey on "treasure ships" to Spain. Panama was also an important shipment point in the slave trade from Africa during this period."
Abstract This paper examines the disastrous effects of deforestation. The paper explains that deforestation is detrimental to all of the plant and animal species of the world, including humans. The paper associates deforestation with a host of negative consequences and states that it stands poised to threaten the future of life on earth. The paper discusses habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity as a result of deforestation. The moral objections to deforestation are presented in the paper.
From the Paper "Deforestation can also have more immediate affects. Clear cutting of forests has been connected to regional increases in mercury levels in lakes and drinking water (Box, 2003). The natural biologic cycles within forests commonly retain the mercury that is released into the atmosphere from coal power plants and incinerators. When the forests are destroyed this mercury is left behind to seep into the ground. This poses an immediate and glaring problem for any members of nearby communities. This remains a significant problem, especially in industrialized nations, who have been forced to adopt more expensive water treatment practices as a result."
Abstract A look at the discovery of Panama and the beginnings of Panama City. The paper discusses how the city was strategically placed and how, with the canal, it has developed into an important metropolitan city of South America. History of the city since the 1500's is surveyed. The paper deals with the series of foreign rulers and explorers who controlled the city.
From the Paper "In 1501, Spanish explorer Rodrigo de Bastidas discovered Panama in South America, which soon became a major point of dispersal for Spanish conquest and settlement in the New World (Preston 47). But of much greater value to the colonizers at the time was the City of Panama, then the capital of Castilla del Oro (later renamed into the Isthmus of Panama), and discovered in 1519 by Pedro Arias de Avila. The Isthmus served as a passage of advantage to Spanish ships between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and between continents (Preston 46) in their sea exploration and conquest activities. Panama City's importance derived exclusively from its control of that passage or route (Blouet 726) ? from the City, expeditions set out for the conquest of the Pacific side of Central America up to Nicaragua and that of the entire South American west coast up to Chile (Blouet 729)."
Abstract This paper examines the issue of poverty in cities following recent mass urbanization. It uses Panama City as an example and looks at the social ramifications of poverty, its effects on the wider population of the city and what the authorities are doing to prevent its spread. The issues of crime, drugs, prostitution and child abuse are discussed.
From the Paper "Just like other capitals and major cities in Latin America and other developing countries, Panama City is the destination for urbanization from the surrounding areas. Forming new communities and enlarging suburban areas, the urban people have added burden to the city sustainable area and deteriorate the whole condition with more social problems as the effect of the urbanization. The poverty level increases as indicated by the number of unemployment, low wages, job cuts, inability to adapt to the fare hike, increasing number of street children from time to time, and the rising social riots and demonstration fashion as well as the crime rate. There is an unbalanced condition caused by social gap, excessive urbanization, poor city planning, corruption, and deteriorating environmental support on the Panama Canal that possibly had caused the poverty."
Abstract The Yellow Fever as it is known hampered the completion of the Panama Canal. This paper explores the many problems caused by the yellow fever in the building of the Panama Canal. .
Abstract The paper compares the method and history of US involvement in Iraq and Panama and looks at how each state internally operated prior to, and following, US intervention. The paper provides a literature review that shows how, although military intervention successfully instilled democracy in Panama, because the US destroyed economic and political institutions within Iraq the struggle will continue to drag on far into the future. The paper argues that US intervention is no longer what it used to be, and the Latin-American model will not be successful in the rest of the world.
Outline:
Introduction
Method
Findings
Literature Review
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "Since Barack Obama was elected president of the United States on November 4th, many have speculated how he could work to repair the tarnished reputation of the US abroad. Iraq, to much of the western world, has epitomized US ignorance. What many thought would be an easy democratization, has instead turned into a costly prolonged struggle. Because of Iraq, many are now looking to President Elect Obama for answers. Although the US has maintained an impressive sphere of influence in the world as CNN State Department author Elise Labott put it in an article titled, High Hopes and High Expectations Abroad for Obama, "U.S. power is declining, and not entirely by fault of its own. The concept of a single-superpower world no longer fits." However, as history demonstrates, the US has been able to yield hegemonic power in previous attempts to influence politics within nations. For example in 1989, the US was able to single-handedly overturn Panama's government and leave in its place a functioning democracy. What has been different in Iraq, and will the US be able to continue its impressive sphere of influence and intervention in the Middle East as it has in Latin America?"
Abstract Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests and woodlands. The increasing world population requires greater food production and deforestation occurs as the forests are converted for agricultural uses. The paper shows that in the last three decades, one-fifth of all tropical forests were lost. Currently, 12 million hectares of forests are cleared annually. The paper examines how deforestation affects the world's eco-system and destroys species of plants and animals that can never be returned to nature.
From the Paper "The facts and ideas mentioned lead one to conclude that, with the present rate of destruction of the tropical rain forests throughout the world, there is great danger of mass extinction of thousands of species. This is due to the simple fact that primary tree species from the tropical rain forests are incapable of recolonizing large areas opened to intensive and extensive agriculture."
This paper looks at the pressing environmental issues of genetically modified crop cultivation and deforestation in Latin America, as well as possible solutions.
Abstract This paper discusses how Latin America has been struggling with some serious environmental concerns over the last two decades. Air and water pollution, pesticide abuse, soil degradation and deforestation are some of the pressing issues in this part of the world. Furthermore, this paper looks at the case of Argentina to see how the country, which has been struggling through an economic crisis, has seen the bitter end of an environmental catastrophe, and its efforts at redeeming the situation. The drastic effects of genetically modified crop cultivation (in particular GM Soya) and deforestation, the two most important environmental issues, are assessed in this essay.
Outline:
Introduction
GM Soya (A boon or Bane?)
Deforestation Solutions to Environmental Problems
Conclusion
From the Paper "The FSC, developed after the Rio Digenero summit in 1992, focused on the increased global requirement and the depletion of natural resources. FSC is a non-profit organization that offers environmentally sound solutions for managing forests around the world. Asides playing an active supporting role in developing the national and regional forest management standards, the FSC also works with local certifiers to ensure FSC compliance standards are met. In Argentina, the FSC is playing an active monitoring role, and thus the rapid deforestation activities from the paper and other industries, which were thus far unchecked, would now be carefully monitored and assessed for their environmental impact. The Success of the FSC initiative can be attested by the fact that six plantation companies in the country namely Santa Barbara SRL, Faplac, Fiplasto, Forestal Las Marias, Lipsia, Tabepicua, and the Union Bank of Switzerland have become FSC certified bringing a total forest area of around 131,000 hectares under the FSC certification process."
Tags: genetically modified, crops deforestation solutions argentina effects
