Abstract
This paper explains that, because the forests of central America's western Pacific plains were cleared long ago for export crops and subsistence agriculture, the deforestation which has taken place in the last 50 years has been most severe in the lowland tropical moist forests of the Atlantic, or the Caribbean side of central America. The author points out that Panama has a wide range of environmental protection policies in place which are designed to address the impact of human habitation and land-use techniques and to emphasize environmental education and extension programs. The paper concludes that, because of the competition from multi-national businesses, which are not concerned about the environment, "green" businesses must develop effective business models to survive the rigors of the marketplace as well as the extremes of nature, which effect commercial forestation businesses. Many tables and charts. Annotated bibliography.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Deforestation and Agricultural Expansion
Background and Overview
Distribution of Panama's Forest Lands and Rates of Deforestation
Land Use Changes
Causes of Deforestation
Consequences of Deforestation
Impact on Agriculture and Supply
Climate Changes
Human Health
Forest Management in Panama
Signs of Progress
The Economic Value of Forest Benefits and Services
Deforestation and Property Rights
Findings and Discussion
Panama's Environment and the Components of its Eco-System
Economical and Social Consequences of Deforestation in Panama
The Climate Affected by the Loss of Forests
Forest Policies and the Existing Instruments to Conserve the Forest Areas
Ecological Viability of a Business in the Production Process, Beneficiary and Commercialization
Business Contribution

From the Paper
"As a result of the enactment of a land tenure system in 1962, some small farmers in Panama have managed to acquire some land; nevertheless, by late in the 20th century fewer than one-third of all farms were owned by the people working them. The most common agricultural products include sugarcane, bananas, rice, plantains, corn (maize), and oranges, and the commercial cultivation of these and other crops increased considerably during the 20th century. Livestock raising (cattle, pigs, and poultry) is an important and long-established economic activity, and beef and hides are exported. The country's largest cattle-raising farms are in the southwestern savannas-in Chiriqui, Los Santos, and Veraguas provinces. The provinces of Panama, Los Santos, Chiriqui, and Veraguas raise the most pigs, whereas Panama, Cocle, and Colon are the largest centres for poultry and egg production."

Tags:biodiversity, vanilla, climate, health, rights

Abstract
This paper takes a look at corporate environmental crimes, in particularly, corporate deforestation practices. The author examines the nature and causes of corporate deforestation within the framework of eco-critical theory as well as addresses various efforts, primarily through activism and legal policies, to stop corporate deforestation practices. The paper concludes with a discussion of the degree to which these interventions have been successful.

Outline:
Introduction
Corporate Deforestation and Eco-Critical Theory
Interventions to Corporate Deforestation Practices
Effectiveness of Interventions to Corporate Deforestation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Although criminology includes the study of corporate crime and environmental crimes and has, on occasion, explored the linkages between the two (e.g., Simon, 2000), it has neglected to explicate this relationship within the context of violent criminality. Indeed, much environmental crime should be considered violent. It involves direct acts of destruction to victims (e.g., forests, soil, water). It also involves the death, not only of the primary victim, but of numerous other victims, as well, including human beings, individual animals and plants, species, and entire ecosystems (site)."

Tags:corporate deforestation practices, eco-critical theory, criminology, environmental crime and justice

Abstract
This paper depicts the economy of Panama presently providing a background of the Panama Canal and the effect of the American pullout on the economic conditions.

Tags:panama, canal, economy

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the history, shipping and strategic use of the Panama and Suez Canals.

From the Paper
"The Panama and Suez Canals though located across the world from each other share a number of features. Both represent major engineering feats that transformed shipping and military travel dramatically. Both represent a case in which new technology and its products were employed by foreign interests to create entities that were then controlled externally and not by the countries in which they were located. Additionally though the mechanisms by means of which the Panama Canal was placed under Panamanian control and the ..."

Tags:Suez Canal, Panama Canal

Abstract
The paper speaks about the engineering marvel of the Panama Canal which was the culmination of one of modern history's great negotiating processes. The paper describes how America deliberated with the French and the Columbians to secure the rights to complete the project.

Outline:
Executive Summary
Introduction to the Problem
Identify and Define the Problem
Types of Interest
Alternative Solutions
Common Goals and Objectives
Commitment to Work Together
Building Trust
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Americans also had to build trust with the workers who would ultimately dig the canal. Many workers for the French dig had died from the poor conditions, and the Americans needed to avoid a repeat in order to keep work moving. Unfortunately, the project got off to a poor start in 1904, when project leader John Findlay Wallace duplicated many of the French mistakes ("TR's legacy," No date). Conditions were unsanitary, the food supply was terrible, and disease began to spread again, prompting many workers to leave the project. When Wallace was replaced by John Stevens, Stevens' first priorities were to build better facilities for workers, improve sanitation efforts on the project, and to make sure the workers were well fed. These steps built trust with the disenfranchised workers, and historians widely believe that the canal would not have been completed without Stevens' intervention."

Tags:Panama, Canal, engineering, workers

Abstract
This paper looks at deforestation as it is presently taking place in Canada and in the broader world. Additionally, the paper explains the issue, contextualizes it, and discusses the challenges the phenomenon of deforestation presents to the global community, with an emphasis on Canada. Finally, the paper outlines some possible solutions to the matter. In the final analysis, deforestation can be overcome, but it will only be overcome if strong governmental action is taken against irresponsible practices by the logging and lumber sectors and if firm penalties are put in place to discourage degradation of fragile ecosystems.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at deforestation as it is presently taking place in Canada and in the broader world. The paper will explain the issue, contextualize it, and discuss the challenges the phenomenon of deforestation presents to the global community (but especially to Canada). Finally, and most importantly, the paper will outline some possible solutions to the matter. In the final analysis, deforestation can be overcome, but it will only be overcome if strong governmental action is taken against irresponsible practices by the logging and lumber sectors and if firm penalties are put in place to discourage degradation of..."

Tags:deforestation, canada, world

Abstract
This paper discusses the tropical deforestation issue through an eco-feminist approach, which suggests that there is a connection between the oppression of women and the oppression of the rain forests through deforestation. The writer discusses that indicators are used to demonstrate the impact that rain forest deforestation has on the environment including greenhouse gases and erosion of the atmosphere.

From the Paper
"Environmental issues affect every life form on Earth from the smallest organism to the human race. A single disruption in the Earth's balance may lead to the permanent and complete destruction of the atmosphere. What is most critical at this point is to find alternatives to deforestation, especially due to the alarming rates of tress being cut. Should this rate continue to rise, the likelihood of unfavorable side effects is promising. Tropical deforestation is threatening the health of the human race through global climate changes and potential extinction of rare plants and species."

Tags:deforestation, ecofeministic, indicators

Abstract
This paper discusses how deforestation is affecting Orangutans' habitat and how without urgent actions to combat the deforestation, their extinction is imminent. The author examines the orangutan's habitat, deforestation in Indonesia, the current status of Orangutan habitat and gives various recommendations to solve the problem.

From the Paper
"The rainforests, thriving in the tropical humid rain lines of the earth, is a heaven on earth for millions of species of flora and fauna of the world. The frequent raindrops through the year and warm climate around the equator have made variety of living species in the wildlife grow as swiftly as possible. The outsized canopy of hundreds-year-old bulky trees becomes the safe home of assortment of vegetation and animals to breed and make the invaluable treasures of the world.
As time passes by, human activities encroach deeper into the wood. The high demand of logs, papers and other wood products had increased; and human grasp into the forests to cut them off to fulfill the national economic calls. The rainforest no longer becomes a sanctuary for the populations of animal and plants inside."

Tags:ape, indonesia, deforestation

Abstract
This paper looks at the deforestation of the African rainforest, concentrating on the Congo and West Africa. It looks at the reasons for deforestation and extinction of wildlife, and their effects.

From the Paper
"The Congo is the world's second largest river and has the world's second largest rainforest. The river begins in the savannahs just south of Lake Tanganyika, then enters a mile long canyon known as The Gates of Hell, emerging in the rainforests of the Upper Congo. The Upper Congo ends at the Stanley Falls, another stretch of rapids miles long and enters the Middle Congo and the Middle Congo rainforest, a mile stretch which ends at the Livingstone Falls, a series of rapids and cataracts miles long..."

Tags:biodiversity, rainforest, Africa, Congo, deforestation

Abstract
This paper uses pie charts and a photo of deforestation in Brazil to demonstrate the impact of tropical deforestation. The author points out that the rain forests help in regulating the world's climate and atmosphere. The paper relates that, with fewer rain forests, less carbon dioxide is being absorbed, which means that more heat from the sun stays locked up in the atmosphere causing the devastating greenhouse effects.

From the Paper
"Tropical rain forests contribute to global climate regulation, oxygen and carbon dioxide production, the protection of soil erosion, and are the home to millions of species. Deforestation of tropical rain forests has contributed to global climate changes, in particular global warming and green house effects in the atmosphere. Tropical rain forests are being burned and cleared due to the increasing demand for farmland, industrialization and urbanization, infrastructure improvements (i.e. roads), and wood products (i.e. home building)."

Tags:deforestation, environment, indicators