Abstract
This paper discusses how the basic definition of justice is the administration of law and the quality of being just, impartial and fair. It looks at how some achievements in justice follow this definition such as the inception of drug courts, community corrections and even the death penalty. The paper also looks at the court changes as a result of 9/11, the Patriot Act and the challenges the courts in the U.S. will be facing over the next 10 years.

Outline:
Introduction
Defining Justice
Promoting Justice
Successful Achievements in the Court System
Positive and Negative Changes in Post September 11th
Challenges Facing Courts within 10 Years
Handling the Challenges
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Those who've committed heinous crimes usually do not show any remorse for the lives they've taken or remorse for the devastation they have caused others. If they are allowed to serve a lifetime of imprisonment, they receive three meals a day, exercise and some even get an education all on the taxpayer's dime. In essence, rather than the criminal being punished, it would seem the taxpayer is punished because of the cost of maintaining the prisoner. Thus, society still pays for the crime. Some, such as myself, regard the death penalty as a form of justice since the death penalty means that the victim's family does not ever have to worry about the individual being released to be able to commit more crimes in the future."

Tags:death, penalty, patriot, act, drug, court

Abstract
This paper discusses how recent developments in international relations have determined a new dimension of the definition of social justice. The paper relates that, nowadays, there is a tendency to consider social justice from a universal point of view while also taking into account the western perceptions on justice and society. The paper then discusses the factors that determine the differences in the notion of social justice at the international level and concludes that the precepts of social justice today in the international community are based on the liberal thoughts of the 18th century and are viable to this day.

From the Paper
"Recent developments in international relations have determined a new dimension of the definition of social justice. Nowadays there is a tendency to consider social justice from a universal point of view but taking into account the western perceptions on justice and the society. This is largely due to the fact that the West appears to have the full control of the international arena and at the same time to be able to export the norms and values which are determinant for their own societies. Even so, the cultural specificities cannot always be ignored and in many cases this can lead up to cultural clashes.
"Samuel Huntington pointed out in one of his most famous theories the danger of a clash of civilizations (1996). This would result from the different perceptions peoples around the world would have on the values that govern their societies. More precisely, Huntington underlines the fact that in the globalised world there are different understandings of notions such as freedom, justice, religion, rule of law, tolerance (Huntington, 1996). At the same time, given the fact that the West still continues to maintain the power in global affairs, it also tries to impose, at the international level, its own concepts on the issue of social justice."

Tags:theories, civilization, tolerance

Abstract
To gain insight into the nature of justice as it relates to war in the 21st century, this paper uses three books that review its role: Michael Walzer's "Just and Unjust Wars"; Michael Howard's "War in European History"l and Kauppi and Viotti's "The Global Philosophers: World Politics in Western Thought".

From the Paper
"Walzer is unique in that he portrays war as a matter of morality, when conventionally it is almost always thought of as a matter of interest. In his book, Just and Unjust Wars, Walzer attempts to make a distinction between "the good fight" and other kinds of fighting. War has been traditionally thought of as force employed in the interest of those that possess the power and will to successfully employ it. However, because the soldier in the battlefield faces uncertain death, moral arguments are necessary to compel him to fight unless his ability to vanquish is consummate; plunder seldom befits a coffin."

Tags:ethics, morality

Abstract
To gain insight to the nature of justice as it relates to war in the 21st century, this paper uses three books that review its role: Michael Walzer's "Just and Unjust Wars", Michael Howard's, "War in European History", and Kauppi and Viotti's "The Global Philosophers: World Politics in Western Thought".

From the Paper
"Walzer is unique in that he portrays war as a matter of morality, when conventionally it is almost always thought of as a matter of interest. In his book, Just and Unjust Wars, Walzer attempts to make a distinction between "the good fight" and other kinds of fighting. War has been traditionally thought of as force employed in the interest of those that possess the power and will to successfully employ it. However, because the soldier in the battlefield faces uncertain death, moral arguments are necessary to compel him to fight unless his ability to vanquish is consummate; plunder seldom befits a coffin. In their absence, social arguments that befit the initiation of force must serve in their stead. The Viking who failed to join a raid so that he might see the sun rise over the fjords another day faced almost-universal ostracism at the hands of his surly peers.
Although he makes many references to wars that were fought throughout history, the wars that Walzer concerns himself with are modern; 21st century no-holds barred variety; he echoes the argument of Karl von Clausewitz, who claimed that war was a potentially unlimited act of force. This, he claims, is a result of escalation: "there can be no imaginable act of violence, however treacherous or cruel, that falls outside of war, that is not war, for the logic of war simply is a steady thrust toward moral extremity." As von Clausewitz puts it, the limits are those of force itself. Because the initiator of conflict is the originator of this recursive exchange of violent force, Walzer argues that this initiator is responsible for all outcomes of the war, whether they be within the aggressor's initially defined interests or not. Walzer uses ancient wars to demonstrate moral principles: in that he makes prescriptions for wartime behavior, they almost always relate to the current geo-political structure."

Tags:Walzer, Howard, Kauppi, Viotti, Just, War, ethics, morality

Abstract
The paper discusses definitions of justice and concludes that restorative justice is the best.

From the Paper
"There are any number of definitions of justice but there is relatively little agreement among practitioners in the criminal justice system as to what constitutes justice. The Conflict Research Consortium of the University of Colorado suggests that justice can be defined in terms of equality, indicating that all individuals should have the same amount of benefits as other members of society, and should be treated in the same way in all circumstances. Others define justice in terms of equity, arguing that people should receive benefits..."

Tags:justice

Abstract
Socrates' views are analyzed by studying a conversation between Socrates, Cephalus, his son Polemarchus and his followers. The author explains how Socrates enters into a philosophical dialogue with several different individuals who attempt to set down a firm definition of justice. Socrates then sets out to test and challenge their definitions through his method of questioning and counter-examples in an attempt to arrive at a more secure definition of justice, that which cannot be refuted.

From the Paper
"Cephalus first raises the idea of justice with Socrates and then passes the debate on to his son, Polemarchus, to carry forward. In line with his father's arguments, Polemarchus develops the most basic definition of justice suggested in the Republic. He makes the claim that justice means simply to speak the truth and to give people their proper due; for example, old debts should be repaid. Justice also means treating people in accordance with their essential character. For example, Polemarchus concludes that if a certain individual is considered an enemy, that individual should meet with "something harmful" (26); if another individual is considered a friend, that individual should be treated well."

Tags:philosophy, justice, socrates, plato, laws, conformity, punishment

Abstract
The paper relates that the Constitution attempts to secure "justice for all", but goes on to explain that the definition of justice is often in conflict depending upon the viewpoint from which it is considered. The paper discusses the need for political justice and illustrates how politics can override social justice when the President only appoints Supreme Court justices with a specific set of values. The paper also deals with social justice as it relates to the gay community, disabled, women, people of a certain skin color or religion, or the aged and the issue of legal justice. The paper asserts that American citizens should not be forced to allow those in political or financial power to victimize or discriminate against them and strongly maintains that justice is served only if due consideration is given to all parties and all sides involved.

From the Paper
"The concept of justice involves human relationships within society. As such, the term is fluid and flexible, always changing to accommodate the particular situation it refers to. Justice can for example refer to an outcome that is satisfying for all parties involved, while in other cases, society can be satisfied, but the perpetrator of a crime is punished and feels that justice is not served. In criminal justice, cases may also occur where the accused is wrongfully convicted, in which case society is satisfied, but in truth justice has not been served. Justice can also refer to social relationships. Social justice for example includes the way in which different sectors of society, such as men, women, people of different races, the disabled, etc. interact with each other. Social justice is not served when discrimination occurs. The Constitution attempts to secure "justice for all"."

Tags:politics, law, Supreme, Court, justices, discrimination, prejudice

Abstract
The paper discusses the definition of justice provided by Thrasymachus that inferred that what masquerades as "justice" is merely the desires and interests of the more powerful and influential in society over those of the less powerful. The paper then questions why justice should matter at all and looks at several definitions of justice that have been advanced throughout the history of political philosophy and human ethics. The paper concludes by offering another definition of justice.

Outline:
Introduction
Distinguishing Justice from Power and Influence
Why Should Justice Matter at All?
Towards a Definition of Justice
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to the most logical interpretation of the definition of justice provided by Thrasymachus, the statement that "justice is nothing other than the advantage of the stronger" was not meant as a definition of the concept of justice, but rather, as a critical observation that what masquerades as "justice" are merely the desires and interests of the more powerful and influential in society over those of the less powerful or influential. In fact, what Thrasymachus describes as justice is actually the antithesis of justice."

Tags:Thrasymachus, power, influence, Hellenism, Sophocles, Plato

Abstract
This paper discusses law enforcement and justice as currently practiced, changes in law enforcement since September 11, 2001, the challenges facing law enforcement, and predictions for the criminal justice system. The writer provides a personal definition of justice, as well as examples of current practices that demonstrate justice can sometimes result in an injustice. Three challenges to law enforcement are discussed and suggestions made for the handling of these challenges. The last part of this paper contains predictions for the law enforcement system.

Outline:
Definition of Justice
Current Practices
Law Enforcement after September 11, 2001
Challenges
Predictions
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Law enforcement on a local level serves in a variety of law enforcement areas, including patrol in radio/computer equipped vehicles, patrol business and residential areas for prevention of criminal activities; enforce state and municipal laws/ordinances, respond to calls involving assaults, fights, domestic disturbances, and other criminal activities. Other duties also include conducting arrests, questioning and transporting suspects, processing of suspects into jail, preparing incident reports, securing and processing crime scenes, testifying in court proceeding, and presenting evidence / sworn testimony regarding the case, as well as responding to various civil complaints."

Tags:community legalization bilingual wiretap terrorism drugs profiling prevention, neighborhood watch

Abstract
In this paper, the writer presents a definition of justice, suggesting that it means determining a fair and equitable resolution for the crime that has been committed. The writer also relates that as a criminal justice professional, he is prepared to make the commitment both professionally and personally, to ensure the fulfillment of this concept of justice. In addition, the writer discusses how his job is to ensure that the people who have been offended are protected for their own safety and that the morals and values of our society are upheld.

Outline:
Introduction
What Justice Means to Me
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The role of a criminal justice professional can be challenging and rewarding as it is comprised of obligations and tasks that have an impact on the lives of individuals as well as society as a whole. To implement justice is not a black and white manner though a criminal justice professional must adhere to the laws. There are many shades of gray. Lambert and Regan (2007) noted that the arrests nationwide were up by 2000 in the last decade, but 30 percent of the criminals were not convicted of their crimes (p. vii). This may appear to be unwarranted, but justice doesn't always mean sending an individual to prison. The American justice system has decided that with first time nonviolent offenders that have drug and alcohol problems, it's best to implement specific treatment plans and supervised rehabilitation."

Tags:protection, safety, fairness, resolutions, crime