Abstract
This paper makes two recommendations for strategies for budget surpluses, two recommendations for strategies for budget deficits, and comments on the influence of Social Security on the national debt. The paper also evaluates the influence of politics on these issues.

From the Paper
"A budget surplus occurs in those years when government receipts exceed government spending. Such surpluses mean that the national debt does not increase for that year. When the government is faced with a surplus, there are many options available to it. Using fiscal policy, the government can use the surplus to pay down the national debt. It can do this by buying back some of the outstanding debt on the market. With the national debt at historically high..."

Tags:budget deficit, budget surplus, Social Security

Abstract
This paper begins by explaining that even since biblical times budget deficits have been a part of government financial policy and that once begun,they become a pervasive and destructive force on society. The paper also looks at how the current U.S. budget deficit began, explains just why budget deficits are problematic, examines the consequences of budget deficits and discusses what can be done to help address the problem. The paper also asserts that budget deficits can be controlled, if not eliminated, if society learns to live within the government's means.

Outline
Introduction to Budget Deficits
The Beginnings of Our Current Crisis
The Problems of Budget Deficits
Consequence of Budget Deficits
Distorting the Budget Decision-Making Process
Statutory Measures Just Won't Suffice
Social Security and Budget Deficits
Medicare and Other Entitlement Programs
Conclusions about Budget Deficits

From the Paper
"The idea of government deficit spending has been with humankind since the earlier times of the history of civilizations as recorded in the Old Testament of the Holy Bible. The first recorded political leader to generate budget deficits, although they weren't so labeled, was King Solomon. As recorded in the books of the Chronicles and Kings, Solomon issued promissory commitments of various kinds to the King of Tyre, the Queen of Egypt, and the King of Lebanon to assemble the materials necessary to build the Temple."

Tags:spends, more, projected, income, borrows, cover, shortfal, borrowing, repay, debts

Abstract
This is a paper that discusses the short-term and long-term effects of current budget deficits and the national debt.

Abstract
The paper shows how the duration of imports and the overall current account deficit in the United States (US) affect the US economy in many ways relative to the current account deficit and the terms of trade that support the deficit. The paper discusses how some of these effects on the US economy are readily apparent such as dramatically lower prices on many consumer product goods (CPGs), while other effects are not so apparent.

From the Paper
"The duration of imports and the overall current account deficit in the United States (US) affect the US economy in many ways relative to the current account deficit and the terms of trade that support the deficit. Some of these effects on the US economy are readily apparent such as dramatically lower prices on many consumer product goods (CPGs) while other effects are not so apparent. This research examines several key aspects in which imports affect the US economy in not so apparent ways but influential nonetheless. The first aspect is related to trade theory and..."

Tags:current, account, deficits

Abstract
The paper considers the reasons for the budget deficit, the impact on the national debt, and the effect on foreign investment, as well as whether this is positive or negative for the economy overall.

From the Paper
"The Congressional Report for Congress on the economics of the federal budget deficit provides a good overview of how budget deficits come about and the effect that they can have on the economy. This report was prepared by the Congressional Research Service which is part of the Library of Congress and serves as an introduction rather than an in-depth analysis of budget deficits. This research uses this article to consider budget deficits, the national debt, their effect on foreign investment..."

Tags:national debt, budget deficit, foreign investment

Abstract
An analysis of the current budget deficit and its causes--a slow economy, tremendous spending on the Iraq war and tax cuts. The paper also addresses the economic effect of a deficit on the economy and the desirable and adverse effects caused by a deficit. This essay concludes that spending would be more productive if directed to structural elements of the economy.

From the Paper
"Budget deficits occur when government expenditure is greater than revenue, forcing the government to borrow to meet its requirements. There are many potential economic effects of a deficit; the most apparent is an expansionary effect on the economy caused by injections of money being greater than withdrawals. Fiscal policy, among many other mechanisms is used to manipulate the economy. However, budget deficits should be used as to not adversely affect the economy. The federal budget deficit set the new record of $374 billion in 2003, doubling last year's efforts (Fram). The record deficit has been caused by the slow economy, tremendous spending on the Iraq war and tax cuts for the rich. This indicates that the great America does not know how to balance the checkbook, and certainly does not know how to spend wisely."

Tags:bush, debt, fiscal, iraq, monetary, spending, surplus, tax, tax, trade, war

Abstract
This paper considers the effect of trade deficits issues on the American economy, the causes of trade deficits and efforts to control trade deficits. The paper defines the current account and trade deficits.

From the Paper
"Over the past years, there has been a proliferation of business news, services and business news information available to Americans. Once relegated to only a few minutes on nightly newscasts, business news has expanded to fill sections of newspapers, garner daytime cable coverage and prompt analysis which fills significant segments in the daily lives of many Americans. Along with information about the stock market interest rates and inflation, Americans regularly receive data about the current account and trade deficit. While these numbers are broadcast as..."

Tags:trade deficits, current account, foreign trade, international trade, globalization

Abstract
This paper provides brief synopses of the most important issues for the U.S. economy. Written in a question and answer format, the paper answers ten questions about deficits and balanced budgets. The questions are:
(1) Why is a balanced budget, and possibly a balanced budget amendment necessary...Or is it?
(2) What is macroeconomics, and does it really affect the average citizen?
(3) Why did we have budget deficits for so long?
(4) Is there a way to cut spending and still cut taxes, and keep the surplus as well as getting the budget balanced?
(5) Is there such a thing as a really "fair" taxation system?
(6) If it is sort of unethical to borrow money and not repay it, how can the government do it?
(7) What would you do if you were asked to create a fair and equitable budget strategy, what would you advise?
(8) You say there have been budget shortfalls for years, and now in the last couple of years, all of a sudden, there is a surplus. So, why am I and my family not feeling the benefits of this surplus?
(9) I keep reading about this new European currency called the "euro" and the problems in Japan and how it might affect the trade balance and the stability of the dollar. Is this anything I should be worried about? Or is it just another game for economists to quibble about?
(10) You had to consult a number of books and articles from so-called experts for this assessment of our balanced budget needs. Have you really learned anything?

From the Paper
"Americans are basically naive about economics. Politicians and Economists duel about surpluses, deficits, the fate of Social Security, interest rates, international trade, and so on. We see headlines that scream that 400,000 new jobs cause fears of interest rate increases, The next day, the headlines about the slowing of new jobs seem to indicate the same (or other) "fears". After more than a generation of budget deficits, now we have surpluses, and the arguments rage about what to do with them. The fact is, a very small, privileged few (Alan Greenspan, head of the "Fed" is one) know what is going on and why, and, furthermore, what to do about it."

Tags:government, capital, spending, money, economists, Alan, Greenspan, surplus, debt, taxes

Abstract
This paper looks at a single case of a financial manager exhibiting distressing verbal communications deficits and suggests avenues for exploration in curing or minimizing the problem. It also explores the ways strategic ambiguity might be in play, either by the other members of the company or by the employee in question.

From the Paper
"When communications in a business setting compromise the work of that business, a solution must be found for the benefit of the company and of all who work there. Problems can arise when employees whose tasks require written communications skills are deficient in those skills. Problems can arise also when employees are expected to both understand and explain matters verbally and nonverbally."

Tags:writing, instruction, personal, problem, cognitive, disability, difficult, issues, resolving, avoiding, conflicts, organizations, listening

From the Paper
"In his book Do Deficits Matter?, Daniel Shaviro brings together different elements in the economic, legal, and political realms to elucidate the long-standing debate over the damage done to an economy by a deficit. Shaviro does not come down firmly on either side and instead finds that deficits may matter in some terms and not in others. He finds first that the way the media and political leaders talk about the deficit is based on false assumptions about the reason why the deficit has certain effects on the economy. Shaviro also points out that it is difficult to trace the stands of the deficit to see how it affects the micro- and macro-economic situation. Thus, while deficits, matter, it may be difficult to ascertain just how."
Shaviro notes the problem at the outset: "Few topics in American politics are more discussed and less understood than the