Abstract
In this paper the author examines the US Federal Budget during the Clinton administration and how he reduced the deficit to a surplus amount in 1998. He moves on to discuss the changing American economy and provides examples of why he considers that there are times in a nation's life when deficits are necessary and even beneficial. The author suggests that use of debt spending during wars and times of recession help to boost the economy but can be detrimental to the Stock Market. He further examines levels of taxation and compares the effect that different administrations have had on the federal deficit.

From the paper:

"Determining the correct, or economically benign, level of deficit and debt is a subject for endless debate. Economies do not operate by a simple law of cause and effect, of plus and minus, of deficit and surplus. They are complex interweaving of many economic and psychological factors, both domestic and international. Although a huge deficit is never to be praised, there are times in a nation's life when deficits are necessary and even beneficial."

Tags:Clinton, Regan, Bush, Terrorism, War, Federal, Budget, Deficit, Tax, Stock, Market, America

Abstract
This paper considers the history and implications of the federal deficit. The paper addresses the government's shift from running a budget surplus to running a budget deficit. The paper considers the economic consequences of running a budget deficit, and strategies for managing it effectively.

From the Paper
"Much attention has been given to the federal deficit in the media in recent years as the government has shifted from running a budget surplus to running a budget deficit. However, the deficit is misunderstood by many and a deficit-in and of itself-is not necessarily a negative economic factor. Indeed, there are some economists who maintain that some deficit is necessary for a strong economy. This research considers the federal deficit; its history, consequences of having a federal deficit, and strategies for managing the deficit."

Tags:budget deficit, national debt, federal deficit, budget

Abstract
The paper discusses how tax policies and deficit spending affect the levels of employment across the nation, because corporate tax codes impact the ability of employers to hire new employees or, alternatively, to keep employees on their payrolls. Additionally, the paper explains how taxes are directly related to deficit spending because new taxes are the primary method in which government policy compensates for deficits.

From the Paper
"Tax policies and deficit spending affect the levels of employment across the nation because corporate tax codes impact the ability of employers to hire new employees or, alternatively, to keep employees on their payrolls. Additionally, taxes are directly related to deficit spending because new taxes are the primary method in which government policy compensates for deficits. At the federal level budget deficits, while primarily due to the excessive expenditures that accompany such a large budget, is also due to changes in tax laws that result from reduced corporate tax revenues or similar structural changes in the revenue structure (Wittington)."

Tags:deficit, tax, policy

Abstract
This paper discusses the federal budget deficit and various strategies that can be formulated to address it. Particularly important are several budgetary techniques employed at the state level, specifically Georgia, that are effective at controlling spending without increasing taxation. Private research institutes, such as the Cato Institute, often propose more radical solutions but these are indicative of the importance of controlling the deficit.

From the Paper
"Most analysts readily admit that the federal budget deficit is bordering on the unmanageable. Between geopolitical events such as the Iraq War, numerous petrochemical industry developments, and natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, increasing deficits at the federal level have been the modus operandi of the current administration: "The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) announced on August 26th that the fiscal year 2004 federal budget deficit will be an estimated $480 billion, and that deficits could total $5 trillion over the next 10 years" (Budget par.1). While certainly state budgets are not of the same magnitude as the federal government's budget, they are similarly devised and the federal government would be well-advised to appropriate some of the fiscal controls that many states have adopted. Georgia, for example, utilizes a revenue shortfall reserve program that is mandated by law (Georgia). Essentially, this fund is created..."

Tags:deficit, taxation, state

Abstract
In this paper, the author discusses the purpose and rationale for using Dorothea Orem's self-care deficit theory of nursing (S-CDTN) in her women's health practice and the development of a plan to implement the self-care deficit theory in the author's workplace. The author also discusses possible barriers and challenges to implementation, presents evaluation criteria and critique of S-CDTN, and provides examples of S-CDTN relevant to the author's workplace.

Outline:
Theory Overview
Rational for Selecting Theory
Barriers and Challenges to Implementing Orem's Theory
Evaluation Criteria and Results
Theory Critique

From the Paper
"Dorothea Orem, first published in 1971, developed her nursing theory independent of the medical model focusing on the autonomy of nursing practice and provided a link of relevant nursing knowledge to the requisites of clients needing health-related care (Koenig Blais, Hayes, Kozier, & Erb, 2002, chap. 6). The self-care deficit theory "expresses and develops the reasons why persons require nursing care" (Dennis, 1997, p. 11). The core of this theory and the first of the three theory components is self-care/dependent care. Her self-care theory focused on the recipient of nursing care versus the nurse provider. Self-care encompasses learned activities natural to all adults as they respond to internal and external (environment) input. Dependent care is actions the individual performs on behalf of children or adults due to health deviations or developmental age (Dennis, 1997, chap. 2). "

Tags:provider, deficit, health

Abstract
In this article , claims of a "democratic deficit" in the European Union (E.U.) are examined. The writer discusses the meaning of democracy. The writer looks at the comparison of institutions in contemporary democratic states and the E.U. The writer also discusses the possible development of the E.U. The writer concludes that there is not a democracy deficit.

From the Paper
"Two centuries of often-bloody struggles have made Europe a continent of democracies strongly established across the Western and Central European regions that now comprise the European Union. But is this great and difficult achievement now threatened by the emergence of the European Union (E.U,) itself, as a less than fully democratic entity. This question has come to be a matter of increasing debate in recent years as the E.U. has emerged as more than a mere alliance of ... "

Tags:democracy, deficit, european, union, EU, representation

Abstract
This paper looks at the federal deficit from five economic perspectives: opportunity costs, the production possibilities curve, the invisible hand principle, the Laffer curve and good economics vs good politics. The paper then looks at different methods for controlling the deficit.

Tags:deficit, economy

Abstract
This paper examines attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, asserting that a significant cause of the condition is exposure to toxins and neurotoxins. The paper includes 15 references including 5 books, 5 journal articles, and 5 web sites, as well as incorporating 5 interviews with mothers and their ADHD children.

From the Paper
"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD is a persistent pattern of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequently displayed and more severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development. Since the disease is not one that can be diagnosed definitively by a blood test or other simple means, it is one that demands that the patient be evaluated in terms of the symptoms and behaviors that are manifested. Although there are some factors that alert..."

Tags:ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neurotoxins, lead, mercury, PCB, thimerosal, fluoride

Abstract
This paper considers the differences between the budget deficit and the national debt. The paper defines each, discusses the historic levels of both, and shows how they bode for economic progress.

From the Paper
"The budget deficit is the amount by which spending exceeds revenues in any given year. If the government operates at a surplus, it receives more in revenue that it spends again on an annual basis. There are many sources of revenue to the government, although analysts often focus on taxes. Various fees for example can provide revenue as well. When the government runs a budget deficit, it must borrow money in order to meet its obligations, in other words, the shortfall..."

Tags:budget deficit, national debt

Abstract
The paper contends that in times of surplus, the decision of whether to pay down national debt or decrease taxes depends on the health of the economy. The paper explains that borrowing during deficit times is preferable because it has fewer far-reaching effects and increases the returns of the social security system.

From the Paper
"If the national budget is in surplus, then the government is taking in more money than it needs to pay its expenses. A surplus can come from more than one source. Two common sources are an economy that has experienced a significant growth in national income from the previous year, and tax rates that are higher than they need to be. Assuming that the government has fully funded all of its needed programs, the two most logical options for a budget surplus are..."

Tags:economics, macroeconomic, federal, spending, debt, surplus, deficit