Abstract This paper describes oppositional defiant disorder, which is a complicated psychiatric problem that may occur in children or adolescents. The behaviors associated with this disorder are discussed, as well as the possible physiological roots of the problem. Treatment options are presented, which include therapy. The author concludes optimistically that this disorder may be overcome with appropriate intervention.
Outline
Definition
Studies
Treatment
Summary
From the Paper "A study was also done on "Mary", a 4 year old who developed oppositional defiant disorder in the setting of her military father's deployment to Bosnia (Daly, 2002). Mary's initial presentation was that of frequent temper tantrums and the tendency to hold her bowel movements, often resulting in soiling. The child demonstrated controlling and defiant behavior, escalating frequently into temper tantrums and frequent arguments with her mother. It is of note that the child demonstrated little difficulty at school and got along well with her six year old sister. Mary would frequently direct her mother on what to eat, and what clothes to wear, and demand that her mother get off the telephone, throwing a temper tantrum if her needs we not met. It is of note that the child, although noted to be very verbal in school reports and play, was unlikely to express her feelings surrounding her father's absence, and frequently would deny feelings of sadness even when her activity in play therapy would indicate the opposite was true."
Tags: oppositional, defiant, disorder, psychology, psychiatric, disorders, therapy, youth, children
Abstract In this article, the writer examines successful working scenarios that keep defiant students in the classroom and cause them to be a positive element in the classroom. The writer notes that classroom discipline is reported to be the number one concern of Americans regarding the public school system. The opinions are wide and varied. This paper examines how to create and maintain student discipline with emphasis on the defiant student. The writer concludes that reinforcement of positive behavior is critical while ignoring negative behavior is best practice. Further, the writer maintains that the student who is disruptive is many times attention-seeking therefore ignoring the 'bad' behavior while commending 'good' behavior is effective in making behavioral changes possible for the defiant child in the classroom.
Outline:
Chapter One
Research Question
Purpose of Study
Background
Statement of Problem
Significance of Study
Research Question
Definitions
Chapter Two
Historical Overview
Figure 1
Figure 2
Current Findings
Rules
Consequences and Rewards
Summary of Literature Review
Chapter Three
Classroom Application
Methodology
Bibliography
From the Paper "It is shown in Figure 1 that the manifestation of the behaviors is different with different ages. Generally children will lessen in deviancy of behavior, reach a plateau or reverse to a level that is less serious in nature. In order that the child effectively counter development of behavior that is disruptive the child must acquire several different pro-social developmental tasks. The first of these the child must learn is to solve interpersonal problems without aggression either verbally or physically. Secondly the child must master the developmental task of being honest and learning to respect the property of others."
"A model for the developmental pathways in disruptive and delinquent behavior was developed by Loeber and Scaling (1985) in their meta-analysis of 28 studies of disruptive child behaviors which were rated by parents and teachers. Three ratings of disruptive behavior exist in this model with overt behavior on one pole and covert behavior on the other and disobedience placed precisely in the middle of the scale."
Abstract This paper discusses the phenomenon of defiant and destructive behavior among adolescents. The paper examines research done by Hill Walker that addresses the growing problem of anti-social behavior in schools and its impact on safety, effectiveness, and ecology in those schools. The paper presents Robert J. Harrison's research on overt categorical aggression in children and adolescents referred for psychiatric consultation. A more recent study by Ester Schaler Buchholz, which linked adolescent self-image and related behavioral decisions, is also covered in the paper.
From the Paper "Defiant and destructive behaviour is prevalent enough among adolescents that it has been the subject of myriad research investigations in recent years. Some of the research attempts to explain the behaviour itself, while other research attempts instead to offer corrective actions for what it views a priori as a significant problem in society. Walker, in a study reported in the journal Exceptional Children in 2000, address "the growing problem of antisocial behavior in schools and its impact on safety, effectiveness, and ecology" in those schools. Walker's work also focused on screening and early intervention for children and adolescents at risk for adopting antisocial patterns of behaviours."
From the Paper "Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is examined in terms of definition, etiology, problems associated with diagnosis and study, and treatment. Oppositional defiant disorder is a disorder that involves symptoms which, when they occur at a certain developmental stage, are considered normal, but when they persist or occur at a later stage of development, they are signs of the disorder. There are a number of problems raised with reference to the study of ODD, notably the question of its specific relationship to a more severe disorder, conduct disorder. There is evidence that the two are linked developmentally so that ODD may lead to conduct disorder, but there is also evidence that they may be two distinct issues."
Abstract What has become known as Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) once was included with a range of other, similar behaviors in the classification of sociopath and delinquency. However, as psychology has been able to define and categorize increasingly specific forms of behavior, ODD has begun to receive some very individualized attention. Over the past two decades, the research into this behavioral disorder, which becomes very apparent within the school system, has increased. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the diagnosis, treatment, and outlook for this problematic disorder.
An investigation to determine whether children with an autistic sibling are at greater risk for developing conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder and antisocial behavior.
Abstract This study examines the psychological well-being and sibling relationships in adolescent siblings who have a brother or sister with an autism spectrum disorder. In examining these children, the paper attempts to determine the incidence of children who experience conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder and antisocial behavior who also have autistic siblings as well as what factors tend to contribute to an increased incidence of these conditions in otherwise-normal siblings of autistic children. Finally, the study attempts to identify clinical interventions that have been proven effective in helping the entire family in general, and otherwise-normal siblings in particular, in the past.
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Limitations and Delimitations
Definitions
Summary
Preliminary Literature Review
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
From the Paper "The number of children who have been diagnosed with autism has increased sharply in recent years; the data had suggested that autism occurs in at least one of every 1,000 children; however, more recent studies demonstrated a prevalence rate that was two- to three-times higher than these earlier estimates. According to Mayes, "Autistic spectrum disorders occur much more frequently in males than females, with the exception of Rett Syndrome, a rare and severe disorder only occurring in females" (p. 92). Autism often occurs in combination with other mental impairments, such as mental retardation, seizure disorders, and attention deficit-hyperactivity/disorder. Furthermore, autism is often misdiagnosed or not diagnosed, but once the condition is diagnosed, the most effective response is early, aggressive intervention focusing on social and communicative deficits; however, older individuals with autism may also gain some benefit from structured interventions."
Abstract In this paper the author looks at various explosive disorders suffered by children and the symptoms that they demonstrate. In particular the author looks at intermittent explosive disorder, defiant disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress syndrome, bipolar disorder and Tourette's syndrome. The author moves on to discuss what the warning signals are and how adults can help child sufferers.
From the paper:
"Explosive behaviors in these children are hard for adults to understand. Many parents assume that the child is deliberately provoking them. On examination this view doesn"t hold up to scrutiny. It doesn?t seem likely that a child is thinking clearly when in the middle of a raging meltdown, and it seems unlikely that a child would choose to act in a way that makes both him and those he loves most extremely unhappy.?
Abstract The following paper examines how the character of Holden Caulfield still reminds us that cynicism and self-doubt are not characteristics that are proprietary to adults. The writer examines how teen-age Holden is cynical, defiant, and blind to what is actually going on around him, yet to the very end of the novel he continues to berate the "phoniness" of others, particularly adults. The irony of Holden's seeing the faults and foibles of others while not being able to recognize them in himself is Salinger's comment on the way society views the human condition . This paper discusses how society always views the human condition as "the other guy".
From the Paper "The novel begins with Holden proving this point: We"re introduced to Holden by his telling us that he doesn?t want to talk about his "lousy childhood" -- he doesn?t "feel like going into it" (Salinger 1). Holden is self-destructing but doesn?t realize it because he's so intent on blaming everyone else for his problems. These psychological battles within Holden's own head serve as the basis for critical argument. As we read and learn more about Holden's situation, we must accept that society does indeed fail us because the finger is always pointed toward someone other than ourselves, whether it's to help someone in need or accept that we ourselves need help. Holden's character has sometimes been criticized for possessing the same characteristics he abhors in other people, but that, as I see it, is the point ? he is a teenager and as such, rather self-centered. He doesn?t choose to see that the very qualities he finds fault with in other people.?
A paper which details the contributions writers such as Mary Shelley, Ann Radcliffe and Mary Wollstonecraft made to the emancipation of female literary talent.
Abstract The paper shows that the objective during the time of revelation in early nineteenth century Britain was for British women writers to give of themselves in a more defiant manner, setting themselves apart from the calmer, more feminine climate that had heretofore inhabited British literature. The paper shows that British women writers decided they wanted to be better recognized for their inherent literary contributions without being labeled either too feminine or too masculine; rather, they wanted to write like a man without having to be branded by the stigma that typically came with it. The paper explores how authors such as Mary Shelley, Ann Radcliffe and Mary Wollstonecraft contributed to this emancipation movement.
From the Paper "Mary Shelley, Ann Radcliffe and Mary Wollstonecraft represent an era of the Romantic Period where women were beginning to come out of their literary shells and confront the strongly emotional and defiant aspects of writing that their male counterparts had harbored for so many years prior. With their guidance, subsequent British women writers were given the much-needed opportunity to express themselves in such a manner that embraced both their feminine and masculine sides."
From the Paper "This study will compare Oroonoko in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko and Bigger Thomas in Richard Wright's Native Son, focusing on the authors' views and their conception of the characters in relation to racism. The study will argue that both authors have created courageous and defiant black men determined to resist racism with any means necessary, although Behn has also created a black man designed to show that blacks are and/or can be more civilized, more humane than the white people who claim to be the representatives of civilization and society.
Behn plays the role of narrator as well as character in her novel. The purpose of her work is to try to convince the reader that Oroonoko, the so-called "Royal Slave" is not the frightening and savage creature which Europeans fear he is, but is instead more civilized than the Europeans themselves. Behn, however, goes.."
An analysis of the junk-bond trader's behavior in terms of sociologist Robert K. Nerton's theory of deviance, focusing on Milken's autocratic, defiant, ritualistic and innovative leadership style.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 10 sources, 2000, $ 95.95
From the Paper "This research will examine Michael Milken's white-collar crimes and corporate deviance in terms of sociologist Robert K. Merton's theory of deviance. The research will set forth the context in which Milken's behavior patterns lend themselves to analysis from Merton's perspective and then discuss how shifts in Milken's behavior since the exposure of his white-collar crime can be explained by Merton's views.
Merton's conception of deviance is structured around the relationship between individual wants and needs on one hand and the ability to fulfill those wants, needs, and dreams on the other. According to Merton (25ff), the venue for fulfillment is society, and its class structure, institutions, cultural norms, and the position of the individual within the whole may facilitate, prevent, or retard fulfillment. Man, says Merton..."
Abstract This paper discusses the different political, religious, social, economic and philosophic reasons for Spinoza's excommunication from the Jewish community on July 27,1656. It explores the origins of the phrase "harem" or ban which had power during medieval times to transform a deviant or defiant member of the community into a social pariah to be shunned and excluded. It examines Spinoza's apparent indifference towards the traditional community and how his failure to respond in the normal way of repenting and returning to the synagogue shows his complete and total break with the Jewish community.
From the Paper "The leaders of the community may have also wanted to send a message to their Dutch neighbors that the Jewish community did not have an affinity or would not harbor any Cartesians. The conflict over Descartes philosophy was rampant in Dutch universities and had spread throughout the land. (Nadler, 150-151) ?The excommunication of an apparent "Cartesian" by the ma"amad"could have been a signal to the authorities that subversive philosophy was no more tolerated in the Talmud Torah synagogue than it was in the province of Holland at large.? (Nadler 152-153) However, these political and economic arguments are both weak considering that many of the other excommunicants were banned under political and economic considerations as well, and they did not receive the harsh treatment nor the vicious herem formula received by Spinoza."
This is a case study of a young child, Raymond, diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder; and a lady (Margie) who was diagnosed with a major depressive disorder.
Abstract Both individuals presented in this case study were diagnosed by a psychiatrist who provided therapeutic treatment. The paper provides information on the treatment provided and its affects. The writer discusses these case studies and the effect of the different treatments used in each case, and how each patient benefited differently from the therapies.
From the Paper "Raymond is a seven-year-old African-American male. He was referred to the Children and Adolescent Psychiatric Service program at East Orange General Hospital through the elementary school he attends. The recommendation came from his teacher due to various occasions, within two months, in which he was suspended for fighting with other students. He also had a history of outbursts in class, such as cursing and swearing at the teacher and other adults, kicking and spitting at adults as well as classmates, and throwing objects such as books, desks, and chairs. Raymond was seen by the on staff psychiatrist and was diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder. The psychiatrist also requested individual and group therapy as part of his treatment. The goal of treatment for Raymond would be to modify his behavior in a way that would be acceptable in society. It is expected for the patient to identify with the issues that had labeled him as high risk. With the help of therapy, Raymond should identify and verbalize feelings leading to disruptive behavior. The ultimate goal for Raymond is to be able to take control of his life in a productive manner that is conducive to himself and others. Margie is a 37 year-old African-American mother of two adult children. She had been treated by various therapeutic agencies. She came to the mental health clinic at East Orange General Hospital on a voluntary basis for her depression. The psychiatrist diagnosed Margie with Major Depressive Disorder with Anxiety Disorder. The psychiatrist recommended individual therapy. Margie's treatment goal is to develop healthier, less destructive relationships. She needs to understand and work through her feelings of fear and inability to trust others. Margie needs to verbalize experiences that lead to, and maintain; anger, depressive moods, and abusive relations with others. She needs to develop healthier boundaries and sense of self."
Abstract This paper discusses the rock group Marilyn Madson (MM), whose name is a combination of the sex icon Marilyn Monroe and a mass killer Charles Manson, and who are seen as a curse on America's moral fabric. The author believes that Marilyn Manson, synonymous with everything bizarre, defiant and in opposition with mainline culture and beliefs, is a cult. The author explains that the close proximity to Hollywood and its bizarre culture is probably the biggest reason why cults prosper in Southern California.
From the Paper "Some experts also have blamed the city's structure for the rapid increase in cult followings. These views shed light on possible reasons why MM is more successful in this region. Mike Davis in his book, 'Ecology of Fear' maintains that cults prosper in LA for the same reason natural disasters hit this city more frequently than other parts of the United States. He blames the city's lack of common sense and rising ethnic tension for all its problems. Davis feels that cults and other ethno-sociological problems also are the result of Los Angeles? totalitarian system. He writes, "Paranoia about nature, of course, distracts attention from the obvious fact that Los Angeles has deliberately put itself in harm's way. For generations, market-driven urbanization has transgressed environmental common sense? As a result, Southern California has reaped flood, fire, and earthquake tragedies that were as avoidable, as unnatural as the beating of Rodney King and the subsequent explosion in the streets."(9)"
Abstract This paper explains that, though Capone's public fortunes waxed and waned, he was, for a considerable time, held up as a swashbuckling type of hero as he did battle with the conservative forces who had robbed the populace of one its favorite pastimes, drinking. He was rich and successful in a raucously defiant way--much like the gunmen of the wild west-- and this endeared him to public of the 1920's.
