Abstract
This paper describes oppositional defiant disorder, which is a complicated psychiatric problem that may occur in children or adolescents. The behaviors associated with this disorder are discussed, as well as the possible physiological roots of the problem. Treatment options are presented, which include therapy. The author concludes optimistically that this disorder may be overcome with appropriate intervention.

Outline
Definition
Studies
Treatment
Summary

From the Paper
"A study was also done on "Mary", a 4 year old who developed oppositional defiant disorder in the setting of her military father's deployment to Bosnia (Daly, 2002). Mary's initial presentation was that of frequent temper tantrums and the tendency to hold her bowel movements, often resulting in soiling. The child demonstrated controlling and defiant behavior, escalating frequently into temper tantrums and frequent arguments with her mother. It is of note that the child demonstrated little difficulty at school and got along well with her six year old sister. Mary would frequently direct her mother on what to eat, and what clothes to wear, and demand that her mother get off the telephone, throwing a temper tantrum if her needs we not met. It is of note that the child, although noted to be very verbal in school reports and play, was unlikely to express her feelings surrounding her father's absence, and frequently would deny feelings of sadness even when her activity in play therapy would indicate the opposite was true."

Tags:oppositional, defiant, disorder, psychology, psychiatric, disorders, therapy, youth, children

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines successful working scenarios that keep defiant students in the classroom and cause them to be a positive element in the classroom. The writer notes that classroom discipline is reported to be the number one concern of Americans regarding the public school system. The opinions are wide and varied. This paper examines how to create and maintain student discipline with emphasis on the defiant student. The writer concludes that reinforcement of positive behavior is critical while ignoring negative behavior is best practice. Further, the writer maintains that the student who is disruptive is many times attention-seeking therefore ignoring the 'bad' behavior while commending 'good' behavior is effective in making behavioral changes possible for the defiant child in the classroom.

Outline:
Chapter One
Research Question
Purpose of Study
Background
Statement of Problem
Significance of Study
Research Question
Definitions
Chapter Two
Historical Overview
Figure 1
Figure 2
Current Findings
Rules
Consequences and Rewards
Summary of Literature Review
Chapter Three
Classroom Application
Methodology
Bibliography

From the Paper
"It is shown in Figure 1 that the manifestation of the behaviors is different with different ages. Generally children will lessen in deviancy of behavior, reach a plateau or reverse to a level that is less serious in nature. In order that the child effectively counter development of behavior that is disruptive the child must acquire several different pro-social developmental tasks. The first of these the child must learn is to solve interpersonal problems without aggression either verbally or physically. Secondly the child must master the developmental task of being honest and learning to respect the property of others."
"A model for the developmental pathways in disruptive and delinquent behavior was developed by Loeber and Scaling (1985) in their meta-analysis of 28 studies of disruptive child behaviors which were rated by parents and teachers. Three ratings of disruptive behavior exist in this model with overt behavior on one pole and covert behavior on the other and disobedience placed precisely in the middle of the scale."

Tags:school, discipline, ADHD, child

Abstract
This paper discusses the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), an ongoing syndrome in children of resentful, spiteful, vindictive and defiant behavior toward authority figures. The paper looks at a multi-system approach in treating ODD that includes a collaborative effort on the part of parents, teachers and school officials in supporting children afflicted with ODD. The author also suggests containment as one of the strategies to deal with children with ODD. The paper includes an example of containment of ODD in a classroom setting of 40 students in total with 3 students afflicted with ODD.

Outline:
Plan for Advocacy
Plan of Action
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The primary behavioral difficulty associated with oppositional defiant disorder is the child's refusal to follow commands or requests made by the aforementioned authority figures. A complex behavioral syndrome including being short-tempered, touchy, resentful, spiteful, vindictive and overtly sensitive, annoying other people deliberately, and blaming others for one's mistakes and misconduct, is also observed in children with oppositional defiant disorder. Children are often diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder when the above criteria are met, observed for a period of not less than six months, and are significantly observed to occur more frequently in the child in comparison to other children of the same age and developmental level."

Tags:case study, behavioral syndrome, authority figures, treatment techniques, containment

Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of defiant and destructive behavior among adolescents. The paper examines research done by Hill Walker that addresses the growing problem of anti-social behavior in schools and its impact on safety, effectiveness, and ecology in those schools. The paper presents Robert J. Harrison's research on overt categorical aggression in children and adolescents referred for psychiatric consultation. A more recent study by Ester Schaler Buchholz, which linked adolescent self-image and related behavioral decisions, is also covered in the paper.

From the Paper
"Defiant and destructive behaviour is prevalent enough among adolescents that it has been the subject of myriad research investigations in recent years. Some of the research attempts to explain the behaviour itself, while other research attempts instead to offer corrective actions for what it views a priori as a significant problem in society. Walker, in a study reported in the journal Exceptional Children in 2000, address "the growing problem of antisocial behavior in schools and its impact on safety, effectiveness, and ecology" in those schools. Walker's work also focused on screening and early intervention for children and adolescents at risk for adopting antisocial patterns of behaviors."

Tags:adolescents, problems, aggression

Abstract
The paper first discusses the use of psychotropic medications and the view against giving drugs to ODD children. The paper then examines an article on a specific intervention that led to a decrease in behavioral inappropriateness in the classroom, and considers a study that revealed that more severe antisocial behavior has been linked to conduct disorder (CD). Finally, the paper discusses a study of children with ODD who were given a 10-month Wa Do Ryu karate class. The writer of this paper offers the personal opinion that the karate training is a terrific idea, the perspective against drugs has a lot of merit and lastly, the study of the specific classroom intervention has a tremendous appeal .

Outline:
Introduction
Four Interventions for Treatment of ODD
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), normal children are expected to whine, talk back, argue, disobey and occasionally defy their parents. That's just part of the "normal development" for young people, especially two and three year-olds and those young people who are moving into early adolescence. Opposing authority is nothing new, and any parent who has raised children understands that kids will test the will and patience of their parents. But a child that displays "openly uncooperative and hostile behavior" on a frequent, consistent basis is showing clear signs of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) (www.aacap.org)."

Tags:disruption, aggressiveness, conduct, disorder, drugs, karate, motivation

From the Paper
"Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is examined in terms of definition, etiology, problems associated with diagnosis and study, and treatment. Oppositional defiant disorder is a disorder that involves symptoms which, when they occur at a certain developmental stage, are considered normal, but when they persist or occur at a later stage of development, they are signs of the disorder. There are a number of problems raised with reference to the study of ODD, notably the question of its specific relationship to a more severe disorder, conduct disorder. There is evidence that the two are linked developmentally so that ODD may lead to conduct disorder, but there is also evidence that they may be two distinct issues."

Abstract
What has become known as Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) once was included with a range of other, similar behaviors in the classification of sociopath and delinquency. However, as psychology has been able to define and categorize increasingly specific forms of behavior, ODD has begun to receive some very individualized attention. Over the past two decades, the research into this behavioral disorder, which becomes very apparent within the school system, has increased. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the diagnosis, treatment, and outlook for this problematic disorder.

Abstract
Discusses the pattern of negative, disobedient behaviors in a child or adolescent. Examines problems caused by the condition at school, work, and in social situations. Cites possible causes of ODD, its symptoms, and gender differences.

From the Paper
"Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a pattern of defiant, negative, hostile, disobedient behaviors in a child or adolescent which lasts for at least six months (Doermann, 1999). The condition causes problems at school or..."

Abstract
This study examines the psychological well-being and sibling relationships in adolescent siblings who have a brother or sister with an autism spectrum disorder. In examining these children, the paper attempts to determine the incidence of children who experience conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder and antisocial behavior who also have autistic siblings as well as what factors tend to contribute to an increased incidence of these conditions in otherwise-normal siblings of autistic children. Finally, the study attempts to identify clinical interventions that have been proven effective in helping the entire family in general, and otherwise-normal siblings in particular, in the past.

Introduction
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Limitations and Delimitations
Definitions
Summary
Preliminary Literature Review
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study

From the Paper
"The number of children who have been diagnosed with autism has increased sharply in recent years; the data had suggested that autism occurs in at least one of every 1,000 children; however, more recent studies demonstrated a prevalence rate that was two- to three-times higher than these earlier estimates. According to Mayes, "Autistic spectrum disorders occur much more frequently in males than females, with the exception of Rett Syndrome, a rare and severe disorder only occurring in females" (p. 92). Autism often occurs in combination with other mental impairments, such as mental retardation, seizure disorders, and attention deficit-hyperactivity/disorder. Furthermore, autism is often misdiagnosed or not diagnosed, but once the condition is diagnosed, the most effective response is early, aggressive intervention focusing on social and communicative deficits; however, older individuals with autism may also gain some benefit from structured interventions."

Tags:asperger, syndrome, impairments, disintegrative, rett, neuropsychological, profile

From the Paper
"This study will compare Oroonoko in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko and Bigger Thomas in Richard Wright's Native Son, focusing on the authors' views and their conception of the characters in relation to racism. The study will argue that both authors have created courageous and defiant black men determined to resist racism with any means necessary, although Behn has also created a black man designed to show that blacks are and/or can be more civilized, more humane than the white people who claim to be the representatives of civilization and society.
Behn plays the role of narrator as well as character in her novel. The purpose of her work is to try to convince the reader that Oroonoko, the so-called "Royal Slave" is not the frightening and savage creature which Europeans fear he is, but is instead more civilized than the Europeans themselves. Behn, however, goes.."