Abstract The Langston Hughes' poem "A Dream Deferred" is analyzed for how it relates to characters in Gloria Naylor's "The Women of Brewster Place" and Toni Morrison's "Jazz". It also applies the poem's themes and issues to the two novels.
From the Paper "The writings of Langston Hughes demonstrate an honest expression of uninhibited African American existence. While this caused many to view Hughes' works with scorn and prejudice his works deal honestly with the African American ..."
Abstract The paper presents a research methodology for a project on deferred benefits.
From the Paper "At issue herein is the development of a research methodology for exploring employee attitudes toward a deferred benefit or deferred pay plan, described by Brandon and Smith as plans allowing employees to reduce taxes by deferring the receipt of compensation or bonuses to a later date. These plans were described by Finerty as popular because they allow employees to defer taxes until later in life when they may be in lower tax brackets."
Tags: research methodology, surveys, deferred compensation
Abstract This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the poem "A Dream Deferred" by Langston Hughes. Specifically, it discusses the author as an influential black American poet and author and describes his life. It then interprets the poem, including a critical analysis of the work, focusing on the language he uses, the poetic structure of the poem and the imagery he conjures.
From the Paper "In addition, Hughes uses vivid imagery (or figurative language) inside the poem to create pictures in the reader's mind. He uses words such as "fester," "stink," "rotten," and "crust" to show the negative aspects of dreams deferred, and even the physical pain and festering deferring dreams can cause. The imagery of the poem is central to the theme and impact of the work and Hughes uses the imagery as one of the most important aspects of the work. He uses this imagery as figurative language by making comparisons to dreams to the reality of what happens when they do not come true. The "festering sore" of reality is far distant from the dream of equality, and that indicates how Hughes manages to blend figurative language into the poem effectively and for the most impact. This poem led to many other works of the same nature, which eventually brought acclaim and award to Hughes and his influential works."
Abstract The paper describes the Milgram experiments that demonstrated the degree to which normal individuals are susceptible to blind obedience and deference to authority. The paper also discusses the Stanford prison experiment which illustrated the effects of groupthink on individual behavior. The paper then looks at studies that examined the effects of heightened emotional arousal on an individual. The paper concludes that while the human tendency to internalize environmental information and feedback from others is perfectly normal, in the extreme, those traits make us susceptible to psychological manipulation.
Outline:
Introduction - Human Behavior in Social Situations
Experiments into the Impact of Perceived Deferred Responsibility
The Significance of the Phenomenon of Deference to Authority
The Stanford Prison Experiment and the Impact of Social Situations and Groupthink
The Significance of the Phenomenon of Groupthink on Individual Behavior
The Influence of Sensory Arousal on Personal Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper "Human behavior reflects a complex interrelationship between elements of individual psychological development and external circumstances. In that regard, social situations involving other people is among the most significant external circumstances that influence the behavior of the individual. Normal psychological responses to social circumstances have the potential to be exploited and in the most extreme examples, may produce a social psychosis capable of transforming a society entirely."
Abstract This paper presents a detailed discussion on several works of literature and the use of the theme of dreams in them. The six works compared, contrasted and analyzed in this paper are: John Keats, " Ode to a Nightingale; "Langston Hughes, "A Dream Deferred;" Samuel Taylor Coleridge's, "Kubla Khan;" Thomas Findley's " Pilgrims; " Bierce Ambrose's " An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge;" and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's " Kubla Khan or, a Vision In a Dream: A Fragment." The writer discusses how each author uses the theme of dreams in their particular piece and then draws comparisons between the other author's works. The paper examines the proper use of dreams in any literary work. Using passages from each of these works, the paper shows how dream themes are used most successfully when dealing with death as a tool to explain the situation leading up to and immediately following the occurrence. The use of dreams often fills in many unanswered questions that may be plaguing the reader as they read a story or poem.
From the Paper "Throughout literary history there have been themes used to underscore a point to the reader. Often times the same theme can mean different things to different authors, and it is played out in different scenarios in their works. The theme of dreams has been a popular theme for literature in the past, especially in short stories and poems. There are six separate works by six different authors, which have used the dream theme to carry out various tasks. Sometimes it is used to allow after death thoughts, other times it is about goals and future desires, but any time a dream theme is used in these six works the author drives home the point of heart filled emotion leading the story."
Abstract The paper lists the negative effects of being a high school NBA basketball player, such as the distraction from tertiary education and the professional risks involved. It explores the uniqueness of high school NBA drafts and explains its recommendations to defer entry into the NBA draft for a few years after high school.
From the Paper "Today's sports world is almost surreal with its multi million dollar contracts; the treatment of the stars the adoration of the fans and other aspects make becoming a sports star a once in a lifetime adventure. It is something that young boys dream about and fathers secretly hope in the back of their minds, can happen to their child. Because of the increasing size of contracts and the sponsorship opportunities that go with the game, students now are often opting to leave high school and turn pro. "
This paper describes Lorraine Hannsberry's "Raisin in the Sun" and a poem "Harlem" by Langston Hughes included in the book (and quoted in full in the paper).
Abstract This paper discusses that both Hansberry's book "A Raisin in the Sun" and the included poem ?Harlem,? by Hughes are written by African-American writers. The author states that both focus on the question of what happens to ?a dream deferred.? The paper states that Hansberry, through the characters within her drama, answers this question in the same manner as does Hughes.
From the Paper "Hughes? poem, which asks if a deferred dream will ?...fester like a sore-- / and then run?? can easily be applied to Walter's dream of having a better life, which festers inside him. In the first act of the Hansberry's drama, Ruth points out to Walter that his thoughts are always focused on one thing: his dream. Her speech to her husband is an indication that his dream is festering and not going away."
Abstract This paper will discuss irony in Yusef Komunyakaa's "Facing It", Nikki Giovanni's "Dreams" and Langston Hughes' "A Dream Deferred", by analyzing the various contradictions in the works. The meanings of the poems will examined to find the symbolism in each.
This paper reviews three poems by Langston Hughes, an African-American poet writing in the first half of the twentieth century: ?Theme for English B,? "Negro", and "Harlem".
Abstract This paper explains that "Theme for English B" is a poem where Hughes is addressing his white college instructor, recognizing that he is different from the other members of the class, while also suggesting that there are similarities, since both white Americans and black Americans are part of the same America and the same human race. The author points out that "Negro" is a poem where Hughes reflects on the history of the African-American and the negative and positive aspects of being a "Negro". The paper relates that "Harlem" is a poem where Hughes refers to his dream of racial equality, ponders what happens to a dream deferred, and suggests that the dream will end.
From the Paper "The main point is that these negative roles are balanced by positive aspects, suggesting that African-Americans do not necessarily have to be in negative roles. Even more important is the first and last verse of the poems. These two verses are the same, with the repetition suggesting their importance. The lines of the verse are, "I am a negro: / Black as the night is black, / Black like the depths of my Africa" (1-3, 17-19). The critical point about the verses is that they do not place African-Americans in any role, but simply recognize basic characteristics. The African-American does have dark skin and does have African heritage."
This paper compares and contrasts the theme of race in three poems by Langston Hughes; "Mother to Son", "Harlem, A Dream Deferred" and "The Negro Speaks of Rivers".
Abstract The poetic analysis examines the theme of racism within the poems; "Mother to Son", "Harlem, A Dream Deferred" and "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" by Langston Hughes. The paper compares and contrasts the varying levels of racism found within these poems. The paper demonstrates how Hughes suggests a wide variety of racial perspectives that define the African-American experience. The paper focuses on Hughes' metaphor of the African soul in relation to river symbolism.
From the Paper "The poem "Harlem, A Dream Deferred" first implies the symbolic use of a raisin to define the struggle and conflicts associated with racism in American society. The raisin is essential a single black man or a group of African Americans that are being affected by the sun (an allusion to the hotness of white racist hegemony), which could invariably "dry up" under the pressure. This overall scope of the poem refers to the dream of racial equality and freedom that is threatening the racial autonomy of urban neighborhoods, like Harlem. The existence of Harlem as a bastion of hope for African Americans to congregate within New York City is represented in the way that white society will either allow them their freedom or destroy it."
Abstract This paper explains that, currently, major activities need to be taken into consideration so that the budget for the intensive care unit can be reconfigured or some activities can be deferred to the new fiscal year. The author relates that issues relating to safety standards and staff education increase overall productivity, which improves the quality of care within the intensive care unit. The paper points out that next fiscal year budget should have personnel divided by functionality to make budget allocations indicative of different staffing activities. The author suggests that, in an intensive care unit, it is imperative that supplies are kept in stock or there can be serious legal and financial implications; therefore, there should always be padding for this area provided in the budget. The paper includes a variance table showing the current reallocation of the budget, which addresses the important factors within the intensive care unit without increasing the budget.
Table of Contents
Expenses
Conference on High Risk Medications
High Risk Medications
"Smart Pumps"
Supplies Expenses
Personnel Budget
Table 1: Reallocation Process: Intensive Care Unit Budget Adjustment
Major Fiscal Concerns and Recommendations
Table 2: Variance Analysis
From the Paper "The traveling or staff education budget will not allow the all three nurse to attend the seminar this fiscal year, since the budget remaining in these categories is $700 and $400 respectively. However, one of the nurses can be registered for the conference this year (and take advantage of the $200 registration fee), while the other the attendance of the other two nurses get deferred to the new fiscal year. This decision was based on the nature of the seminar, and the fact that the nurse's attendance will possibly have a 'spillover' effect and create a positive externality within other sectors of the intensive care unit via."
This paper describes a legal brief by Tamara F. Kushnir entitled 'Comment: It's My Body, It's My Choice: The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003' from the "Loyola University Chicago Law Journal",
Summer, 2004.
Abstract This paper presents a progression of many cases by which Tamara F. Kushnir, in her legal brief from the "Loyola University Chicago Law Journal", establishes a history of the right to privacy and therefore the right to an abortion. The author then reviews Kushnir's analysis of the 2003 Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act (PBABA) and summarizes Congress' 15 declarations in this law. The paper relates that the final section of this article is the author's argument that the PBABA is unconstitutional because it does not only limit D&X, aka a partial-birth abortion, there is not an adequate health exception, it is an undue burden and the legislative findings are in conflict with the Stenberg decision. The author reports that Kishnir states that the deference should be based on 'City of Boerne v. Flores' and 'Dickerson v. U.S.', which said that legislative findings should not overrule a Constitutional provision.
From the Paper "In the PBABA, Congress was sure to present Congressional Findings in support of the Act. In fact, the author states that Congress dedicated 5 paragraphs to explaining how the Supreme Court should give high deference to the findings. The cases that were cited in support of deference to Congressional Findings were Anderson v. Bessemer City, Katzenbach v. Morgan, and Turner Broadcasting Systems, Inc. v. FCC. Anderson v. Bessemer City set a precedent that the trial courts findings of fact have deference over a reviewing court."
Abstract The paper explains the background and history of the subprime mortgage crisis and provides an explanation of its psychological roots. The paper discusses how the motivation of "keeping up with the Joneses" rather than being content with what one can reasonably afford motivated unrealistic property acquisitions. The paper then asserts that these mortgages were made possible by financial professionals' groupthink and blind deference to authority that allowed the suspension of independent moral judgment and sound business practices.
Outline:
Background and History of the Subprime Mortgage Crisis
Psychological Basis of the Subprime Mortgage Crisis
From the Paper "Several million Americans are currently on the verge of losing their homes to foreclosure in what has been labeled the nation's subprime mortgage crisis. Generally, those facing foreclosure secured title to property with very small downpayments that were substantially less than the 10% or 20% of the property value traditionally required, in conjunction with inflated property values and very low initial mortgage rates based on stated income levels and other standard indices used by banks and other lending institutions to assess a borrower's credit worthiness and ability to repay loans (Clark 2007)."
Abstract This paper examines how, after more than a quarter-century after the end of American military involvement in Vietnam, the Vietnam War remains a great unsettled question in American public life. It focuses in particular on the peace negotiations that eventually bought the war to an end when agreement was finally reached, in 1973, in the form of the Paris Peace Accords. It analyzes how the United States in effect accepted formal victory with the likelihood of deferred defeat, while North Vietnam accepted formal defeat with the likelihood of deferred victory.
Outline
Looking For a Way Out
The Options
Early Negotiation Efforts
From Johnson to Nixon
Endgame
From the Paper "Thus, in the case of Vietnam, when the United States signed the Paris Peace Accords in 1973, it did so in the face of two alternative options that resembled each other only in being undesirable. One option was continuing direct American military involvement for the foreseeable future; the other was withdrawal of American forces without negotiations. The first entailed an indefinite continuation of American combat casualties and consequent (and probably growing) domestic unrest and political dissension. The second implied the probable near-immediate collapse of South Vietnam (as well as possible abandonment of American prisoners of war), with its own set of international and domestic consequences."
Abstract Dylan's ?The Times they are a Changing", Hughes' ?Harlem: A Dream Deferred?, and Auden's "The Unknown Citizen", all investigate the themes of human goals and the impact of society upon these goals. This paper explains how Hughes's poem provides an analysis of how the deferment of life goals by society can result in great destruction to both the individual and society. It then shows how Auden's poem also looks at the loss of life goals, this time through the overarching control of a mechanized, soulless state and conformity. In contrast, Dylan's lyrics provide hope for the realization of dreams and hopes through social change.
From the Paper "In his poem, "Harlem: A Dream Deferred", Langston Hughes investigates the theme of the destructive impact of deferring dreams. In his first sentence, Hughes sets up a rhetorical question, "What happens to a dream deferred?", and then sets about determining the effect of life goals that are delayed or put off. Clearly, Hughes wants to impart the idea that any life goal that is delayed gives a negative outcome. Further, his inclusion of the word Harlem in the title is indicative that the poem reflects the destruction of life goals in the African American community that is symbolized by Harlem itself. Hughes' poem describes the effect of life goals that must be put off until society changes, and laws and institutions are ready to accept African Americans. Until the time that an African American's goals can be fulfilled, Hughes' lists several alternative possibilities for the reactions of African Americans."
