Abstract This paper discusses the major issues surrounding entrapment defensestrategies on the part of a defendant. It particularly examines the objective/subjective and the predispositional approaches to the interpretation of entrapment by the different states. It uses the outcome of a single hypothetical case as a reference for either approach, and shows the outcome to vary depending on a state's case law and precedent.
From the Paper " Criminal Justice-Objective/Subjective In the case of the undercover female office arresting a male defendant for distribution of cocaine, in an objective/subjective entrapment state, a preponderance of evidence must be presented by the defendant illustrating excessive inducement on the part of the state. The danger for the defense in attempting to establish entrapment, especially by implicating the state as being somewhat complicit in the crime, is that the results are often the same regardless of the defense: "The controversy over the two versions of the test-the subjective and objective-is quite beside the point, because the two tests will virtually never lead to different results". However, in an objective entrapment state such as Washington, the defendant in this case may have a valid defense in that the plaintiff appears to have crossed the line of civil propriety."
Abstract This paper begins by defining national defense and expands on the need for a national defensestrategy in light of the September 11th terrorist attacks. It continues with a detailed discussion on the new defensestrategy. The author also reviews the need for applying a strategy that respects human dignity. The paper, in reviewing a defense report, states that the new defensestrategy will accomplish the goal of national security by fortifying the authority of the Director of Central Intelligence, by developing a new framework for intelligence warning, by developing consistent methods of collecting information, by investing in potential capabilities while working to protect them and by collecting intelligence data against terrorists and terrorist organizations.
Outline:
Introduction
National Defense New Strategy for Defense Encouraging Human Dignity for All
Works Cited
From the Paper "Lastly there are disruptive challenges that must be considered. Disruptive challenges to tend to include the utilization of sophisticated technology coupled with military action (National Defense Strategy...). Such disruptive capabilities may be used to take advantage of America's vulnerabilities. The organization reports that disruptive capabilities such as cyber operations, energy weapons and biotechnology can be used to endanger American security (National Defense Strategy...). Because these capabilities are often unpredictable, special attention must be paid to fighting them. "
Abstract This paper argues that the possibility of a significant terrorist attack against the United States or its interest by a terrorist organization using such weapons of mass destruction as nuclear weapons is very real. The writer contends that, currently, the United States is grossly unprepared to defend against this very real and very dangerous threat. The writer also contends that the United States needs to restructure its approach to military defensestrategies and thus develop a new strategy better capable of effectively preventing and managing these nuclear threats.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Threat
The Response
Preparedness
From the Paper "The nuclear attack itself would be the first event in a long line of events, acting as the touching spark to set off a chain of events that would threaten to destabilize the global nuclear weapons regime, leading to fundamental and irreversible alterations to the global security system. Take as example the fact that a nuclear attack coming from a terrorist organization would leave immense casualties in its wake and be almost impossible to determine who was responsible, thus leveraging third-party provocation in the crisis to an unprecedented extent."
Abstract This paper discusses the Israeli Defense Force with the following issues being addressed: historical background, defensestrategy, threats being faced, ground forces, navy, air force, conscription, women in the army, etc.
Abstract This paper discusses the economic and political impact of large companies. It specifically analyzes the companies, Loblaw Companies Limited and General Motors Defense. In particular, the paper looks at how John A. Lederer, President of Loblaw Companies Limited and Bill
Pettipas, Executive Director of General Motors Defense, were both faced with the challenge of how to deal with these companies and their economic and political impact.
From the Paper "In each case, a larger entity is a potential deterrent to the operation and successful strategy of the company. For Loblaw Companies Limited, it is Wal-Mart; for General Motors Defense it is the political lobbying of General Dynamics and United Defense. The way in which each of them meet their larger competitors and interact with them without being swallowed up creates another potential level of growth that they may have not achieved without this threat or challenge. To do this they may have to adapt technologies of the other; Loblaw might well negotiate with Wal-Mart to study its centralized information system, while GMD might have to expand its ability to lobby independently. Both case studies reveal that the contexts of each company are more and more part of the global system that is operant in our world; to participate within it and not be merged forcibly into it is the test and validation of a healthy organization and effective strategy."
Abstract This paper questions whether the Australian Defense Force (ADF) has "broken the code" to successful integration of joint-interagency support during the conduct of military operations. It looks at the activities of the ADF compared with the "whole of government approach" (WOG) that exists. The paper looks at their integration and the direction the ADF will take in future joint interagency operations.
Table of Contents:
Research Question
Background and Significance
Working Hypothesis
Methodology
Introduction
Whole of Government (WOG) Approach
Defense Budget Spending 2007-2008
Organizational Changes in Australian Armed Forces
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "Furthermore, bilateral counter-terrorism relationships with countries outside of the region have been formed with the most important stating to be that with the United States. Regional organizations and bodies also play an important role in combating terrorism through development of common policy response to the problem, as well as acting as a forum "for the exchange of information and ideas, coordination of regional programs and in the development of "the political will and momentum for action." (Transnational Terrorism, The Threat to Australia, 2004)"
Abstract This paper discusses the opinions of many after September 11th, that the present form of terrorism has made classical deterrence theory outdated. According to the paper transnational terrorism has totally dented conventional wisdom, which had dictated proceedings during the cold war. Similarly, rogue states all over the world, in general, and the Middle East and South Asia, in particular, have created a great deal of tension in Washington. The paper further discusses how the role of the American rival states, such as, North Korea and China and the functions and limitations of the UN Security Council have completely transformed the security structure of the sole hyper power of the world. This paper tries to elucidate the best possible deterrence strategy the United States should pursue after the cold war.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Justification of the Study
Research Design and Methodology
Collection of Data
Data Analysis and Search Tactics
Limitations of the Study
Part 2
Transnational Terrorism
The Rogue and the Rival States
The U.N. Security Council
Conclusion of This Section
Part 3
Literature Review
Classical Deterrence Theory
The End of Cold War deterrence
A New Justification
Conclusion of This Section
Part 4
The First Case Study: The Strategic Triangle (US/China/Russia)
The Sino-Russo Partnership
The US-Russian Labyrinth: A Subtle Relationship
The Source for Cooperation and Divergence
Effect of the End of Cold War
Conclusion of This Section
The Second Case Study: Deterring North Korea
US Policy on the Korean Peninsula Since 1945
The Future of the U.S. Foreign Policy on the Korean Peninsula
The Status Quo Option
The Hard-Line Option
Compromise
Early Bush Administration Policy
Conclusion
The third Case Study: Transnational Terrorism
Counter-terrorism in a Global Society
Conclusion
Part 5
Observation and Conclusion
Correcting the Strategic Gaps in the U.S. Approach to Homeland Defense Concentrating Less on Who is Responsible and More on What They Ought to be Responsible of
Planning for Higher-Probability, Lower-Consequence, and Lower-Probability, Higher-Consequence Events
From the Paper "At the threat of generalization, one could make a case that US relations with China were greatly powered by two issues: the vicissitudes in the Sino-Russo association and--the more significant of the two--the Taiwan problem. For 30 years following the "People's Republic of China" (PRC) emergence in 1949, the United States carried on to acknowledge the adversary Chinese government (the Republic of China, or ROC) that had moved to Taiwan after trailing behind the civil conflict on the mainland. The path to ultimate US standardization with the PRC in 1979 was cemented by US President Richard Nixon, whose striking plan was to build a coalition with China--which was, at that time, in conflict with the Soviet Union--in an effort to oppose the increasing Soviet threat. However the United States, in spite of everything, maintains informal relations with the Republic of China. Certainly, under the "Taiwan Relations Act," a piece of internal US legislation, Washington is under a duty to defend Taiwan's safety and therefore carry on arms sales to the isle .
Washington's Taiwan association has bedeviled its dealings with the Republic of China from this time onwards, even more so following 1988 when Taiwan's political leadership demonstrated growing inclinations in the direction of a separatist route outside the One China state-of-affairs. All through a brief disagreement amid mainland China and Taiwan in 1996, the United States sent off two naval battle factions to the Taiwan channel to demonstrate moral cooperation for Taiwan (and maybe to gratify President Clinton's congressional associates). An unintentional war with China was hardly prevented only with the sensible removal of the US carrier Independence, at the same time as, the second carrier, the Nimitz, was still on its route as of the Mediterranean Sea. The narrow escape drove home the Republic of China's sincerity in relation to Taiwan to the Clinton management, forcing it to assume a soul-searching evaluation of Sino-US strategy. The concluding decision for Clinton's "thoroughgoing" engagement policy concerning the Chinese, which he practiced all through his second presidential tenure, was to prevent himself from being heaved into an unintentional war with China on behalf of Taiwan ."
Abstract Plants have developed their own unique methods to protect themselves from threats and without these defenses would perish. These defenses range from natural defenses that plants have developed over time such as thorns or waxy leaves to bio-engineered defenses where the plants have molecularly altered defenses. This paper highlights the key plant defense mechanisms including structural, metabolic, defenses against insects, defenses against pathogens and disease resistant genes. It also examines biotechnology including case studies and discusses its future.
From the Paper "When an insect attacks a plant, the attack signals the plant to produce insect toxins. These toxins may have varying effects on insects. The effects may range from simply repelling inspects to inhibiting the insects development. The compound within plants that signals them to release the toxins is called systemin. Systemin activates two genes that in turn produce proteinase inhibitors. Insects use proteinase to digest proteins. When the plant releases the proteinase inhibitors, it prevents the insect's ability to digest the plant's proteins."
Abstract This paper attempts to analyze the recent increases of the national defense budget. The author argues this was plotted by US President George Bush and the US Congress in order to increase economic growth for future generations of American citizens. The writer further argues that these increases are the type of funding that feed capitalism in a negative way by promoting war and war industries. The author concludes that the current spending trends do not consider the average citizen.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Global Military Spending By Country
Background
Importance of the Research
Methodology
U.S. National Defense Spending Facts & Figures
Figure 2 Discretionary Defense Budget
Afghanistan and Iraq Missions and Impact on Defense -Spending Increases
National Defense Spending Insanity Evidenced in Thoughtless Waste
Analysis of 'Who' is it that Profits from Increased Defense Spending
Counter Argument
Figure 3
Findings of the Study
Discussion
Bibliography
From the Paper "According to the report entitled: "Recent Trends in World Spending: U.S. Military Spending Compared to World Spending" the United States military spending "...currently makes up 47% of the world military spending. The U.S. budget is also more than 8 times larger than the Chinese budget, the second largest spender." (Recent Trends in World Spending, 2006) In fact the rate of spending by the US military on a global basis rose 11% but if the costs of U.S. operations in Iraq and Afghanistan is subtracted from these figures the global military spending would have totaled a rise of only 4% in the year 2003 instead of the actual 11% rise stated. (Ibid) Additionally stated in the report is the fact that: "Among the four major spenders next to the USA- China, Russia, Japan, and, France. Only China has made any significant increase in its military spending since 1998 (an annual average rate of 10-12 %). Military spending in the other countries also increased but only moderately." (Ibid) The following table labeled Figure 1 shows the "Global Military Spending" by the countries of the United States, China, Russian, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, Saudi Arabia, India and South Korea during 2002."
Abstract The paper begins with an overview of how criminal liability is measured in terms of the degrees and principles surrounding liability. The crux of the paper, however, concentrates on aspects of the legal framework that provide defenses to criminal liability. This analysis is then supported with a theoretical framework and findings from the literature that are used to provide thorough analyses related to defenses to criminal liability.
Outline:
Introduction
Legal Framework of Criminal Liability
Strict Liability and the Defense Justification of Criminal Conduct
Criminal Liability
Defense Conclusion
From the Paper "The criminal liability relationship highlighted within the paper and later presented with examples for defenses to criminal liability is affected by differences related to types of crimes; such as, criminal conduct and true crimes. That is, the degree of liability within the former does not require all of the principles to be upheld while with the latter it is necessary that the corpus delicti rule holds. As such the measures of criminal liability are different across categories and may not be easily quantified in the relationship outlined in the equation specified throughout the paper. An example of the former is a burglary while of the latter its homicide, the difference within these two crimes is a clear indication of why criminal liability is not a trivial issue and why it is not always a direct relationship and how defenses can be formulated within the legal context (Schellenger & Wittmer, 2003, p. 1).
In the general scenario, the degree of liability can be easily established via culpability, capacity, and responsibility along with the five principles highlighted, however the logical structure of criminal liability is not as simple as the formula above highlights but has different scenarios and principles that will affect how the law is quantified or how the degree of criminal liability is measured."
Abstract This paper takes a look at global defense companies and the adaptations they have been forced to make over the years, in order to survive. According to the paper, defense spending has resulted in increased production of goods and services needed to satisfy the increased demand, a process that contributes to higher income and employment in the economy. The paper discusses how cutbacks influence the general economy.
Outline:
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: What are the Research and Development (R&D) Options for Companies such as NGC?
Chapter Three: What Options will be Most Beneficial to the Employees and the General Public of the U.S.?
Chapter Four: Can the U.S. Remain a Superpower and Protect Its People from Terrorism while Reducing Its Military?
Conclusion
From the Paper "In spite of these changes in the nature of the threats being arrayed against the U.S. at home and its interests and allies abroad and despite President Bush's articulation of specific campaign promises to "skip a generation" in weapons procurement, all three of the Pentagon's advanced fighter plane programs continued to receive funding; in fact, in 2002 alone, almost $12 billion was allocated to the Air Force's F-22 Raptor, the Joint Strike Fighter/F-35, and the Navy's F-18E/F fighter plane (Ciarroco, 2002). According to Ciarroco, "The F-22 has been described as a costly cold war relic designed for an enemy that no longer exists. The Super Hornet, as the F-18E/F is known, has not been able to meet key performance goals that were used to justify its development" (2002, p. 2). The JSF (also known as the F-35) was considered one of the more likely programs to be cut or scaled back; within weeks of September 11, 2001, though, Lockheed Martin was awarded a $19 billion development contract, and international partners formally joined (Ciarroco, 2002). "
Tags: NGC, weapons, research, development, defense, budget, battlefields, pentagon, government
Abstract This is a paper that goes into the different legal defenses that are brought up in criminal trials. The defenses included in this paper are duress, necessity, infancy, automatism, entrapment, and insanity.
From the Paper "A defendant may bring the defense of duress up when being prosecuted for a criminal offense, although not very often successful. There are two points that the defendant has to prove in order for this defense to succeed. The first point of this defense can be interpreted by meaning that the force used by the defendant must have been less then, but not greater then, the force which was used or was going to be used upon him. For example, if a person walked up to you on the street and said he was going to punch you in the face, that would not permit you to take out a gun and shoot him, nor would it permit you to take out a knife and stab him. The defense would be applicable though if you used only as much force necessary to subdue him from punching you. If on the other hand a person walked up to you and said he was going to shoot you, and then pulled out a gun, you could in turn shoot him, and have a valid defense. The second important aspect that the defendant must show is that the threat of force or harm must be imminent, meaning that it was happening right at that moment."
Abstract This paper reviews current law in the United States and in California on the insanity defense in criminal trials. It looks at the historical roots of mental illness as a defense and the application of rights and the rules of law. The paper cites cases.
From the Paper "Historically the roots of the legal notion that mental abnormality instability or insanity should be considered in assessing criminal liability date back to Greece before the birth of Christ. Based in large measure ..."
Abstract This paper evaluates the case of Andrea Yates and whether it meets the standards of the insanity defense under Texas law. The paper theoretically applies the insanity defense to various standards.
From the Paper "Under the current Texas law it is highly unlikely that Andrea Yates would meet the requirements for an insanity plea. The facts of the case show that Andrea Yates was mentally ill during the period of and leading up to her commission of the murders. It was also shown that the mental illness severely impaired her judgment and perceptions of reality. However Yates' state of mind during the commission of the crime still does not fall under the narrow parameters the ..."
Tags: Texas Insanity Defense, Andrea Yates, Mental Illness
Abstract This paper presents a case study of Canada's Department of National Defense and reviews the strategic direction and structural organization of the department as well as its history and development. Many tables, diagrams and graphs are included with the paper.
From the Paper "...Thus, the overall mission and responsibilities of the Department of National Defense ultimately acts to uphold democracy, individual rights and freedoms, peace and order, good government, and a sustainable and stable economy..."
