Abstract This paper attempts to analyze the recent increases of the national defense budget. The author argues this was plotted by US President George Bush and the US Congress in order to increase economic growth for future generations of American citizens. The writer further argues that these increases are the type of funding that feed capitalism in a negative way by promoting war and war industries. The author concludes that the current spending trends do not consider the average citizen.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Global Military Spending By Country
Background
Importance of the Research
Methodology
U.S. National DefenseSpending Facts & Figures
Figure 2 Discretionary Defense Budget
Afghanistan and Iraq Missions and Impact on Defense -Spending Increases
National DefenseSpending Insanity Evidenced in Thoughtless Waste
Analysis of 'Who' is it that Profits from Increased DefenseSpending Counter Argument
Figure 3
Findings of the Study
Discussion
Bibliography
From the Paper "According to the report entitled: "Recent Trends in World Spending: U.S. Military Spending Compared to World Spending" the United States military spending "...currently makes up 47% of the world military spending. The U.S. budget is also more than 8 times larger than the Chinese budget, the second largest spender." (Recent Trends in World Spending, 2006) In fact the rate of spending by the US military on a global basis rose 11% but if the costs of U.S. operations in Iraq and Afghanistan is subtracted from these figures the global military spending would have totaled a rise of only 4% in the year 2003 instead of the actual 11% rise stated. (Ibid) Additionally stated in the report is the fact that: "Among the four major spenders next to the USA- China, Russia, Japan, and, France. Only China has made any significant increase in its military spending since 1998 (an annual average rate of 10-12 %). Military spending in the other countries also increased but only moderately." (Ibid) The following table labeled Figure 1 shows the "Global Military Spending" by the countries of the United States, China, Russian, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, Saudi Arabia, India and South Korea during 2002."
Abstract This paper takes a look at global defense companies and the adaptations they have been forced to make over the years, in order to survive. According to the paper, defensespending has resulted in increased production of goods and services needed to satisfy the increased demand, a process that contributes to higher income and employment in the economy. The paper discusses how cutbacks influence the general economy.
Outline:
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: What are the Research and Development (R&D) Options for Companies such as NGC?
Chapter Three: What Options will be Most Beneficial to the Employees and the General Public of the U.S.?
Chapter Four: Can the U.S. Remain a Superpower and Protect Its People from Terrorism while Reducing Its Military?
Conclusion
From the Paper "In spite of these changes in the nature of the threats being arrayed against the U.S. at home and its interests and allies abroad and despite President Bush's articulation of specific campaign promises to "skip a generation" in weapons procurement, all three of the Pentagon's advanced fighter plane programs continued to receive funding; in fact, in 2002 alone, almost $12 billion was allocated to the Air Force's F-22 Raptor, the Joint Strike Fighter/F-35, and the Navy's F-18E/F fighter plane (Ciarroco, 2002). According to Ciarroco, "The F-22 has been described as a costly cold war relic designed for an enemy that no longer exists. The Super Hornet, as the F-18E/F is known, has not been able to meet key performance goals that were used to justify its development" (2002, p. 2). The JSF (also known as the F-35) was considered one of the more likely programs to be cut or scaled back; within weeks of September 11, 2001, though, Lockheed Martin was awarded a $19 billion development contract, and international partners formally joined (Ciarroco, 2002). "
Tags: NGC, weapons, research, development, defense, budget, battlefields, pentagon, government
Abstract The paper's analysis uses national public opinion data to assess the effect of different political opinions on defensespending preferences. The paper offers arguments for why the relationships between different variables and defensespending preferences develop over time. The paper appends several 'Determinants of DefenseSpending Preferences' tables.
Outline:
Literature Review
Theory
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "Defense budgeting is a unique policy arena in the United States government. Military spending preferences tend to follow different trends than domestic spending arenas when considering the effect of political ideology and other characteristics. Public support for military spending also reacts to the rise and fall of actual defense buildup much like attitudes towards some domestic policy arenas react to the waxing and waning of actual spending (Erikson 107). Major political events and foreign circumstances can also have a significant impact on attitudes towards defense spending."
Abstract This paper examines the Major DefenseSpending policy considered by the 106th Congress of the US Government and the outcomes in terms of congressional votes, resolutions, and laws on that policy issue.
Abstract This research paper attempts to determine what will happen to the employees of companies such as NGC if the U.S. government deems it necessary to reduce current spending amounts on military systems. To this end, this study considers the research and development (R&D) options for companies such as NGC, specifically, which options will be most beneficial to the employees and the general public of the U.S. Moreover, this paper looks at whether the U.S. can remain a superpower in order to protect its people from terrorism, while reducing its military expenses.
Outline:
Chapter One: Introduction
Context of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Significance of the Study
Research Design and Methodology
Organization of the Study
Chapter Two: What are the Research and Development (R&D) Options for Companies such as NGC?
Chapter Three:What options will be most beneficial to the employees and the general public of the U.S.?
Chapter Four: Can the U.S. Remain a Superpower and Protect Its People from Terrorism while Reducing Its Military?
Conclusion
From the Paper "In recent years, many pundits have been heard lamenting the loss of the 'good old days of Communism,' when America's enemies were well demarked and neatly contained in known geographic areas. By sharp contrast, today, the terrorist threats arrayed against the United States and its interests at home and abroad are dramatically different than years past, and even the most enthusiastic weapons systems advocates would likely be reluctant to suggest that such innovations would prove effective against these increasingly nebulous threats to America's security. In spite of the growing need for more sophisticated weapons and communications systems on the battlefield, some analysts suggest that the Department of Defense has failed to continue the pace of modernization projects that was historically maintained during the Cold War. One author emphasizes that, "It would be wrong to say U.S. forces have reached the point where they are forced to use obsolete weapons and equipment. On the other hand, according to the department, the need to step up modernization funding is growing with each passing year" (Brasher, 2000, p. 203). This is not to say, of course, that the new types and levels of threats have been ignored, but rather that defense spending is not being used to its maximum advantage today, but the policymakers are trying."
Tags: america, spending, cutbacks, budget, military, systems
Abstract This paper explains that America's current military spending is exceptionally high and has the country in a downward spiral towards financial disaster. The author points out that the funds are not coming from the wealthy supporters of Bush's administration, but, instead, they are already coming from cuts to much-needed public programs. The paper concludes that the U.S. government should be focusing its attention on peaceful alternatives to military action because the people of the world want peace.
From the Paper "What benefit has come from the redirection of fund from the American working class to our military? Our government claims that we have liberated Iraq and that we are currently providing them with invaluable assistance. Unfortunately, this does not seem to be the case. ?Iraq has been reduced to a state of intolerable chaos.? Electricity is only available to some areas for a couple of hours each day, which is far less than was available before the war, which is affecting the ability of hospitals to treat the ill. There is also a lack of clean and safe drinking water, which combined with lack of refrigeration and air conditioning as well as limited vital supplies is leading to soaring death rates. Iraq remains largely unemployed.
Abstract In this article, the writer first notes that the United States is one of the largest spenders of defense related products and services, spending billions of dollars globally each year in efforts to make this world a much better and safer place to live. The writer concentrates attention on ManTech International, that receives a large amount of annual revenue from defensespending and would be directly impacted if it were not allowed to compete fairly for defense-related contracts. The writer notes that ManTech has significant fixed costs and large capital investment needs, therefore cash flow is critical and should be considered in every decision that may impact expenses or require a capital investment. This strategic business plan investigates alternative avenues of potential income for ManTech that would allow the company to become the industry's technology source-expert. The writer concludes that in looking to the future, as new technology immerges, defensespending will likely continue to grow and ManTech should take this opportunity to expedite change to meet the new challenges.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Company Background
Vision Statement
Mission Statement
Values Statement
Environmental Analysis
Strategic Long Term Objectives
Strategic Analysis and Choice
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
Plan Goals and Implementation
Critical Success Factors
Controls and Evaluation
Conclusion
From the Paper "Consistent, realistic and carefully executed are the three key ingredients that contribute to the success of a strategy. Since opening their doors in 1968, ManTech has consistently delivered innovative technology and technical solutions to the federal government. Today, the company has grown to become one of the government's leading technology providers for mission critical programs. Gathering, analyzing and dispensing information for the purpose of formulating strategic moves is commonly referred to as environmental scanning. Market industries consist of one of three components, the remote environment, the industry environment and the operating environment. Each company or organization belongs to a market industry that includes one of the three components."
Abstract The paper argues that,while increased defensespending was supposedly implemented by President George W. Bush and Congress to increase economic growth for American citizens, in actuality, the increases merely funded war and corporate war industries. The paper argues that if even a fraction of those defense funds were spent to aid poor communities, including the homeless, hungry, uneducated, unemployed, elderly, and sick individuals, the living conditions of poor Americans would have been greatly improved. The paper concludes that the exorbitant funding amounts budgeted by the Bush administration for the defense industry only advanced the corporate sector of the country.
From the Paper "Some analysts and advisors have suggested the cutting of other federal social programs from the budget, of which has been accomplished in such agencies' funding as the Legal Aid Society. This funding, however, has adversely affected the population specifically the poor population who depended greatly upon the advocacy provided in such problems as domestic violence related divorce, social security disability representation, landlord and lease of housing laws, fair debt credit collection practices regulations adherence and other areas that the poor are under-represented in relation to and tragically, for the most part, completely without assistance in the form of legal advocacy in the largest part of the United States since such federal budget cuts have taken place."
Abstract This paper discusses the issue of increased military spending by the U.S. government, since the September 11 attacks. With the constant threat of terrorism and imminent war on the horizon, the United States government is spending billions of dollars on drastic measures to fight a large-scale war as well as to continue to combat terrorism. The paper includes a review of the opinions for and against this increase in spending.
Contents:
Introduction
Efficiency in Increased Military Spending Equality in Increased Military Spending Liberty and Increased Military Spending Conclusion
From the Paper "In today's society, military spending is on the minds of American citizens more than ever. With the constant threat of terrorism and imminent war on the horizon, the United States government is spending billions of dollars on drastic measures to fight a large-scale war as well as to continue to combat terrorism. Critics against increased military spending argue that the funds set aside for such defense measures could be better utilized in other areas that directly affect Americans, including education, healthcare, and economic stimulus packages. However, supporters of increased military defense spending argue that such expenses are critical for the United States to reassure Americans in their fears concerning terrorism and other threats against the homeland."
Tags: war, september, 11, politics, government, defense, terrorism
Abstract This paper presents research, which shows the implications, by the year 2015, for a global defense company if there are cutbacks of more than 20 percent of the U.S. federal budget. The author presents an analysis of current projects to indicate how funding is used towards military sustainment and how projected cuts could affect those projects. The paper demonstrates how the employees of global defense companies, the military and the general population of the United States could be affected. The methodology for this study is content analysis.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Context of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Significance of the Study
Research Design and Methodology
Organization of the Study
What are the Research and Development (R&D) Options for Companies such as NGC?
Table:Government Contractors in Court
What Options will be Most Beneficial to the Employees and the General Public of the U.S.?
Table: Factors Mitigating the Impacts of Military Base Closures
Table: Recapitulation and Summary of Base Closure Journal Articles and Texts
Table: Recapitulation and Summary of Influences on Defense R&D Journal Articles and Recent Media Reports
Overview of Northrop Grumman
Table: Current R&D Initiatives by Northrop Grumman.
Overview of Boeing
Table: Current R&D Initiatives by Boeing
Overview of Lockheed Martin
Table: Current R&D Initiatives by Lockheed Martin
Potential Research and Development Initiatives
Robotics and Robot Companions for the Elderly
Water Desalination Initiatives
Video Games
Can the U.S. Remain a Superpower and Protect Its People from Terrorism while Reducing Its Military?
Conclusion
From the Paper "The quantitative aspects of the water supply have been widely studied as to specific regions of the world and it is possible to view these trends on a global level. According to Starr (1996), the next few decades are going to be characterized by conflicts - even wars - over increasingly scarce water resources. This author reports that, "Nature annually contributes in fresh water to the world's continents about ten times the world's water use for all purposes. On average, about 70 percent flows to the sea in seasonal floods."
Tags: adjustment options, content analysis, northrop grumman, water
Abstract This is a short paper addressing government modes of accounting, comparing defensespending and budgetary extremism (as demonstrated by the "Gingrich revolution" of the late 1990s) to traditional accounting models: the fund model, and the business model, neither of which accurately describe the US government's accounting policy.
Abstract Plants have developed their own unique methods to protect themselves from threats and without these defenses would perish. These defenses range from natural defenses that plants have developed over time such as thorns or waxy leaves to bio-engineered defenses where the plants have molecularly altered defenses. This paper highlights the key plant defense mechanisms including structural, metabolic, defenses against insects, defenses against pathogens and disease resistant genes. It also examines biotechnology including case studies and discusses its future.
From the Paper "When an insect attacks a plant, the attack signals the plant to produce insect toxins. These toxins may have varying effects on insects. The effects may range from simply repelling inspects to inhibiting the insects development. The compound within plants that signals them to release the toxins is called systemin. Systemin activates two genes that in turn produce proteinase inhibitors. Insects use proteinase to digest proteins. When the plant releases the proteinase inhibitors, it prevents the insect's ability to digest the plant's proteins."
Abstract The paper begins with an overview of how criminal liability is measured in terms of the degrees and principles surrounding liability. The crux of the paper, however, concentrates on aspects of the legal framework that provide defenses to criminal liability. This analysis is then supported with a theoretical framework and findings from the literature that are used to provide thorough analyses related to defenses to criminal liability.
Outline:
Introduction
Legal Framework of Criminal Liability
Strict Liability and the Defense Justification of Criminal Conduct
Criminal Liability
Defense Conclusion
From the Paper "The criminal liability relationship highlighted within the paper and later presented with examples for defenses to criminal liability is affected by differences related to types of crimes; such as, criminal conduct and true crimes. That is, the degree of liability within the former does not require all of the principles to be upheld while with the latter it is necessary that the corpus delicti rule holds. As such the measures of criminal liability are different across categories and may not be easily quantified in the relationship outlined in the equation specified throughout the paper. An example of the former is a burglary while of the latter its homicide, the difference within these two crimes is a clear indication of why criminal liability is not a trivial issue and why it is not always a direct relationship and how defenses can be formulated within the legal context (Schellenger & Wittmer, 2003, p. 1).
In the general scenario, the degree of liability can be easily established via culpability, capacity, and responsibility along with the five principles highlighted, however the logical structure of criminal liability is not as simple as the formula above highlights but has different scenarios and principles that will affect how the law is quantified or how the degree of criminal liability is measured."
Abstract This is a paper that goes into the different legal defenses that are brought up in criminal trials. The defenses included in this paper are duress, necessity, infancy, automatism, entrapment, and insanity.
From the Paper "A defendant may bring the defense of duress up when being prosecuted for a criminal offense, although not very often successful. There are two points that the defendant has to prove in order for this defense to succeed. The first point of this defense can be interpreted by meaning that the force used by the defendant must have been less then, but not greater then, the force which was used or was going to be used upon him. For example, if a person walked up to you on the street and said he was going to punch you in the face, that would not permit you to take out a gun and shoot him, nor would it permit you to take out a knife and stab him. The defense would be applicable though if you used only as much force necessary to subdue him from punching you. If on the other hand a person walked up to you and said he was going to shoot you, and then pulled out a gun, you could in turn shoot him, and have a valid defense. The second important aspect that the defendant must show is that the threat of force or harm must be imminent, meaning that it was happening right at that moment."
Abstract This paper reviews current law in the United States and in California on the insanity defense in criminal trials. It looks at the historical roots of mental illness as a defense and the application of rights and the rules of law. The paper cites cases.
From the Paper "Historically the roots of the legal notion that mental abnormality instability or insanity should be considered in assessing criminal liability date back to Greece before the birth of Christ. Based in large measure ..."
