Abstract This paper examines the development of the European Union's (EU)Common Foreign and Security Policy and the European Security and DefensePolicy (ESDP) since the Maastricht Treaty. It aims to determine how successful these institutional developments have been in addressing current security challenges. The paper also identifies how these processes are affecting the respective members of the EU and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Recent Trends and Events
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
From the Paper "The research showed that most observers did not expect the process to be seamless or trouble-free, but it would seem that the trends clearly indicate that the Europeanization process continues to move forward in inexorable ways, with the need for establishing a viable mechanism to provide for mutual defense representing one of the more compelling reasons in support of the process. While the nations of Europe have historically sought out such alliances for their mutual defense, the process has expanded in recent years to include many former adversaries that appeared to represent a step in the right direction for ensuring a prosperous future for all members of the EU. Alas, the war on terrorism is not going to be finished anytime soon and defense will likely remain at the forefront of the move toward a United States of Europe that reflects the mutual but diverse interests of its members."
Abstract There are many environmental groups which have a tremendous effect on the policy of the United States with regards to the environment. This paper explores how three of these groups, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense, and the National Audubon Society have exerted their power to effect federal governmental policy. The paper gives the background and mission of these organizations as well as some notable accomplishments and further goes on to explore their sources of power in exerting their influence as well as the claims that they have too much undue influence over federal government policy.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Sierra Club
Environmental Defense National Audubon Society
Influence of Environmental Groups
Conclusion
From the Paper "These are some heavy charges to be levied against the environmental groups and those who the Center for the Defense of Free enterprise feels are in concert with it. One of the reasons this group might feel this way is because groups such as the Sierra Club, Environmental defense, and the national Audubon Society have pushed for years to keep the rainforests from being cut down which hurts the interest of lumber group. They have also pushed for tougher standards for car emissions hurting the interests of car makers, and they have pushed for standards on how companies can dispose of their waste products which often costs companies millions to comply."
Tags: Sierra, Environmental, Defense, National, Audubon, Society
Abstract This paper discusses the concept of missile defense, ie. the idea that a defense missile can be used to shoot down an incoming ballistic missile and how the mere idea of this ability in the past threatened to add fuel to an ongoing arms race between the two then superpowers. It evaluates the Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) which was a result of an attempt to add some stability to a very dangerous and unstable Cold War. This paper examines the new challenges to that treaty, challenges which have ultimately left it a remnant of the past and the reasons why President Bush choose to leave the treaty. It attempts to understand the treaty's past, its present situation and the future of American Foreign Policy without its restriction. It analyzes the history and development of missile technology over the tears and the international threat it poses.
From the Paper "To fully understand the ABM treaty, the issues of the world in which it was made must be taken into account. When Nixon came into the office of the President, the Vietnam War was coming to an end. The goals of the Nixon administration were to decrease America's extent to regional allies and to create stability in the world. The end of the Vietnam War was an example of Nixon's goal to decrease America's protection through non-nuclear assistance to regional allies. Nixon declared that America would provide a nuclear umbrella for her allies but ?The primary burden for regional and local defense would lie with the states directly concerned.? This policy was a direct result of America's domestic situation at the time."
Tags: bush, nixon, cold, war, iraq, clinton, foreign, policy
Abstract This essay analyzes the issues of health care and foreign/defense policymaking. The author provides a clear statement of the issues, identifies the jurisdictional level, and discusses the key players and their roles. Specific actions, personal involvement, and barriers to be overcome are also addressed.
Abstract The paper looks at the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and outlines its emergence, its re-emergence under the administration of George W. Bush, and why it proved so controversial. The paper utilizes a sociological perspective, assessing what fears and preoccupations in American society have allowed the costly and untested SDI to remain a viable policy option. The paper concludes that paranoia about America's place in the world relative to the Soviet Union and a sense that the United States is always under threat of imminent attack, have made the SDI seem like a worthy policy consideration for the United States of America. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper "To begin with, Ronald Reagan's advocacy of the "Star Wars" program in 1983 was rooted in an almost-religious faith in technology and in the hope it offered; in short, he wished to replace the politics of fear with a new politics that would encourage the nation's citizens to place their trust in the ability of (military) technology to protect them from any nuclear holocaust. Obviously, military types (the ones who would be overseeing something as enormous as the SDI) loved it because "Star Wars" gave them pre-eminence in the grand scheme of things; further, politicians in Washington were drawn to the SDI (and remain so today) because it afforded a vision of an America impervious to the dangers of the world and invulnerable to events happening elsewhere - and also invulnerable to the pressures contingent with having to be accountable to others beyond their borders for foreign policy decisions."
Abstract In the post cold war era, the role of nuclear weapons and the policy of deterrence has changed, yet the military policy lags behind it. This paper analyzes the reasons for the slow changes in military policies.
From the Paper "The strategic defense initiative, SDI, a US government program responsible for the research and development of a multi-pronged missile defense system was announced by President Reagan in 1983, and has since been the source of intense controversy. The initial intent of the SDI program was to shield the US against missile attacks from the Soviet Union, but with the collapse of the latter in the early 90s, it had lost its reason for existence. Since then however, President Bush Sr. and the incumbent President George W. Bush have pushed hard for rapid development of its descendant, the National Missile Defense program, citing the "rogue state threat", even at the expense of jeopardizing existing agreements including the ABM treaty of 1972 and START II."
This paper is an extensive literature review of the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) of the European Union, especially with regard to the inclusion of Georgia.
Abstract This paper explains that European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) was developed to combat some of the European security issues that exist in Europe. Authorities believe that the ENP would enhance the European Union's ability to secure the region against terrorism and would help promote the economy and overall quality of life of the region. The author points out that originally the ENP applied to its direct neighbors: Algeria, Belarus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine. Later, however, it was extended to include the countries of the Southern Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) with whom the present candidate countries, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey, share either a maritime or land border. The paper concludes that by eradicating terrorists or criminal activities and by strengthening the political and justice systems in the country, the ENP will be helpful to Georgia. The paper includes many quotations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction to Study
Introduction
Background/ History
Theoretical Framework
European Integration Theory
Social Theory and International Negotiation Theory
Literature Review
Purpose of the EU
EU Pursues Two Main Types of Policies towards the Rest of the World
Economic Policies Foreign and Security Policies through the Common Foreign and Security Policy and DefensePolicy Cooperation
Enlargement
Development of ENP
ENP Framework: Objectives, Principles and Instrument
European Security Strategy as a Foundation of ENP
The European Neighborhood Policy Trade and Competitiveness
Development
Strategic Relations, Political Dialogue and CFSP
EU-Georgia Relations
From Partnership to Neighborhood and beyond Neighborhood Policy EU-Georgia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
Analysis
Looking at the Neighborhood from Georgian Perspective
Why is ENP Important for EU and for Georgia?
The Military Sector
The Economic Sector
The Education Sector
The Environmental Sector
The Society Sector
The Political Sector
How Sectors are Synthesized
EU Interests towards Black Sea Region: Why Georgia Matters?
Conclusion
From the Paper "According to the commission's report these agreements permit the expansion of cooperation and economic amalgamation across a variety of domains. The effects of these agreements have not been realized at the current time. In any case, the ENP provides a foundation for improved cooperation in many distinct domains so that the EU and its partners can realize the full benefit of the structures that are in place (European Neighborhood Policy). To this end, the Action Plans will establish key priorities to be tackled in the years to come."
Abstract The overall strategic objectives of Henry's policy are looked at noting an emphasis on a defensivepolicy, securing his throne and succession, and increasing the power of the country. The paper also describes how he used marriages, treaties and alliances to establish the Tudors following the insecurity of the Wars of the Roses.
From the Paper "Henry VII came to the throne of an island off the coast of Europe which had little strategic or diplomatic significance at the time of his accession. England had recently passed through a long period of civil war which had left much uncertainty as to the future direction of the country. Although we can now recognize that the wars were almost over, and would essentially end at the Battle of Stoke in 1487, there was little to indicate to contemporaries that Henry VII would not lose his throne as his three predecessors had all done. Henry's overriding tasks were to consolidate his own position on the throne and then to ensure the succession. He was well aware that this would have to be a two-pronged strategy, strengthening his internal position, i.e. within the country itself, and also externally, ensuring that no foreign power was willing to aid any of the remaining Yorkist pretenders. Henry knew that no rebellion against the throne had succeeded without foreign assistance; if he were to make the throne safe for himself and his descendants he had to forge alliances abroad and nullify the threat particularly from France."
Abstract Plants have developed their own unique methods to protect themselves from threats and without these defenses would perish. These defenses range from natural defenses that plants have developed over time such as thorns or waxy leaves to bio-engineered defenses where the plants have molecularly altered defenses. This paper highlights the key plant defense mechanisms including structural, metabolic, defenses against insects, defenses against pathogens and disease resistant genes. It also examines biotechnology including case studies and discusses its future.
From the Paper "When an insect attacks a plant, the attack signals the plant to produce insect toxins. These toxins may have varying effects on insects. The effects may range from simply repelling inspects to inhibiting the insects development. The compound within plants that signals them to release the toxins is called systemin. Systemin activates two genes that in turn produce proteinase inhibitors. Insects use proteinase to digest proteins. When the plant releases the proteinase inhibitors, it prevents the insect's ability to digest the plant's proteins."
Abstract This paper attempts to analyze the recent increases of the national defense budget. The author argues this was plotted by US President George Bush and the US Congress in order to increase economic growth for future generations of American citizens. The writer further argues that these increases are the type of funding that feed capitalism in a negative way by promoting war and war industries. The author concludes that the current spending trends do not consider the average citizen.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Global Military Spending By Country
Background
Importance of the Research
Methodology
U.S. National Defense Spending Facts & Figures
Figure 2 Discretionary Defense Budget
Afghanistan and Iraq Missions and Impact on Defense -Spending Increases
National Defense Spending Insanity Evidenced in Thoughtless Waste
Analysis of 'Who' is it that Profits from Increased Defense Spending
Counter Argument
Figure 3
Findings of the Study
Discussion
Bibliography
From the Paper "According to the report entitled: "Recent Trends in World Spending: U.S. Military Spending Compared to World Spending" the United States military spending "...currently makes up 47% of the world military spending. The U.S. budget is also more than 8 times larger than the Chinese budget, the second largest spender." (Recent Trends in World Spending, 2006) In fact the rate of spending by the US military on a global basis rose 11% but if the costs of U.S. operations in Iraq and Afghanistan is subtracted from these figures the global military spending would have totaled a rise of only 4% in the year 2003 instead of the actual 11% rise stated. (Ibid) Additionally stated in the report is the fact that: "Among the four major spenders next to the USA- China, Russia, Japan, and, France. Only China has made any significant increase in its military spending since 1998 (an annual average rate of 10-12 %). Military spending in the other countries also increased but only moderately." (Ibid) The following table labeled Figure 1 shows the "Global Military Spending" by the countries of the United States, China, Russian, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, Saudi Arabia, India and South Korea during 2002."
Abstract The author of the paper assesses the impact of the European Union's growth process on the development of the countries it encompasses as well as on the European Union's Security and Defence Policy. The writer examines the history of the security initiative developed by the European Union (ESDP) and the background and the framework in which this development took place. In addition, the writer examines the consequences of the political initiatives that led to the expansion of the ESDP's role and the external impact, on countries targeted by these attempts to increase the security space in Europe and in particular Russia, Turkey, and the Ukraine. Finally, the writer discusses the potential future evolution of the ESDP.
Outline:
Introduction
History and Challenges of the ESDP
The ESDP
Effects on European Countries
EU Relations with Russia
EU Relations with Ukraine
EU Relations with Turkey
EU Relations with the Mediterranean Countries
Conclusions
From the Paper "First and foremost it must be pointed out the fact that the ESDP is the result of a traditional structure, which is the international organization. In this sense, the realistic theory argues that although there is a need for states to keep their sovereignty, it is important for them to have a certain form of cooperation that supports political relations. At the same time, the structure of the EU and implicitly the existence of the ESDP are justified through the neorealist perspective. In this sense, taking realist and neorealist points into account, it can be said that the birth of the ESDP was a matter of power calculus; thus, "states must look to themselves to survive" hence they must engage in strategic alliances or forms of cooperation that would ensure them the ability to maintain a certain balance of power and, as structural realists argue, their relative power . In this sense, the creation of the European Union and the establishment of its security dimension was a well thought of affair, taking into account the perspectives after the Second World War and the need for a strategic and political balance of power. The actual creation of the ESDP was more difficult than the issue of the First Communitarian Pillar because of the specificity of the European Union which does not fall in the traditional category of the international organization, but rather its supranational character determines state to share sovereignty, a factor which determined several member states to be reluctant to address the issue of security at a supranational level ."
Tags: security defense, cold war, nato political historical power, rome treaty, united nations, democracy
Abstract The paper begins with an overview of how criminal liability is measured in terms of the degrees and principles surrounding liability. The crux of the paper, however, concentrates on aspects of the legal framework that provide defenses to criminal liability. This analysis is then supported with a theoretical framework and findings from the literature that are used to provide thorough analyses related to defenses to criminal liability.
Outline:
Introduction
Legal Framework of Criminal Liability
Strict Liability and the Defense Justification of Criminal Conduct
Criminal Liability
Defense Conclusion
From the Paper "The criminal liability relationship highlighted within the paper and later presented with examples for defenses to criminal liability is affected by differences related to types of crimes; such as, criminal conduct and true crimes. That is, the degree of liability within the former does not require all of the principles to be upheld while with the latter it is necessary that the corpus delicti rule holds. As such the measures of criminal liability are different across categories and may not be easily quantified in the relationship outlined in the equation specified throughout the paper. An example of the former is a burglary while of the latter its homicide, the difference within these two crimes is a clear indication of why criminal liability is not a trivial issue and why it is not always a direct relationship and how defenses can be formulated within the legal context (Schellenger & Wittmer, 2003, p. 1).
In the general scenario, the degree of liability can be easily established via culpability, capacity, and responsibility along with the five principles highlighted, however the logical structure of criminal liability is not as simple as the formula above highlights but has different scenarios and principles that will affect how the law is quantified or how the degree of criminal liability is measured."
Abstract This paper takes a look at global defense companies and the adaptations they have been forced to make over the years, in order to survive. According to the paper, defense spending has resulted in increased production of goods and services needed to satisfy the increased demand, a process that contributes to higher income and employment in the economy. The paper discusses how cutbacks influence the general economy.
Outline:
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: What are the Research and Development (R&D) Options for Companies such as NGC?
Chapter Three: What Options will be Most Beneficial to the Employees and the General Public of the U.S.?
Chapter Four: Can the U.S. Remain a Superpower and Protect Its People from Terrorism while Reducing Its Military?
Conclusion
From the Paper "In spite of these changes in the nature of the threats being arrayed against the U.S. at home and its interests and allies abroad and despite President Bush's articulation of specific campaign promises to "skip a generation" in weapons procurement, all three of the Pentagon's advanced fighter plane programs continued to receive funding; in fact, in 2002 alone, almost $12 billion was allocated to the Air Force's F-22 Raptor, the Joint Strike Fighter/F-35, and the Navy's F-18E/F fighter plane (Ciarroco, 2002). According to Ciarroco, "The F-22 has been described as a costly cold war relic designed for an enemy that no longer exists. The Super Hornet, as the F-18E/F is known, has not been able to meet key performance goals that were used to justify its development" (2002, p. 2). The JSF (also known as the F-35) was considered one of the more likely programs to be cut or scaled back; within weeks of September 11, 2001, though, Lockheed Martin was awarded a $19 billion development contract, and international partners formally joined (Ciarroco, 2002). "
Tags: NGC, weapons, research, development, defense, budget, battlefields, pentagon, government
Abstract This is a paper that goes into the different legal defenses that are brought up in criminal trials. The defenses included in this paper are duress, necessity, infancy, automatism, entrapment, and insanity.
From the Paper "A defendant may bring the defense of duress up when being prosecuted for a criminal offense, although not very often successful. There are two points that the defendant has to prove in order for this defense to succeed. The first point of this defense can be interpreted by meaning that the force used by the defendant must have been less then, but not greater then, the force which was used or was going to be used upon him. For example, if a person walked up to you on the street and said he was going to punch you in the face, that would not permit you to take out a gun and shoot him, nor would it permit you to take out a knife and stab him. The defense would be applicable though if you used only as much force necessary to subdue him from punching you. If on the other hand a person walked up to you and said he was going to shoot you, and then pulled out a gun, you could in turn shoot him, and have a valid defense. The second important aspect that the defendant must show is that the threat of force or harm must be imminent, meaning that it was happening right at that moment."
Abstract This paper reviews current law in the United States and in California on the insanity defense in criminal trials. It looks at the historical roots of mental illness as a defense and the application of rights and the rules of law. The paper cites cases.
From the Paper "Historically the roots of the legal notion that mental abnormality instability or insanity should be considered in assessing criminal liability date back to Greece before the birth of Christ. Based in large measure ..."
