Abstract
This paper explores Canada's relationship with the U.S. and the implications this relationship has for Canada's foreign and defense policies. The paper outlines the developmental similarities between Canada and the U.S., the economic interdependence between the two countries, differences in foreign policy and the dichotomy between Canada's role as a peace keeping nation and its need for armed forces. The essay finds that Canada has developed a "little brother" relationship with the U.S. where it often serves as a buffer for foreign policy, receives protection but often bears resentment towards its "big brother," the U.S. The essay argues that Canada's foreign and defense policies seek to maintain a mix of asserting Canada's sovereignty and maintaining its political allegiance with the U.S.

From the Paper
"Greg Gutfield, a host of Fox News' "Red Eye" show took a jab last week at the Canadian military, that perhaps illustrates much more than his assertion that it "take a breather to do some yoga, paint landscapes, run on the beach in gorgeous white Capri pants" (Vlessing, Etan March 23rd, 2009). In a recent response to this, our Defense Minister Peter McKay called for an apology before receiving the remains of four soldiers killed in combat over the weekend--and received it. The interplay here typifies Canada's position in the world as kid brother to the US: its developmental pathway so similar you can see the resemblance; its connections so strong it must be family; its protection so taken-for granted, and its resentment in this of their brother's shadow (Bercuson 2003: 41)."

Tags:foreign policy, economic policy, Canadian forces, defense

Abstract
Paper explains the controversial U.S. ballistic missile defense scheme in which Canada plays a comparatively small role despite ample criticism. Discussion of defense and security policy choices according to complex neo-realist rationale warranted post-9/11. Exposition of low quality critiques; reflection on how this is often the case given the basic nature of defense/security planning and knowledge gap; technical/legal rationale versus rhetorical criticism.

From the Paper
Canadian-U.S. Security Relations & Ballistic Missile Defence. Introduction Canadian public sentiment concerning all defense-related agreements with the United States can lag behind public knowledge of a much changed security environment. The United States has researched matters of ballistic missiles and possible missile defense systems since the 1940s as an early venture of the emerging Cold War. In the 1970s, a prototype missile detection and intervention system was in effect briefly through to the 1980s spectacle of President Reagan's notorious Star Wars venture that tended to alienate Canadian opinion from American security matters

Tags:us ballistic miss def, canada involvement, complex n

Abstract
This paper explains that the military activities in the Philippines and Mexico signaled a change in the attitude of U.S. foreign policy from isolationism to imperialism. The author points out that the Second World War and the Cold War caused all of U.S. life to be filtered through the lens of foreign policy such as (1) the facilitation of grant programs such as the National Defense Student loans, (2) reliance on state and local governments for local infrastructure financing because federal monies were committed to Cold War foreign purposes and (3) the more rapid integration of the races at home due to the necessity of integration in the military to have enough troops to conduct overseas operations such as Korea, Vietnam and assorted smaller wars. The paper concludes that, today, there is no foreign policy agenda per se; Bush II is a tabula rasa, straddling two wings of the same party, like a feckless cowboy on two horses.

Table of Contents
U.S. National Foreign Policy Style, 1900 to the Present
U.S. Foreign Policy Domestic Context 1950
Changes over the Last Ten Years

From the Paper
"It would seem this attitude of foreign policy was written in stone. However, one of its early ardent supporters, Theodore Roosevelt, was among those who began to see that U.S. imperialism was not working. In the end, it was Wilson who noted that the drive for colonies contributed mainly to savage warfare. He concluded, in another sea-change manner that would influence U.S. foreign policy at least until another Roosevelt (Franklin Delano) entered the White House, that it would be best to "dismantle the colonial structure itself. His plan included self-determination for former colonies, international arms reduction, an open trading system to discourage economic imperialism, and a commitment to collective security through international organizations, what is now sometimes referred to as multilateralism." That drive, culminating in such bodies as the League of Nations and reluctant entry into further wars, would be the dominant attitude until the start of World War II."

Tags:imperialism, financing, integration, bush, mckinley

Abstract
The paper presents a memo that provides the following: 1) an assessment of National Security Conditions and General Advisement for the President-Elect, 2) a brief summary concerning the decisions and actions of the Clinton and Bush Administrations with respect to preventive detention policy, 3) a short discussion concerning fundamental questions about civil liberties and human rights, and 4) a definition and defense of a preventive detention policy for the United States that addresses fundamental questions concerning the treatment of U.S. citizens and non-citizens, how long people can be detained without charges, what types of rights citizens and non-citizens have should have during detention, and what kinds of rights they should have during the legal hearing.

From the Paper
"In hope that lessons can be acknowledged from the mistakes of previous administrations, the current memo provides the following: 1) an assessment of National Security Conditions and General Advisement for the..."

Tags:preventive detention, human rights, civil liberties

Abstract
There are many environmental groups which have a tremendous effect on the policy of the United States with regards to the environment. This paper explores how three of these groups, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense, and the National Audubon Society have exerted their power to effect federal governmental policy. The paper gives the background and mission of these organizations as well as some notable accomplishments and further goes on to explore their sources of power in exerting their influence as well as the claims that they have too much undue influence over federal government policy.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Sierra Club
Environmental Defense
National Audubon Society
Influence of Environmental Groups
Conclusion

From the Paper
"These are some heavy charges to be levied against the environmental groups and those who the Center for the Defense of Free enterprise feels are in concert with it. One of the reasons this group might feel this way is because groups such as the Sierra Club, Environmental defense, and the national Audubon Society have pushed for years to keep the rainforests from being cut down which hurts the interest of lumber group. They have also pushed for tougher standards for car emissions hurting the interests of car makers, and they have pushed for standards on how companies can dispose of their waste products which often costs companies millions to comply."

Tags:Sierra, Environmental, Defense, National, Audubon, Society

Abstract
This study aims at an understanding of Russian foreign policy regarding the United States of America after the collapse of the Soviet Union, particularly during Vladimir Putin's two mandates as President of Russia. In the first chapter, the writer provides a theoretical framework for the analysis of Putin's foreign policy in relation to the West as a whole, and the United States in particular, and argues that Russia has applied the international relations theory of "offensive realism," in its foreign policy, with the goal of achieving regional hegemony even after the dismemberment of the Soviet Union. In the second chapter, the writer examines the differences between Soviet and Russian foreign policy up to 1999, a largely liberal period, thanks to Russian Prime Minister Andrey Kozyrev, who followed in Gorbachev's footsteps and tried to emphasize the differences between Russia's new direction and the old Soviet order. This chapter gives an overview of the political, social and economic circumstances in which Vladimir Putin became President of Russia. The third chapter investigates the new direction that Putin set in his foreign policy, after his 2000 campaign success, which was largely based on his slogans, "Great Russia," and "Strong Russian Statehood." Russian foreign relations embarked on a new path in the sense that, for the first time in the post-Soviet era, foreign policies were no longer focused on the United States, but on Europe, with Putin openly supporting a non-isolationist position in the autumn of 2001. This chapter strives to shed light on why Russia has opposed America at the international level, which in turn, explains the reasons behind Putin's direction in foreign policy.

Outline:
Introduction
Russia's "Offensive Realism"
The Birth of Russian Foreign Policy
Russian Foreign Policy: 2000-2008
Final Remarks

From the Paper
"The third set of foreign policy ideas was represented by the pragmatic nationalists. They also strove to define Russian national identity. They claimed that Russia was defined linguistically so they argued that in order to have a Russian identity, all Russian-speakers in the near abroad states had to be protected. To some extent, they placed themselves between the liberal westernists and the fundamentalist nationalists in the sense that they subscribed to a number of provisions from both sides. For instance, pragmatic nationalists believed that the Soviet past of Russia was to be accepted, and that the dismemberment of the Union was a negative event; also, they argued that the prestige of the former Soviet Union had to be regained at the international level. However, some of the pragmatic nationalists also accepted that liberal democracy was a valid goal for Russia, and that the introduction of the market would be beneficial to the economic development of the country."

Tags:multipolar unipolar, Cold War pragmatism analysis multilateralism terrorism power, missile defense

Abstract
This research paper discusses whether the Monroe Doctrine formed part of a coherent and consistent American foreign policy during the period 1776 to 1830. The Monroe Doctrine was issued in reaction to a specific set of circumstances related to American perceptions of threatened intervention by European powers in North and South America. It, nevertheless, reaffirmed and was consistent with mainstream themes of American foreign policy since the American Revolution, namely, the avoidance of entanglement of the United States in the affairs of the rest of the world, except as required for the protection of its commercial interests and its own defense against attack. It reflected American commitment to the ideals of the Revolution

From the Paper
"MONROE DOCTRINE AND U. S. FOREIGN POLICY (1776-1830)

This research paper discusses whether the Monroe Doctrine formed part of a coherent and consistent American foreign policy during the period 1776 to 1830. The Monroe Doctrine was issued in reaction to a specific set of circumstances related to American perceptions of threatened intervention by European powers in North and South America. It, nevertheless, reaffirmed and was consistent with mainstream themes of American foreign policy since the American Revolution, namely, the avoidance of entanglement of the United States in the affairs of the rest of the world, except as required for the protection of its commercial interests and its own defense against attack. It reflected American commitment to the ideals of the Revolution, individual liberty and a republican form of government. In ..."

Abstract
The paper presents the thesis that the forceful stance taken by the Bush administration was the primary driver behind North Korea's desire for nuclear weapon and energy production. The paper addresses the United States' policies of engagement, containment and transformation, and discusses how North Korea underwent internal changes as well as changes due to external factors that placed it in a defensive stance in its focus on strategically avoiding threats and in rebuilding its own self-reliance economically.

Outline:
Objective
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Security Dilemma or Rogue State?
Economic Reform in North Korea
Engagement, Containment and Transformation
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"North Korea underwent internal changes as well as changes due to external factors that placed North Korea in a defensive stance in its focus on strategically avoiding threats and in rebuilding its own self-reliance economically. For North Korea since the Berlin Wall fell the use of conventional weapons by North Korea in defending itself from external foes has not been a feasible proposition, therefore, it is apparent that North Korea acquired nuclear capabilities because of the value of these capabilities as use as a method for ensuring adequate self-defense in what the regime in North Korea views as a highly unstable security environment and one in which North Korea is quite terrified that will result in the United States becoming aggressive from a military standpoint.
"It really can not be held as true that the reason for the development of nuclear capability in North Korea was one that was driven simply on the bases of the country's elite and their own personal interests but instead has arisen as a problem because of the North Koreans lack of any real leverage politically, economically and in the way of resources. The present regime in North Korea has not real intention of engaging the country at the global political level as this regime has effectively isolated itself."

Tags:nuclear, weapons, Pyongyang, diplomacy, disarmament

Abstract
This two-part paper examines how the emergence of the Cold War affected the relationship between Canada and the United States in a positive way, allowing for an advancement of trade policies, as well as defense policies, while at the same time causing increasing tension between the two nations in terms of independence. Secondly, this paper discusses the foreign and defense policies of Canada during the Cold War era years of 1945-1957 and shows that, although Canada may have followed U.S. policy in some areas, it also created and maintained its own foreign and defense policies. This paper shows that the beneficial, albeit rocky, relationship that emerged from the Cold War era between the United States and Canada allowed Canada to maintain its own foreign policy and to dictate the future of its country.

From the Paper
"Part of this decision was due to the newly created United Nations, in which Canada was a key member. Created in 1945, the United Nations treaty, much of which was drafted with the prime assistance of Canada, was designed to promote peace and security in the world. It also served to promote human rights, and security policies. At the time, Canada saw the UN as a guideline for their foreign and defense policies, aiming to promote peace, and avoid aggression ("Canada and the UN", 2003). As part of this policy, the Canadian government was focused on reallocating resources to assist in post-war recovery efforts, and diverted monies from the military for that purpose."

Tags:Mackenzie, King, Roosevelt, Ogdensburg, Agreement, United, Nations, communism

From the Paper
"U.S. National Security Processes: Executive vs. Legislature


This paper will examine the decision making processes of the U.S. government. The discussion will specifically focus on the powers and processes involved in national security decisions of the executive and legislative branches of the government. The first part of the paper will present an overview of the constitutional framework of national security and the legal powers granted to both branches of the government. The second part of the paper will examine in closer detail the interrelationship between the executive and legislature in making national security decisions and will look at some examples of national security decisions made since the Second World War.


The Executive Branch
Although the President has been granted most of the..."