Abstract Plants have developed their own unique methods to protect themselves from threats and without these defenses would perish. These defenses range from natural defenses that plants have developed over time such as thorns or waxy leaves to bio-engineered defenses where the plants have molecularly altered defenses. This paper highlights the key plant defensemechanisms including structural, metabolic, defenses against insects, defenses against pathogens and disease resistant genes. It also examines biotechnology including case studies and discusses its future.
From the Paper "When an insect attacks a plant, the attack signals the plant to produce insect toxins. These toxins may have varying effects on insects. The effects may range from simply repelling inspects to inhibiting the insects development. The compound within plants that signals them to release the toxins is called systemin. Systemin activates two genes that in turn produce proteinase inhibitors. Insects use proteinase to digest proteins. When the plant releases the proteinase inhibitors, it prevents the insect's ability to digest the plant's proteins."
Abstract This paper describes and critically evaluates the evidence for psychological defensemechanisms by examining Freudian theory in works such as "Civilization and its Discontents" and responsive works such as "Individual Differences" by Colin Cooper. The paper debates the issue of whether the evidence Freud provided on defensemechanisms is controversial, as are his theories about the id, ego, and superego. The paper contends that one's belief in the existence of defensemechanisms is dependent to a significant extent upon one's belief in Freud's theory of the mind as a whole, and upon one's view of the impact individual differences may have on human psychology.
From the Paper "Freud (1989) theorized that through projection, when a person's unacceptable, forbidden urges intensify and break into consciousness, they are attributed to others. Likewise, unconscious rationalization eliminates anxiety or guilt by formulating perfectly reasonable reasons for the unacceptable behavior; displacement occurs when a natural urge cannot be vented and is then repressed and often displaced to another, disguised means of venting; and reaction formation occurs in order to fend off an anxiety-inducing and unacceptable impulse by replacing it with its over-emphasized, diametrically opposite impulse. "
Abstract This paper examines how defensemechanisms such as poison pills, staggered boards of directors, golden parachutes, stockholder rights plans, greenmail payments and other methods have evolved so successfully that hostile takeovers are losing their appeal as a corporate governance strategy on Wall Street.
Abstract This paper looks at how methods for inducing people to buy may be as many and as varied as the types of people on the earth and how there are really only just a few main psychological processes that occur when a person is making the decision of whether or not to buy. It examines two of these psychological processes, the single-effect theory and the ego-defensemechanism, and looks at how these two processes come into play in convincing people to buy.
From the Paper "The Single Effect Theory is another psychological sales process that comes into play in almost all sales transactions. Therefore, the successful sales person will be familiar with this process and know how to use it to his or her advantage. The Single Effect Theory is fairly simple in principle. It means that there are several processes and mechanisms that go into the successful completion of a sale, but that in the end all of these processes and mechanisms combine to produce one single effect. Ideally, this single effect is the purchase of the salesperson's product or service by the prospect."
Abstract The mechanical clock is one of the most common technologies in the Western world. The fact that the mechanical clock is so common means that many people have a difficult time believing that there have been periods of time in which the mechanical clock did not exist. In this bibliographic essay the origins of the mechanical clock are examined. The paper demonstrates that the mechanical clock did not simply spring into existence as a result of a single innovation. Instead the mechanical clock resulted from a number of technological and social developments.
Abstract This paper attempts to analyze the recent increases of the national defense budget. The author argues this was plotted by US President George Bush and the US Congress in order to increase economic growth for future generations of American citizens. The writer further argues that these increases are the type of funding that feed capitalism in a negative way by promoting war and war industries. The author concludes that the current spending trends do not consider the average citizen.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Global Military Spending By Country
Background
Importance of the Research
Methodology
U.S. National Defense Spending Facts & Figures
Figure 2 Discretionary Defense Budget
Afghanistan and Iraq Missions and Impact on Defense -Spending Increases
National Defense Spending Insanity Evidenced in Thoughtless Waste
Analysis of 'Who' is it that Profits from Increased Defense Spending
Counter Argument
Figure 3
Findings of the Study
Discussion
Bibliography
From the Paper "According to the report entitled: "Recent Trends in World Spending: U.S. Military Spending Compared to World Spending" the United States military spending "...currently makes up 47% of the world military spending. The U.S. budget is also more than 8 times larger than the Chinese budget, the second largest spender." (Recent Trends in World Spending, 2006) In fact the rate of spending by the US military on a global basis rose 11% but if the costs of U.S. operations in Iraq and Afghanistan is subtracted from these figures the global military spending would have totaled a rise of only 4% in the year 2003 instead of the actual 11% rise stated. (Ibid) Additionally stated in the report is the fact that: "Among the four major spenders next to the USA- China, Russia, Japan, and, France. Only China has made any significant increase in its military spending since 1998 (an annual average rate of 10-12 %). Military spending in the other countries also increased but only moderately." (Ibid) The following table labeled Figure 1 shows the "Global Military Spending" by the countries of the United States, China, Russian, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, Saudi Arabia, India and South Korea during 2002."
Abstract The paper begins with an overview of how criminal liability is measured in terms of the degrees and principles surrounding liability. The crux of the paper, however, concentrates on aspects of the legal framework that provide defenses to criminal liability. This analysis is then supported with a theoretical framework and findings from the literature that are used to provide thorough analyses related to defenses to criminal liability.
Outline:
Introduction
Legal Framework of Criminal Liability
Strict Liability and the Defense Justification of Criminal Conduct
Criminal Liability
Defense Conclusion
From the Paper "The criminal liability relationship highlighted within the paper and later presented with examples for defenses to criminal liability is affected by differences related to types of crimes; such as, criminal conduct and true crimes. That is, the degree of liability within the former does not require all of the principles to be upheld while with the latter it is necessary that the corpus delicti rule holds. As such the measures of criminal liability are different across categories and may not be easily quantified in the relationship outlined in the equation specified throughout the paper. An example of the former is a burglary while of the latter its homicide, the difference within these two crimes is a clear indication of why criminal liability is not a trivial issue and why it is not always a direct relationship and how defenses can be formulated within the legal context (Schellenger & Wittmer, 2003, p. 1).
In the general scenario, the degree of liability can be easily established via culpability, capacity, and responsibility along with the five principles highlighted, however the logical structure of criminal liability is not as simple as the formula above highlights but has different scenarios and principles that will affect how the law is quantified or how the degree of criminal liability is measured."
Abstract This paper takes a look at global defense companies and the adaptations they have been forced to make over the years, in order to survive. According to the paper, defense spending has resulted in increased production of goods and services needed to satisfy the increased demand, a process that contributes to higher income and employment in the economy. The paper discusses how cutbacks influence the general economy.
Outline:
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: What are the Research and Development (R&D) Options for Companies such as NGC?
Chapter Three: What Options will be Most Beneficial to the Employees and the General Public of the U.S.?
Chapter Four: Can the U.S. Remain a Superpower and Protect Its People from Terrorism while Reducing Its Military?
Conclusion
From the Paper "In spite of these changes in the nature of the threats being arrayed against the U.S. at home and its interests and allies abroad and despite President Bush's articulation of specific campaign promises to "skip a generation" in weapons procurement, all three of the Pentagon's advanced fighter plane programs continued to receive funding; in fact, in 2002 alone, almost $12 billion was allocated to the Air Force's F-22 Raptor, the Joint Strike Fighter/F-35, and the Navy's F-18E/F fighter plane (Ciarroco, 2002). According to Ciarroco, "The F-22 has been described as a costly cold war relic designed for an enemy that no longer exists. The Super Hornet, as the F-18E/F is known, has not been able to meet key performance goals that were used to justify its development" (2002, p. 2). The JSF (also known as the F-35) was considered one of the more likely programs to be cut or scaled back; within weeks of September 11, 2001, though, Lockheed Martin was awarded a $19 billion development contract, and international partners formally joined (Ciarroco, 2002). "
Tags: NGC, weapons, research, development, defense, budget, battlefields, pentagon, government
Abstract This essay discusses how mechanical reproduction has resulted in the retreat from reality. The techno-formulation of reality, which is the mechanical reproduction of images, has served to change human perception. The problem of prime time television serves as an example of this reality, since it fosters graphic incoherence.
Abstract This is a paper that goes into the different legal defenses that are brought up in criminal trials. The defenses included in this paper are duress, necessity, infancy, automatism, entrapment, and insanity.
From the Paper "A defendant may bring the defense of duress up when being prosecuted for a criminal offense, although not very often successful. There are two points that the defendant has to prove in order for this defense to succeed. The first point of this defense can be interpreted by meaning that the force used by the defendant must have been less then, but not greater then, the force which was used or was going to be used upon him. For example, if a person walked up to you on the street and said he was going to punch you in the face, that would not permit you to take out a gun and shoot him, nor would it permit you to take out a knife and stab him. The defense would be applicable though if you used only as much force necessary to subdue him from punching you. If on the other hand a person walked up to you and said he was going to shoot you, and then pulled out a gun, you could in turn shoot him, and have a valid defense. The second important aspect that the defendant must show is that the threat of force or harm must be imminent, meaning that it was happening right at that moment."
Abstract This paper reviews current law in the United States and in California on the insanity defense in criminal trials. It looks at the historical roots of mental illness as a defense and the application of rights and the rules of law. The paper cites cases.
From the Paper "Historically the roots of the legal notion that mental abnormality instability or insanity should be considered in assessing criminal liability date back to Greece before the birth of Christ. Based in large measure ..."
Abstract This paper evaluates the case of Andrea Yates and whether it meets the standards of the insanity defense under Texas law. The paper theoretically applies the insanity defense to various standards.
From the Paper "Under the current Texas law it is highly unlikely that Andrea Yates would meet the requirements for an insanity plea. The facts of the case show that Andrea Yates was mentally ill during the period of and leading up to her commission of the murders. It was also shown that the mental illness severely impaired her judgment and perceptions of reality. However Yates' state of mind during the commission of the crime still does not fall under the narrow parameters the ..."
Tags: Texas Insanity Defense, Andrea Yates, Mental Illness
Abstract This paper explains that the author was presented with the problem of improving upon an already tried and true design, the mechanical pencil. The author describes both the form and function of his mechanical pencil design, which has been modified to include small LED lights at the tip of the pencil. The paper relates that this design was chosen to accommodate writers who are required to write or take notes in less than ideal lighting conditions, such as film reviewers or students. The paper includes three design sketches.
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to describe the form and function of a mechanical pencil design that the author devised when presented with the problem of how to improve upon an already tried and true design. After all, the pencil has been around for a long time, even the mechanical pencil. It is unlikely that any major plausible modifications that could be made haven't already been attempted or are already in existence. Nonetheless, it was my intention to make a design modification to the existing basic mechanical pencil in order to counter what this author perceived to be a major oversight with the design of the mechanical pencil. Too often, writers are faced with doing work in low-level light conditions, such as in darkened auditoriums during a presentation or during a film on which a reviewer might wish to take notes."
Abstract This paper presents a case study of Canada's Department of National Defense and reviews the strategic direction and structural organization of the department as well as its history and development. Many tables, diagrams and graphs are included with the paper.
From the Paper "...Thus, the overall mission and responsibilities of the Department of National Defense ultimately acts to uphold democracy, individual rights and freedoms, peace and order, good government, and a sustainable and stable economy..."
Abstract This paper shows that one of the main concerns in Chemical Mechanical Planarization processing is the material removal rate (MRR). The paper also critically reviews the existing MRR models of CMP and compares the assumptions, application aspects and limitations of the two groups? models.
From the Paper "Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is the process of surface smoothing and planing by a combination of mechanical action and chemical dissolution. This process is achieved by rubbing a work piece against a polishing pad under load in the presence of chemically active slurry containing an abrasive. CMP is one of the most effective planarization technologies for achieving smaller feature size for the integrated circuit (IC) industry. "
