Abstract
The paper examines the rules and requirements imposed on police officers and shows how they guarantee civil liberties, yet, can still be managed through proper police action. The paper looks at landmark court cases that illustrate how defendants' rights honor the intent of the Constitution, and emphasizes how these rights can be managed through a plethora of legal tactics on the part of the courts and police officers. The paper admits that some guilty defendants may be able to slip through the system because of their rights, but argues that the opposite scenario would see many more innocent people arrested, charged and punished.

From the Paper
"When the United States' Patriot Act was passed following the attacks of September 11, 2001, focus was once again brought to the perilous balance of order and civil liberties. While order is necessary for society to flourish, democracies are also characterized by a value of civil liberties and justice. While some states have order because of an authoritarian police force that possess the power to arrest, judge, and sentence all in a matter of minutes, the United States has order based on a tenant of equality, in addition to justice. Thus, while the police certainly have the right and responsibility to enforce order, they cannot act brazenly of their own volition. Instead, they must follow rules and regulations to insure that their tasks are carried out fairly, and that innocent people are not subjected to nuisances, discrimination, or arrest. The American Civil Liberties Union, and other organizations, suggest that the United States Patriot Act thwarts this careful balance by giving more powers to the police force while ignoring civil liberties. Among other actions, it holds that the United States Patriot Act makes it easier for the government to wiretap United States' Citizens, allowing the government to access individuals' credit reports without permission, allowing secret arrests without warrants, and searching citizens on the behalf of other governments (Edger 2003)."

Tags:civil, liberties, Constitution, officers, courts

Abstract
This paper discusses women's rights in Taiwan. The paper cites examples of how women often have to wait in long lines to use the restrooms and how they must struggle to find a safe and private place to breastfeed their babies. The paper also discusses how women have fought for more restrooms in public places and how one woman made a stand for fair treatment in the mines and won a first-class suit. The paper makes the point that women can make a difference when they stand up for their own rights.

Tags:women, toilets, breastfeeding

Abstract
The paper relates that it is often thought that, if the international community is sincerely interested in raising the bar with regards to human rights around the world, then states must work cooperatively and collectively to hold rogue states and rogue entities accountable when they violate human rights. In essence, the thesis of this paper is is that although there has been a decline in the extent to which states around the globe rally for human rights and defend human rights, states must nonetheless increase their commitment to the preservation of such rights.

From the Paper
"It is often thought that, if the international community is sincerely interested in raising the bar with regards to human rights around the world, then states must work cooperatively and collectively to hold rogue states and rogue entities accountable when they violate human rights. In essence, the thesis of this paper can be summarized thusly: although there has been a decline in the extent to which states around the globe rally..."

Tags:raising, bar, rights

Abstract
The paper addresses the general system of human rights protection, both inside the UN and in other organizations such as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The paper then explores the mechanisms set in place for individuals to defend their rights and refers to several cases to illustrate the way in which individual complaints have succeeded to stand against human rights abuses. Finally, the paper examines the way in which these actions and mechanisms affect the activities of the Special Rapporteurs, in order to underline the way in which individual actions and extra conventional ones manage to address the issue of human rights protection.

Outline:
Part One: General System of Protection of Human Rights
Part Two: Mechanisms for Protection
Part Three: Cases
Part Four: Acts and Mechanisms of the Special Rapporteurs and How They Are Influenced by the Individual Claims of Human Rights Abuses.
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The system of the protection of human rights represents one of the most important mechanisms the international society has successfully set in place following the Second World War. This success is largely due to the existence of the United Nations and other international organizations such as the OSCE in Europe which deal with such issues. Their institutions related to human rights affairs have created a framework which enables individuals to press charges and complaints regarding human rights abuses made by states and organizations. However, an important aspect of the system of protection of human rights has also been the activity of the Special Rapporteurs for the United Nations who represents an extra-conventional mechanism of protection. In this sense, both the activities of the individuals manifested through their complaints and that of the Rapporteurs through their reports and investigations are intermingled and make up an effective system of protection which allows individuals to have their human rights respected and those in breach of these rights punished."

Tags:Special, Rapporteurs, United, Nations, international, law, commissions, cases

Abstract
This paper shows by using the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Amendments to the Constitution that the Bill of Rights was necessary to the foundation of law in the United States. Without these, a person accused of a crime, whether federal or state, could face unfair or even dangerous prosecution and could be denied his/her basic human rights as described in the U.S. Constitution.

From the Paper
"When the Constitution of the United States was ratified by a majority of the states in 1789, it lacked what has come to be called the Bill of Rights, a very important document made up of amendments to the Constitution itself. For example, in the original Constitution, there existed no protection against the establishment of a national religion and did not guarantee that American citizens could speak freely, belong to any group they wished or publish magazines and books without the fear of being censored or banned by the federal government. But most importantly, the Constitution did not promise nor provide any protections for a citizen accused of a crime, nor did it specify that such a person would receive a fair and swift trial and if convicted receive just and humane punishment."

Tags:constitution, bill, of, rights, amendment, foundation, of, law

Abstract
Utilizing gendered Orientalism as a grounding framework, the writer maintains that it is evident that hierarchies of oppression in the Islamic world are responsible for the pervasive violation of the human and legal rights of child brides. The writer discusses that these hierarchies of oppression are religious, cultural, and social in nature and are founded upon Islamic religious teachings and Shari'a law, so victimized Muslim girls have little if any means of effectively defending their human and legal rights.

Tags:human, legal, rights

Abstract
This paper explores the issue of whether or not the rules of evidence in Canada discriminate against defendants or, conversely, work in their favor. According to the paper, the Canadian legal system makes every effort to protect defendants from evidence being admitted that might prejudice them in the eyes of a judge or a jury. Additionally, the paper looks at how judges have dealt with the challenges posed by new information-collecting technologies as they pertain to the issue of what is, and what is not, an appropriate document. The paper also considers the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and how it protects defendant prerogatives.

From the Paper
"The following paper will explore the issue of whether or not the rules of evidence in Canada discriminate against defendants or, conversely, work in their favor. After examining a representative sampling of the available legal record, this writer concludes that - in both civil as well as criminal law - every effort is undertaken to protect defendants from evidence being admitted that might unjustly prejudice them in the eyes of a judge or, more likely, the eyes of a jury. Along the way, the paper looks at how judges have grappled with the challenges posed by new information-collecting technologies as they pertain to the issue of what..."

Tags:rules, evidence, canada

Abstract
This paper explains that the case "Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436" (1966) is synonymous with the Miranda warnings given to accused criminals reminding them of their right to remain silent and to an attorney. The author points out that the Miranda cases did not create these rights; under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments, defendants already had them; however, many defendants were either ignorant of them or unsure how to exercise them. The paper states that the Miranda requires the police to inform suspects of their rights prior to their interrogations; the failure to follow this process can invalidate the results of otherwise legal confessions.

From the Paper
"While some might agree with the dissent's concerns, the end result of the Miranda controversy tends to indicate otherwise. "Miranda was retried, and this time the police did not use the confession but called witnesses and used other evidence. Miranda was convicted, and served 11 years." In other words, the exclusion of the results of coercive interrogations does not necessarily mean that criminals will go free. However, the fact that the Miranda decision cannot be equated with a license to commit crime does not mean that the Miranda decision did not have a dramatic effect on police procedure. Police departments were inquired to issue the so-called Miranda warnings prior to interrogating a person under arrest. There was controversy as the courts had to determine what constituted arrest and custodial interrogation. The result was that, once a defendant is no longer free to leave or to end questioning, even voluntary interrogations become custodial."

Tags:cases, attorney, silence, arizona, interrogations

Abstract
The paper discusses the modern interpretation and application of the First Amendment that is in the realm of the freedom to publish critical opinions of the government without fear of reprisal in the form of arrest or criminal prosecution. The paper then discusses the Fourth Amendment that protects individuals from being searched at the mere whim of law enforcement agents and from having their homes, businesses, and other property searched without a warrant, the Fifth Amendment that provides the right against self-incrimination and the right to the due process of law and the Sixth Amendment entitling all criminal defendants to competent counsel irrespective of the nature of the crimes for which they stand accused. Finally, the paper looks at the Fourteenth Amendment that calls for the ten amendments of the Bill of Rights to be applied to the individual states and also provides the right to equal protection under the laws of both federal and state authority.

Outline:
The First Amendment and the Administration of Justice and Security
The Fourth Amendment and the Administration of Justice and Security
The Fifth Amendment and the Administration of Justice and Security
The Sixth Amendment and the Administration of Justice and Security
The Fourteenth Amendment and the Administration of Justice and Security

From the Paper
"The first quoted portion of the Fifth Amendment requires that persons accused of serious crimes (i.e. felonies punishable by more than one year of incarceration) must first be inducted by a grand jury (Schmalleger, 2008). However, by far the most important of the protections afforded by the Fifth Amendment are the right against self-incrimination and the right to the due process of law throughout the criminal process. Prior to the modern era of American jurisprudence, it was not at all uncommon for police to extract evidence of crimes and/or confessions from persons under arrest through the use of physical force, intimidation, and deprivation of food and water (Conlon, 2004; Dershowitz, 2002).
"That aspect of American criminal law changed dramatically in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of a line of cases that included Miranda v. Arizona that established the so-called "Miranda rights" according to which arrestees are entitled to refuse to answer questions once in police custody and must be advised of those rights, as well as of their Sixth Amendment right to counsel as a condition of the admissibility of any statements or evidence they provide during questioning (Dershowitz, 2002; Schmalleger, 2008; Zalman, 2008).
"The due process rights guaranteed by the Fifth amendment govern the entire process of criminal justice administration from arrest, through arraignment, indictment, appointment of counsel (if necessary), and the pretrial and post-judgement phase (i.e. the appeal) of criminal trials."

Tags:due, process, freedom, warrants, counsel, equal, protection

Abstract
This essay examines how victims' rights are viewed in the United States, compared with the rights of criminal defendants, and provides a discussion of the constitutional issues involved. A discussion of the incidence of victimization among young people and current trends is provided. An overview of victims' advocacy groups and an examination of what people can do when they become victims is also included. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion. Also includes an appendix.

From the Paper
"America has been characterized repeatedly as a land of laws. We cherish our Bill of Rights and the hard-earned liberties wrung from the tight grip of the state over the years. When an individual is accused of a crime in the United States, a vast bureaucracy of defense attorneys and court proceedings takes over which provides a wide range of benefits, services, privileges and rights for the accused. While universally characterized as underbudgeted and overburdened, the court system is still required to provide a certain level of legal defense for those defendants who cannot afford it. However, the victim of the crime (technically the proper term is "alleged victim" until the guilt of the defendant is established by a court of competent jurisdiction) is frequently overlooked while the bureaucratic gears grind out justice for the defendant. However, things are beginning to change and a national network of victim advocacy groups is taking shape. For example, in 1980, there were 27 victim compensation programs in the United States. By 1998, however, there were 50 state programs as well as ones in the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands."

Tags:1984, act, bully, crime, justice, juvenile, ptsd, victimization, victims, voca