Abstract
The paper reveals that catastrophic birth defects are found in 3 out of every 100 live births in the United States and are caused by either genetic or environmental problems. The paper goes on to relate how the costs of birth defects are tremendous; hospital care alone comes to $2.6 billion a year and individual costs are much higher. The paper discusses prevention that includes early screening, proper diet, nutrition, avoidance of pollutants, etc.

From the Paper
"Catastrophic birth defects are more common than people realize. Some, but not all are preventable. They have a major impact on families and on society in general. According to the United States Center for Disease Control: Birth defects are conditions that 1) result from a malformation, deformation, or disruption in one or more parts of the body; 2) are present at birth; and 3) have a serious, adverse effect on health, development, or functional ability. ("Hospital Stays...")"

Tags:birth defects, genetics, environmental

Abstract
This paper describes heart defects, includes statistics, and explains the relation to anatomy, as well as types of diagnostic imaging.

From the Paper
"When doctors make a diagnosis of heart defect they are usually referring to a congenital heart defect or one present from birth. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect affecting ... of every ... newborns. More than ... babies each year are born with congenital heart defects. There are many types of heart defects, ranging from minor to major in significance. The defects may affect either the heart's interior walls or the valves inside it, or they can affect..."

Tags:heart defects, congenital, anatomy, imaging

Abstract
This paper explains that, for several decades, the medical community has alerted the public to the incidence of birth defects that are directly related to radiation, underscoring the long-term impact that exposure to radiation has on the body and on future offspring. The author points out that exposure before conception carries a risk of specific birth defects including mental retardation and childhood cancers. The paper stresses that to avoid these risks in the future it is important to re-evaluate the location of nuclear reactor sites as well as the frequency of x-rays.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
The Basics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"A defect occurs when there are changes in the DNA. Changes can occur spontaneously or can be caused by an external factor. One of the external factors that have been strongly linked with changes in the elements of DNA is exposure to radiation. Changes that are caused or directly linked to the exposure to radiation are referred to as mutations.
When these changes result from radiation exposure they are called radiation-induced mutations."

Tags:germline, somatic, dna, reactor, x-rays

Abstract
This paper addresses the topic of congenital brain defects, a group of disorders of brain development.

Abstract
This paper highlights and explains Golding's theme in "Lord of the Flies" about defects in society. It also discusses aspects of the literary devices Golding uses in his novel, such as symbolism, setting, and robust and colorful characters.

From the Paper
"In Golding's book, Lord of the Flies, the theme that he implies is that the defects of society seem to be traceable back to the defects in human nature. He illustrates this theme showing that man's "coating of society" runs only skin deep. He uses symbols, setting, and characters to aid the evolution of this theme."

Tags:beast, children, flies, lord, human, nature, conch, ralph, piggy, island

Abstract
Scientific discussion of external factors that might affect pregnancy and foster congenital birth defects in newborns. Prenatal development. Effect of pharmaceuticals, legal chemical substances, alcohol, narcotics & tobacco use by women on pregnancy. Effect of absence of essential nutrients such as Zinc. Cites several other causes of congenital birth defects. Variables. Problem of serious diseases of pregnant women & necessary drugs.

From the Paper
"This research examines the phenomenon of teratogens, or factors external to the physical experience of pregnancy, during the period of gestation, which may affect pregnancy outcomes by fostering congenital birth defects in newborns. The research will set forth the clinical context in which teratogenic agents achieve relevance for the course of pregnancy in the modern period, and then discuss the impact that concern about teratogens may have on efficient and prudent pregnancy management.


On the face of things, the generally accepted definition of a teratogen would appear to be straightforwardly informative. Mosby's initially defines a teratogen as "any substance, agent, or process that interferes with normal prenatal development, causing the formation of one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus" (Teratogen, 1998, p. 89). However, amplification of the..."

Abstract
This paper explains that Kass is very much opposed to the notion of interfering with nature, as well as producing a separate standard of existence for children who are born with defects. The author points out that Kass believes that, by terminating a pregnancy just because the child has a birth defect, is like saying that all society is only good if everyone is perfect and "normal" and suggests that individuals who are disabled are somehow less than acceptable and worthy. The paper stresses the importance of examining each case on a unique and personal basis before offering generalizations about what is good and what is right.

From the Paper
"The government does not have the right to determine whether it is ok or not for someone to give birth to a child with defects, who might face a life of nothing but suffering. If your choice is to raise that child from cradle to grave, that is a decision that you can make for yourself. Regardless of whether the child is biologically or physically deficient, one takes risks when they endeavor to reproduce and have children."

Tags:generalizations, standard, termination, pregnancy, disability

Abstract
Dioxins and other chemical components have been located in foods that people consume everyday. Too much dioxin can be fatal and/or pose serious threats to newborn children in terms of birth defects. What has been done to diminish this chemical toxin in foods? Government officials have developed policies in an effort to control contamination in terms of pesticides, feeds for livestock and water treatments. If preventions are not implemented more readily, these chemical toxins will pose significant elevations in diseases in humans and animals through contamination.

Tags:dioxin, chemical, threat

Abstract
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) occurs when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, an act that sends her baby a toxin that has been proven to hinder the growth of the baby's brain, cause birth defects, and rob the child of the chance to learn (Abkarian 1992; Kodituwakku, Handmaker, Cutler, Weathersby, & Handmaker,1995; Streissguth, 1983).

From the Paper
"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Crime
Introduction
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) occurs when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, an act that sends her baby a toxin that has been proven to hinder the growth of the baby's brain, cause birth defects, and rob the child of the chance to learn (Abkarian 1992; Kodituwakku, Handmaker, Cutler, Weathersby, & Handmaker,1995; Streissguth, 1983). The results are slowly being discovered but the following results have been suggested.


FAS can cause physical deformity, (Sandor, Smith, McLeod, Tredwell, Wood & Newman, 1981; Olson, Sampson, Barr, Streissguth, & Bookstein, 1992), hyperactivity, (Nanson, Bolaria, Snyder, Morse & Weiner, 1995), and a wide range of antisocial behavior that is still being investigated (Farrington, 1995).


Until the..."

Abstract
This paper explains the defects of Austin's concept of law as command, making note of his time and background events and experiences. The paper explores how Hart's 20th century influence and ideas reflected a vastly changed British society no longer beset by mass illiteracy, immense class gaps or the legacy of social and political anarchy observed. The paper asserts that in effect, one is comparing apples and oranges in discussing Austin's relation to Hart as indicates the importance of social context to positivist law.

From the Paper
"Law is essentially neutral in that individual laws need be neither good nor bad, Nazi Germany and other tyrannical regimes having had their legal frameworks explaining and also justifying terrible abuses. This seems the main consideration to weaken John Austin's command theory of law. In "The Province of Jurisprudence Determined of 1832", Austin reasoned that all questions of jurisprudence were instances of positive law, in that laws were set by political superiors for political inferiors. (In Dimock 37) This concept seems important given that Britain in the early 1830s had..."

Tags:austin, hart, legal positivism